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Wu J, Zheng Z, Chi H, Jiang J, Zhu L, Ye Z. Ultrasensitive and Exclusive Chemiresistors with a ZIF-67-Derived Oxide Cage/Nanofiber Co 3O 4/In 2O 3 Heterostructure for Acetone Detection. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:9126-9136. [PMID: 38324454 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c15566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Gas sensors for acetone detection have received considerable attention because acetone has a significant influence on both the environment and human health, e.g., it is flammable and toxic and may be related to blood glucose levels. However, achieving high sensitivity and selectivity at low concentrations is still a great challenge to date. Here, we report a unique chemiresistive gas sensor for acetone detection, which is composed of In2O3 nanofibers loaded with a porous Co-based zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-67)-derived Co3O4 cage prepared by simple electrospinning and solvothermal methods. The ZIF-67-derived oxide cage/nanofiber Co3O4/In2O3 heterostructure has abundant reversible active adsorption/reaction sites and a type-I heterojunction, resulting in an ultrasensitive response of 954-50 ppm acetone at 300 °C. In addition, it demonstrates a low detection limit of 18.8 ppb, a fast response time of 4 s, good selectivity and repeatability, acceptable humidity interference, and long-term stability. With such excellent sensing performance to acetone, our chemiresistive gas sensor could be potentially applied for environmental monitoring and early diagnosis of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingmin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oxide Semiconductors for Environmental and Optoelectronic Applications, Institute of Wenzhou, Zhejiang University, Wenzhou 325006, P. R. China
| | - Zicheng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oxide Semiconductors for Environmental and Optoelectronic Applications, Institute of Wenzhou, Zhejiang University, Wenzhou 325006, P. R. China
| | - Hanwen Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oxide Semiconductors for Environmental and Optoelectronic Applications, Institute of Wenzhou, Zhejiang University, Wenzhou 325006, P. R. China
| | - Jie Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oxide Semiconductors for Environmental and Optoelectronic Applications, Institute of Wenzhou, Zhejiang University, Wenzhou 325006, P. R. China
| | - Liping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oxide Semiconductors for Environmental and Optoelectronic Applications, Institute of Wenzhou, Zhejiang University, Wenzhou 325006, P. R. China
| | - Zhizhen Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oxide Semiconductors for Environmental and Optoelectronic Applications, Institute of Wenzhou, Zhejiang University, Wenzhou 325006, P. R. China
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Zhang Q, Meng X, Qu J, Zhao F, Liao X, Li Z, He Y, Zhang X, Cao Z. Conformer aggregates exhibit dual wavelength emissions on chiral binaphthyl-based triphenylethylenes and acetone detection. Chemistry 2023:e202303708. [PMID: 38088216 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The study on structure-property relationship has been a significant focus in the field of organic molecular luminescence. In the present work, three chiral binaphthyl-based triphenylethylene (HTPE) derivatives were prepared through condensation reactions. Despite their similar structures, these compounds exhibited distinct luminescent properties. Diphenylmethane-derived HTPE displayed dual-state emissions, characterized by dual-wavelength emissions which were insensitive to the polarity of solvents. The dual emissions in solution state could be attributed to the different locally excited (LE) excitons. However, upon aggregation, two stable conformers were generated, probably leading to different emission peaks. In contrast, dibenzocycloheptadiene-derived HTPE aggregates showed only a single emission peak. Surprisingly, fluorene-derived HTPE exhibited obvious luminescence in neither solution nor aggregate states due to inherent π-π interactions. These conclusions were substantiated by X-ray analysis, spectroscopic analysis, and theory calculations. Application studies demonstrated that fluorescence on/off switches could be achieved through exposure to acetone. More importantly, trace amounts of acetone could be detected using luminescent materials in both organic and aqueous phases with a detection limit of 0.08 %. Thus, this work not only presents a strategy for designing chiral triphenylethylene fluorophores but also provides valuable information for dual wavelength emissions resulting from two stable conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Xin Meng
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Jun Qu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Fapeng Zhao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoming Liao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, P. R. China
| | - Zan Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Yuanchun He
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiang Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, P. R. China
| | - Ziping Cao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, Shandong, P. R. China
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Kumarage GWC, Panamaldeniya SA, Maddumage DC, Moumen A, Maraloiu VA, Mihalcea CG, Negrea RF, Dassanayake BS, Gunawardhana N, Zappa D, Galstyan V, Comini E. Synthesis of TiO 2-(B) Nanobelts for Acetone Sensing. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:8322. [PMID: 37837151 PMCID: PMC10575087 DOI: 10.3390/s23198322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanobelts were prepared via the alkali-hydrothermal method for application in chemical gas sensing. The formation process of TiO2-(B) nanobelts and their sensing properties were investigated in detail. FE-SEM was used to study the surface of the obtained structures. The TEM and XRD analyses show that the prepared TiO2 nanobelts are in the monoclinic phase. Furthermore, TEM shows the formation of porous-like morphology due to crystal defects in the TiO2-(B) nanobelts. The gas-sensing performance of the structure toward various concentrations of hydrogen, ethanol, acetone, nitrogen dioxide, and methane gases was studied at a temperature range between 100 and 500 °C. The fabricated sensor shows a high response toward acetone at a relatively low working temperature (150 °C), which is important for the development of low-power-consumption functional devices. Moreover, the obtained results indicate that monoclinic TiO2-B is a promising material for applications in chemo-resistive gas detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayan W. C. Kumarage
- SENSOR Lab, Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, 25133 Brescia, Italy or (G.W.C.K.)
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya 11600, Sri Lanka
| | - Shasika A. Panamaldeniya
- Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Dileepa C. Maddumage
- Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Abderrahim Moumen
- SENSOR Lab, Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, 25133 Brescia, Italy or (G.W.C.K.)
| | - Valentin A. Maraloiu
- Laboratory of Atomic Structures and Defects in Advanced Materials, National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor str. 405 A, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (V.A.M.)
| | - Catalina G. Mihalcea
- Laboratory of Atomic Structures and Defects in Advanced Materials, National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor str. 405 A, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (V.A.M.)
| | - Raluca F. Negrea
- Laboratory of Atomic Structures and Defects in Advanced Materials, National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor str. 405 A, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (V.A.M.)
| | - Buddhika S. Dassanayake
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Nanda Gunawardhana
- Research and International Affairs, Sri Lanka Technological Campus, Padukka 10500, Sri Lanka
| | - Dario Zappa
- SENSOR Lab, Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, 25133 Brescia, Italy or (G.W.C.K.)
| | - Vardan Galstyan
- SENSOR Lab, Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, 25133 Brescia, Italy or (G.W.C.K.)
| | - Elisabetta Comini
- SENSOR Lab, Department of Information Engineering, University of Brescia, 25133 Brescia, Italy or (G.W.C.K.)
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Lee JE, Lim CK, Park HJ, Song H, Choi SY, Lee DS. ZnO-CuO Core-Hollow Cube Nanostructures for Highly Sensitive Acetone Gas Sensors at the ppb Level. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:35688-35697. [PMID: 32618181 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c08593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a ZnO-CuO p-n heterojunction chemiresistive sensor that comprises CuO hollow nanocubes attached to ZnO spherical cores as active materials. These ZnO-CuO core-hollow cube nanostructures exhibit a remarkable response of 11.14 at 1 ppm acetone and 200 °C, which is a superior result to those reported by other metal-oxide-based sensors. The response can be measured up to 40 ppb, and the limit of detection is estimated as 9 ppb. ZnO-CuO core-hollow cube nanostructures also present high selectivity toward acetone against other volatile organic compounds and demonstrate excellent stability for up to 40 days. The outstanding gas-sensing performance of the developed nanocubes is attributed to their uniform and unique morphology. Their core-shell-like structures allow the main charge transfer pathways to pass the interparticle p-p junctions, and the p-n junctions in each particle increase the sensitivity of the reactions to gas molecules. The small grain size and high surface area of each domain also enhance the surface gas adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Eun Lee
- Graphene/2D Materials Research Center, Center for Advanced Materials Discovery towards 3D Displays, School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), 218 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Kyu Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Ju Park
- Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), 218 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjoon Song
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Yool Choi
- Graphene/2D Materials Research Center, Center for Advanced Materials Discovery towards 3D Displays, School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Sik Lee
- Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), 218 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
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Zhang Y, Jia C, Kong Q, Fan N, Chen G, Guan H, Dong C. ZnO-Decorated In/Ga Oxide Nanotubes Derived from Bimetallic In/Ga MOFs for Fast Acetone Detection with High Sensitivity and Selectivity. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:26161-26169. [PMID: 32391681 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c04580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of acetone gas sensors is desirable but challenging for both air quality monitoring and medical diagnosis. Herein, starting from bimetallic In/Ga metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) (MIL-68 (In/Ga)), a facile strategy is proposed to couple with zinc ions to design In/Ga oxide (IGO)@ZnO core-shell nanotubes for efficient acetone detection. In such a heterostructure, tiny ZnO nanoparticles are closely decorated on IGO nanotubes, which is beneficial to enlarge the specific surface area and create rich oxygen vacancies and heterojunction interfaces. Benefiting from the structural merits and synergetic effects, the IGO@ZnO-based gas sensor exhibits a low detection limitation (200 ppb), a high response, good linearity relationship between the sensing responses and wide testing acetone concentrations, and fast response and recovery time (6.8/6.1 s) with good selectivity and stability. These sensing performances strongly indicate the practical application to quantitatively detect acetone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlin Zhang
- School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Chaowei Jia
- School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Quan Kong
- School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Nanyu Fan
- School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Gang Chen
- School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Hongtao Guan
- School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Chengjun Dong
- School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, 650091 Kunming, Peoples' Republic of China
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Rydosz A, Staszek K, Brudnik A, Gruszczynski S. Tin Dioxide Thin Film with UV-enhanced Acetone Detection in Microwave Frequency Range. Micromachines (Basel) 2019; 10:mi10090574. [PMID: 31480230 PMCID: PMC6780249 DOI: 10.3390/mi10090574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the UV illumination effect for microwave gas sensors based on the tin dioxide was verified. A UV LED with emission wavelength close to the absorption edge of the SnO2 gas-sensing layer was selected as the UV source. The developed gas sensors were tested under exposure to acetone in the 0-200 ppm range at room temperature. The sensor's complex reflection coefficient corresponding to target gas concentration was measured with the use of a five-port reflectometer system exhibiting enhanced uncertainty distribution, which allows for the detection of low gas concentration. The UV illumination significantly emphasizes the sensors' response in terms of both magnitude and phase for low gas concentrations, in contrast to previously reported results, in which only the reflection coefficient's phase was affected. The highest responses were obtained for modulated UV illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Rydosz
- Department of Electronics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30059 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Kamil Staszek
- Department of Electronics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Brudnik
- Department of Electronics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Slawomir Gruszczynski
- Department of Electronics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30059 Krakow, Poland
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Bertoni C, Naclerio P, Viviani E, Dal Zilio S, Carrato S, Fraleoni-Morgera A. Nanostructured P3HT as a Promising SensingElement for Real-Time, Dynamic Detection ofGaseous Acetone. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:s19061296. [PMID: 30875845 PMCID: PMC6471540 DOI: 10.3390/s19061296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic response of gas sensors based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) nanofibers (NFs) to gaseous acetone was assessed using a setup based on flow-injection analysis, aimed at emulating actual breath exhalation. The setup was validated by using a commercially available sensor. The P3HT NFs sensors tested in dynamic flow conditions showed satisfactory reproducibility down to about 3.5 ppm acetone concentration, a linear response over a clinically relevant concentration range (3.5-35 ppm), excellent baseline recovery and reversibility upon repeated exposures to the analyte, short pulse rise and fall times (less than 1 s and about 2 s, respectively) and low power consumption (few nW), with no relevant response to water. Comparable responses’ decay times under either nitrogen or dry air suggest that the mechanisms at work is mainly attributable to specific analyte-semiconducting polymer interactions. These results open the way to the use of P3HT NFs-based sensing elements for the realization of portable, real-time electronic noses for on-the-fly exhaled breath analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bertoni
- Global Connectivity & Technology-Robotics and Artificial Intelligence, Corso Lino Zanussi 24,33080 Porcia (PN), Italy.
| | - Pasquale Naclerio
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via Valerio 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Emanuele Viviani
- Artificial Perception Laboratory, Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste,Via Valerio 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Simone Dal Zilio
- CNR-Istituto Officina dei Materiali, Strada Statale 14 km 163,5 - 34149 Basovizza, Trieste (TS), Italy.
| | - Sergio Carrato
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via Valerio 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Fraleoni-Morgera
- Flextronics Laboratory, Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via Valerio 10,34127 Trieste, Italy.
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Saasa V, Malwela T, Beukes M, Mokgotho M, Liu CP, Mwakikunga B. Sensing Technologies for Detection of Acetone in Human Breath for Diabetes Diagnosis and Monitoring. Diagnostics (Basel) 2018; 8:E12. [PMID: 29385067 PMCID: PMC5871995 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics8010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The review describes the technologies used in the field of breath analysis to diagnose and monitor diabetes mellitus. Currently the diagnosis and monitoring of blood glucose and ketone bodies that are used in clinical studies involve the use of blood tests. This method entails pricking fingers for a drop of blood and placing a drop on a sensitive area of a strip which is pre-inserted into an electronic reading instrument. Furthermore, it is painful, invasive and expensive, and can be unsafe if proper handling is not undertaken. Human breath analysis offers a non-invasive and rapid method for detecting various volatile organic compounds thatare indicators for different diseases. In patients with diabetes mellitus, the body produces excess amounts of ketones such as acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetone. Acetone is exhaled during respiration. The production of acetone is a result of the body metabolising fats instead of glucose to produce energy. There are various techniques that are used to analyse exhaled breath including Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry (PTR-MS), Selected Ion Flow Tube-Mass Spectrometry (SIFT-MS), laser photoacoustic spectrometry and so on. All these techniques are not portable, therefore this review places emphasis on how nanotechnology, through semiconductor sensing nanomaterials, has the potential to help individuals living with diabetes mellitus monitor their disease with cheap and portable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentine Saasa
- DST/CSIR, PO BOX 395, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
- Departmentof Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
| | | | - Mervyn Beukes
- Departmentof Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
| | - Matlou Mokgotho
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Limpopo, P/Bag x1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa.
| | - Chaun-Pu Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
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