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Ozhamaratli F, Barucca P. Heterogeneous Retirement Savings Strategy Selection with Reinforcement Learning. Entropy (Basel) 2023; 25:977. [PMID: 37509925 PMCID: PMC10378254 DOI: 10.3390/e25070977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Saving and investment behaviour is crucial for all individuals to guarantee their welfare during work-life and retirement. We introduce a deep reinforcement learning model in which agents learn optimal portfolio allocation and saving strategies suitable for their heterogeneous profiles. The environment is calibrated with occupation- and age-dependent income dynamics. The research focuses on heterogeneous income trajectories dependent on agents' profiles and incorporates the parameterisation of agents' behaviours. The model provides a new flexible methodology to estimate lifetime consumption and investment choices for individuals with heterogeneous profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Ozhamaratli
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Paolo Barucca
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Velghe F, De Wilde F, Snellinx S, Farahbakhsh S, Belderbos E, Peral C, Wiedemann A, Hiessl S, Michels J, Pierrard MA, Dietrich T. Volatile fatty acid platform - a cornerstone for the circular bioeconomy. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2021; 368:6283740. [PMID: 34036338 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnab056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Annually, the EU produces more than 100 million tonnes of urban biowaste, which is largely under-valorized and in some cases even still landfilled without any energy or material recovery. If Europe wants to be ready for the future, it will need to make better use of this large biomass potential within a circular economy approach. The research project funded by the European Commission under the Horizon 2020 programme entitled 'VOLATILE-Biowaste derived volatile fatty acid platform for biopolymers, bioactive compounds and chemical building blocks' aimed to produce volatile fatty acids (VFAs) from biowaste for reprocessing into products, materials or substances to close the material loop. During the project, the partners were able to obtain average volatile fatty acid yields of 627 g COD/kg organic matter (OM) for food waste, 448 g COD/kg OM for separately collected vegetable, garden and fruit waste (VGF) and 384 g COD/kg OM for the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OF-MSW) at concentrations ranging from 12 to 48 g/L, 6 to 40 g/L and 13 to 26 g/L, respectively. A membrane filtration cascade consisting of micro-, ultra- and nano-filtration followed by reverse osmosis was identified as a feasible way to purify and concentrate the VFA effluent, making them a suitable carbon source for further fermentation processes. Besides technical optimization, socio-economic and legal aspects associated with this platform technology were also studied and show that although this technology is still in development, it is providing an answer to changing societal and market expectations both regarding organic waste treatment and bio-based production strategies. Based on the current technological, economic and market evolutions, it is expected that the VFAP will play an important role in organic waste treatment in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Velghe
- OWS nv, Dok-Noord 5, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | | | - S Snellinx
- Social Sciences Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Burg. Van Gansberghelaan 115 Bus 2, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Farahbakhsh
- Social Sciences Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Burg. Van Gansberghelaan 115 Bus 2, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - E Belderbos
- Social Sciences Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Burg. Van Gansberghelaan 115 Bus 2, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - C Peral
- TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Álava, Leonardo Da Vinci 1, 01510 Miñano, Álava, Spain
| | - A Wiedemann
- Wiedemann GmbH, Rieblinger Str. 25, 86479 Aichen, Germany
| | - S Hiessl
- DECHEMA e.V., Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - J Michels
- DECHEMA e.V., Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - M-A Pierrard
- IDELUX Environnement, drève de l'arc-en-ciel 98, 6700 arlon, Belgium
| | - T Dietrich
- TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Álava, Leonardo Da Vinci 1, 01510 Miñano, Álava, Spain
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Ubezio B, Blanco RA, Geudens I, Stanchi F, Mathivet T, Jones ML, Ragab A, Bentley K, Gerhardt H. Synchronization of endothelial Dll4-Notch dynamics switch blood vessels from branching to expansion. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27074663 PMCID: PMC4894757 DOI: 10.7554/elife.12167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of a regularly branched blood vessel network is crucial in development and physiology. Here we show that the expression of the Notch ligand Dll4 fluctuates in individual endothelial cells within sprouting vessels in the mouse retina in vivo and in correlation with dynamic cell movement in mouse embryonic stem cell-derived sprouting assays. We also find that sprout elongation and branching associates with a highly differential phase pattern of Dll4 between endothelial cells. Stimulation with pathologically high levels of Vegf, or overexpression of Dll4, leads to Notch dependent synchronization of Dll4 fluctuations within clusters, both in vitro and in vivo. Our results demonstrate that the Vegf-Dll4/Notch feedback system normally operates to generate heterogeneity between endothelial cells driving branching, whilst synchronization drives vessel expansion. We propose that this sensitive phase transition in the behaviour of the Vegf-Dll4/Notch feedback loop underlies the morphogen function of Vegfa in vascular patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Ubezio
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom.,Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom
| | - Raquel Agudo Blanco
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom.,Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ilse Geudens
- Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oncology, Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Vesalius Research Center, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fabio Stanchi
- Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oncology, Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Vesalius Research Center, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Mathivet
- Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oncology, Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Vesalius Research Center, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Martin L Jones
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom.,Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anan Ragab
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom.,Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katie Bentley
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom.,Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Holger Gerhardt
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom.,Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom.,Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Oncology, Vascular Patterning Laboratory, Vesalius Research Center, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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