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Mallik SK, Singh S, Shahi N, Patil PK, Kala K, Pathak R, Giri AK, Das P, Tandel RS, Chandra S, Krishna N, Ravindran R, Pandey PK. Biosafety, histological alterations and residue depletion of feed administered anti-parasitic drug emamectin benzoate in golden mahseer, Tor putitora (Hamilton, 1822) as a model candidate fish for sport fishery and conservation in temperate waters. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1106124. [PMID: 36843939 PMCID: PMC9950520 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1106124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present experiment, the attempt has been made to study the biosafety, toxicity, residue depletion and drug tolerance of graded doses of emamectin benzoate (EB) in juveniles of golden mahseer, Tor putitora as a model candidate fish for sport fishery and conservation in temperate waters through an extended medicated feeding. The graded doses of EB viz., 1× (50 μg/kg fish/day), 2 × (100 μg/kg fish/day), 5 × (250 μg/kg fish/day) and 10 × (500 μg/kg fish/day) were administered to golden mahseer juveniles through medicated diet for 21 days at water temperature of 18.6°C. The higher doses of EB did not cause any mortality during and 30 days after the end of medication period, but considerable variations in feeding and behavior were observed. Severe histological alterations observed after EB-diets (5 × and 10×) were vacuolation, pyknotic nuclei, melanomacrophage centre and necrosis in liver; Bowman's capsule dilation, degenerated renal tubules in kidney; myofibril disintegration, muscle oedema, splitting of muscle fibres, migration of inflammatory cells in muscle; and abundant goblet cells, dilated lamina propria and disarrangement of mucosa in intestine tissues. The residual concentrations of EB metabolites Emamectin B1a and B1b were analyzed using muscle extracts and were found to be peaked during medication period followed by gradual depletion in post-medication period. The outcome of this study showed that the Emamectin B1a residual concentration in fish muscle in 1×, 2×, 5×, and 10× EB treatment groups were 1.41 ± 0.49, 1.2 ± 0.7, 9.7 ± 3.3, and 37.4 ± 8.2 μg/kg at 30 days of post-medication period, respectively, which falls under the maximum residue limits (MRLs) of 100 μg/kg. The results support the biosafety of EB at recommended dose of 50 μg/kg fish/day for 7 days. As residue of EB is recorded falling within the MRL, no withdrawal period is recommended for golden mahseer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanta Kumar Mallik
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Bhimtal, India,*Correspondence: Pramod Kumar Pandey, , Sumanta Kumar Mallik,
| | - Shivam Singh
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Bhimtal, India
| | - Neetu Shahi
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Bhimtal, India
| | | | - Krishna Kala
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Bhimtal, India
| | - Richa Pathak
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Bhimtal, India
| | - Abhay Kumar Giri
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Bhimtal, India
| | - Partha Das
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Bhimtal, India
| | | | - Suresh Chandra
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Bhimtal, India
| | - Nanitha Krishna
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology (ICAR-CIFT), Kochi, India
| | - Rajisha Ravindran
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology (ICAR-CIFT), Kochi, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Pandey
- ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research (ICAR-DCFR), Bhimtal, India,*Correspondence: Pramod Kumar Pandey, , Sumanta Kumar Mallik,
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Boonjaraspinyo S, Boonmars T, Ekobol N, Artchayasawat A, Sriraj P, Aukkanimart R, Pumhirunroj B, Sripan P, Songsri J, Juasook A, Wonkchalee N. Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Intestinal Parasitic Infections: A Population-Based Study in Phra Lap Sub-District, Mueang Khon Kaen District, Khon Kaen Province, Northeastern Thailand. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 8. [PMID: 36668929 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal parasitic infections are still a crucial problem among communities in Northeast Thailand. Misuse of antiparasitic drugs and unhealthy food behaviors are known. This study aimed to explore the prevalence, behavioral health factors, and motivation for self-treatment of anti-parasitic drugs in this area. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in Phra Lap sub-district, Mu Khon Kaen district, Khon Kaen province, Northeast Thailand, in 2016. A total of 419 participants were recruited to complete a self-administered questionnaire and stool examination. Binary logistic regression was used to assess the association between the risk factor and parasitic infection. Forty-two participants (10%; 95%CI 7.5-13.3) were positive for at least one parasite species. In this community, the most detected intestinal parasite was Opisthorchis viverrini (5.3%), followed by Strongyloides stercoralis (3.1%). A total of 67.5% of the participants had the experience of anti-parasitic drug treatment within previous 1 year, and "Often eat raw food" was the most common reason for the use of anti-parasitic drugs. On multivariate analysis, parasitic infections were significantly associated with male gender (ORadj. 2.42; 95%CI 1.00-5.85), age ≥ 60 years (ORadj. 7.55; 95%CI 1.60-35.76), and often consuming raw food of at least one type (ORadj. 2.37; 95%CI 1.03-5.44). Given these findings, correction of the dietary habit of eating raw fish/meat, which is the most important measure, and limitation of the use of anthelmintic treatment for individuals with stools positive for ova as well as emphasis on sanitary toilets will be implemented for the prevention and control of parasitic infection in endemic communities.
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Aminzadeh-Gohari S, Weber DD, Catalano L, Feichtinger RG, Kofler B, Lang R. Targeting Mitochondria in Melanoma. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10101395. [PMID: 33007949 PMCID: PMC7599575 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drastically elevated glycolytic activity is a prominent metabolic feature of cancer cells. Until recently it was thought that tumor cells shift their entire energy production from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to glycolysis. However, new evidence indicates that many cancer cells still have functional OXPHOS, despite their increased reliance on glycolysis. Growing pre-clinical and clinical evidence suggests that targeting mitochondrial metabolism has anti-cancer effects. Here, we analyzed mitochondrial respiration and the amount and activity of OXPHOS complexes in four melanoma cell lines and normal human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) by Seahorse real-time cell metabolic analysis, immunoblotting, and spectrophotometry. We also tested three clinically approved antibiotics, one anti-parasitic drug (pyrvinium pamoate), and a novel anti-cancer agent (ONC212) for effects on mitochondrial respiration and proliferation of melanoma cells and HDFs. We found that three of the four melanoma cell lines have elevated glycolysis as well as OXPHOS, but contain dysfunctional mitochondria. The antibiotics produced different effects on the melanoma cells and HDFs. The anti-parasitic drug strongly inhibited respiration and proliferation of both the melanoma cells and HDFs. ONC212 reduced respiration in melanoma cells and HDFs, and inhibited the proliferation of melanoma cells. Our findings highlight ONC212 as a promising drug for targeting mitochondrial respiration in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Aminzadeh-Gohari
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (S.A.-G.); (D.D.W.); (L.C.); (R.G.F.)
| | - Daniela D. Weber
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (S.A.-G.); (D.D.W.); (L.C.); (R.G.F.)
| | - Luca Catalano
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (S.A.-G.); (D.D.W.); (L.C.); (R.G.F.)
| | - René G. Feichtinger
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (S.A.-G.); (D.D.W.); (L.C.); (R.G.F.)
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (S.A.-G.); (D.D.W.); (L.C.); (R.G.F.)
- Correspondence: (B.K.); (R.L.); Tel.: +43-57255-26274 (B.K.); +43-57255-58200 (R.L.)
| | - Roland Lang
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Correspondence: (B.K.); (R.L.); Tel.: +43-57255-26274 (B.K.); +43-57255-58200 (R.L.)
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Egea PF. Crossing the Vacuolar Rubicon: Structural Insights into Effector Protein Trafficking in Apicomplexan Parasites. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E865. [PMID: 32521667 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Apicomplexans form a large phylum of parasitic protozoa, including the genera Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, and Cryptosporidium, the causative agents of malaria, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis, respectively. They cause diseases not only in humans but also in animals, with dramatic consequences in agriculture. Most apicomplexans are vacuole-dwelling and obligate intracellular parasites; as they invade the host cell, they become encased in a parasitophorous vacuole (PV) derived from the host cellular membrane. This creates a parasite-host interface that acts as a protective barrier but also constitutes an obstacle through which the pathogen must import nutrients, eliminate wastes, and eventually break free upon egress. Completion of the parasitic life cycle requires intense remodeling of the infected host cell. Host cell subversion is mediated by a subset of essential effector parasitic proteins and virulence factors actively trafficked across the PV membrane. In the malaria parasite Plasmodium, a unique and highly specialized ATP-driven vacuolar secretion system, the Plasmodium translocon of exported proteins (PTEX), transports effector proteins across the vacuolar membrane. Its core is composed of the three essential proteins EXP2, PTEX150, and HSP101, and is supplemented by the two auxiliary proteins TRX2 and PTEX88. Many but not all secreted malarial effector proteins contain a vacuolar trafficking signal or Plasmodium export element (PEXEL) that requires processing by an endoplasmic reticulum protease, plasmepsin V, for proper export. Because vacuolar parasitic protein export is essential to parasite survival and virulence, this pathway is a promising target for the development of novel antimalarial therapeutics. This review summarizes the current state of structural and mechanistic knowledge on the Plasmodium parasitic vacuolar secretion and effector trafficking pathway, describing its most salient features and discussing the existing differences and commonalities with the vacuolar effector translocation MYR machinery recently described in Toxoplasma and other apicomplexans of significance to medical and veterinary sciences.
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