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Li S, Lu X, Shao Q, Chen Z, Huang Q, Jiao Z, Huang X, Yue M, Peng J, Zhou X, Chao D, Zhao H, Ji J, Ji Y, Ji Q. Early Histone Deacetylase Inhibition Mitigates Ischemia/Reperfusion Brain Injury by Reducing Microglia Activation and Modulating Their Phenotype. Front Neurol 2019; 10:893. [PMID: 31481925 PMCID: PMC6710990 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are a promising therapeutic intervention for stroke. The involvement of the anti-inflammatory effects of HDACi in their neuroprotection has been reported, but the underlying mechanisms are still uncertain. Given the post-stroke inflammation is a time-dependent process, starting with acute and intense inflammation, and followed by a prolonged and mild one, we proposed whether target the early inflammatory response could achieve the neuroprotection of HDACi? To test this hypothesis, a single dose of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) (50 mg/kg), a pan HDACi, was intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected immediately or 12 h after ischemia onset in a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) mouse model. Compared with delayed injection, immediate SAHA treatment provided more protection, evidenced by smaller infarction volume, and a better outcome. This protection was accompanied by suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduction of activated microglia in the early stage of post-stroke inflammation. Moreover, SAHA treatment suppressed M1 cytokine expression (IL-6, TNF-α, and iNOS) while promoted the transcription of M2 cytokines (Arg-1 and IL-10) in LPS-challenged mouse microglia, and enhanced CD206 (M2 marker) but decreased CD86 (M1 markers) levels in microglia isolated from the ipsilateral hemisphere of MCAO mice. Collectively, our data suggested that the protection of SAHA on ischemic brain injury was closely associated with its inhibition on the early inflammatory response, and this inhibition was related to its reducing microglia activation and priming the activated microglia toward a more protective phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyuan Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Institute of Immunology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Lu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Institute of Immunology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Shao
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Zixin Chen
- College of Life Science and Technology, Institute of Immunology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiong Huang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Institute of Immunology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zinan Jiao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Institute of Immunology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodi Huang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Institute of Immunology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Maosong Yue
- College of Life Science and Technology, Institute of Immunology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingwen Peng
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- College of Life Science and Technology, Institute of Immunology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dachong Chao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Institute of Immunology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Heng Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Juling Ji
- Department of Pathology, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yuhua Ji
- College of Life Science and Technology, Institute of Immunology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qiuhong Ji
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Radak D, Katsiki N, Resanovic I, Jovanovic A, Sudar-Milovanovic E, Zafirovic S, Mousad SA, Isenovic ER. Apoptosis and Acute Brain Ischemia in Ischemic Stroke. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2017; 15:115-122. [PMID: 27823556 DOI: 10.2174/1570161115666161104095522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis may contribute to a significant proportion of neuron death following acute brain ischemia (ABI), but the underlying mechanisms are still not fully understood. Brain ischemia may lead to stroke, which is one of the main causes of long-term morbidity and mortality in both developed and developing countries. Therefore, stroke prevention and treatment is clinically important. There are two important separate areas of the brain during ABI: the ischemic core and the ischemic penumbra. The ischemic core of the brain experiences a sudden reduction of blood flow, just minutes after ischemic attack with irreversible injury and subsequent cell death. On the other hand, apoptosis within the ischemic penumbra may occur after several hours or days, while necrosis starts in the first hours after the onset of ABI in the ischemic core. ABI is characterized by key molecular events that initiate apoptosis in many cells, such as overproduction of free radicals, Ca2+ overload and excitotoxicity. These changes in cellular homeostasis may trigger either necrosis or apoptosis, which often depends on cell type, cell age, and location in the brain. Apoptosis results in DNA fragmentation, degradation of cytoskeletal and nuclear proteins, cross-linking of proteins, formation of apoptotic bodies, expression of ligands for phagocytic cell receptors and finally uptake by phagocytic cells. This review focuses on recent findings based on animal and human studies regarding the apoptotic mechanisms of neuronal death following ABI and the development of potential neuroprotective agents that reduce morbidity. The effects of statins on stroke prevention and treatment as well as on apoptotic mediators are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Esma R Isenovic
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute Vinca, University of Belgrade, P.O.Box 522, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Abstract
The pathogenesis of acute brain ischemia (ABI) is highly complex and involves multiple mechanisms including free radical generation. Imbalance between the cellular production of free radicals and the ability of cells to defend against them is referred to as oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is one of the mechanisms contributing to neuronal damage, potentially induced through the ABI. Through interactions with a large number of molecules, reactive oxygen species may irreversibly destroy or alter the function of the cellular lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids and initiate cell signaling pathways after cerebral ischemia. Future investigations should focus on the understanding of oxidative stress mechanisms and neuroprotection in order to discover new treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djordje Radak
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Dedinje Cardiovascular Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Resanovic
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute Vinca, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Esma R Isenovic
- Laboratory of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, Institute Vinca, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Abstract
Vascular type of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome involves many severe complications leading not only to organ-specific symptoms but often ends in a sudden death. The aim of this paper was to present a diagnostic possibilities and its efficiency rate in patients with vascular complications of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome who suffered from artery dissection resulting in acute brain or limb ischemia. We analysed three patients with diagnosed Ehlers-Danlos syndrome who were referred to radiology department for diagnostic imaging of affected vascular beds, each experienced brain ischemia. The paper also aims at offering some general recommendations for patients suffering from possible complications of type IV Ehlers-Danlos syndrome basing on our own experience and available literature data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pajak
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Diagnostic, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin A Majos
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Diagnostic, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Wojciech Szubert
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Diagnostic, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Ludomir Stefanczyk
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Diagnostic, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Agata Majos
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Diagnostic, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
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