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Pereira D, Pinto M, Almeida JR, Correia-da-Silva M, Cidade H. The Role of Natural and Synthetic Flavonoids in the Prevention of Marine Biofouling. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:77. [PMID: 38393048 PMCID: PMC10889971 DOI: 10.3390/md22020077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Marine biofouling is a major concern for the maritime industry, environment, and human health. Biocides which are currently used in marine coatings to prevent this phenomenon are toxic to the marine environment, and therefore a search for antifoulants with environmentally safe properties is needed. A large number of scientific papers have been published showing natural and synthetic compounds with potential to prevent the attachment of macro- and microfouling marine organisms on submerged surfaces. Flavonoids are a class of compounds which are highly present in nature, including in marine organisms, and have been found in a wide range of biological activities. Some natural and synthetic flavonoids have been evaluated over the last few years for their potential to prevent the settlement and/or the growth of marine organisms on submerged structures, thereby preventing marine biofouling. This review compiles, for the first-time, natural flavonoids as well as their synthetic analogues with attributed antifouling activity against macrofouling and microfouling marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pereira
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Madalena Pinto
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Joana R. Almeida
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Marta Correia-da-Silva
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Honorina Cidade
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
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Tanikawa A, Fujihara T, Nakajima N, Maeda Y, Nogata Y, Yoshimura E, Okada Y, Chiba K, Kitano Y. Anti-Barnacle Activities of Isothiocyanates Derived from β-Citronellol and Their Structure-Activity Relationships. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202200953. [PMID: 36567259 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Antifouling agents with low toxicity are in high demand for sustaining marine industries and the environment. This study aimed to synthesize 15 isothiocyanates derived from β-citronellol and evaluate their antifouling activities and toxicities against cypris larvae of the barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite. The synthesized isothiocyanates exhibited effective antifouling activities (EC50 =0.10-3.33 μg mL-1 ) with high therapeutic ratios (LC50 /EC50 >30). Four isothiocyanates with an amide or isocyano group showed great potential as effective antifouling agents (EC50 =0.10-0.32 μg mL-1 , LC50 /EC50 =104-833). The enantiomers of the isothiocyanates only slightly differed in their antifouling activities. These results may serve as a basis for further research and development of β-citronellol-derived isothiocyanates as effective low-toxic antifouling agents. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to report the antifouling activities of isothiocyanates derived from accessible natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina Tanikawa
- Laboratory of Bio-organic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Takaya Fujihara
- Laboratory of Bio-organic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Natsumi Nakajima
- Laboratory of Bio-organic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yuka Maeda
- Laboratory of Bio-organic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Nogata
- Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 1646 Abiko, Abiko-shi, Chiba, 270-1194, Japan
| | | | - Yohei Okada
- Laboratory of Bio-organic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Laboratory of Bio-organic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Kitano
- Laboratory of Bio-organic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
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Bartošová L, Sedlaříková J, Peer P, Janalíková M, Pleva P. Antibacterial and Antifouling Efficiency of Essential Oils-Loaded Electrospun Polyvinylidene Difluoride Membranes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010423. [PMID: 36613867 PMCID: PMC9820142 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanofibers have become a promising material in many industries in recent years, mainly due to their various properties. The only disadvantage of nanofibers as a potential filtration membrane is their short life due to clogging by bacteria in water treatment. The enrichment of nanofibers with active molecules could prevent these negative effects, represented by essential oils components such as Thymol, Eugenol, Linalool, Cinnamaldehyde and Carvacrol. Our study deals with the preparation of electrospun polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF)-based nanofibers with incorporated essential oils, their characterization, testing their antibacterial properties and the evaluation of biofilm formation on the membrane surface. The study of the nanofibers' morphology points to the nanofibers' diverse fiber diameters ranging from 570 to 900 nm. Besides that, the nanofibers were detected as hydrophobic material with wettability over 130°. The satisfactory results of PVDF membranes were observed in nanofibers enriched with Thymol and Eugenol that showed their antifouling activity against the tested bacteria Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Therefore, these PVDF membranes could find potential applications as filtration membranes in healthcare or the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Bartošová
- Department of Environmental Protection Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Vavreckova 275, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Sedlaříková
- Department of Fat, Surfactant and Cosmetics Technology, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Vavreckova 275, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Peer
- Department of Environmental Protection Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Vavreckova 275, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Magda Janalíková
- Department of Environmental Protection Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Vavreckova 275, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Pleva
- Department of Environmental Protection Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Vavreckova 275, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
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She W, Ye W, Cheng A, Ye W, Ma C, Wang R, Cheng J, Liu X, Yuan Y, Chik SY, Limlingan Malit JJ, Lu Y, Chen F, Qian PY. Discovery, Yield Improvement, and Application in Marine Coatings of Potent Antifouling Compounds Albofungins Targeting Multiple Fouling Organisms. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:906345. [PMID: 35875539 PMCID: PMC9300314 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.906345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine biofouling caused huge economic losses of maritime industries. We aim to develop high-efficient, less-toxic, and cost-effective antifoulants to solve the problems of biofouling. In this study, we described the antifouling compounds albofungin and its derivatives (albofungin A, chrestoxanthone A, and chloroalbofungin) isolated from the metabolites of bacterium Streptomyces chrestomyceticus BCC 24770, the construction of high-yield strains for albofungin production, and application of albofungin-based antifouling coatings. Results showed that these albofungins have potent antibiofilm activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and anti-macrofouling activities against larval settlement of major fouling organisms with low cytotoxicity. With the best antifouling activity and highest yield in bacterial culture, albofungin was subsequently incorporated with hydrolyzable and degradable copolymer to form antifouling coatings, which altered biofilm structures and prevented the settlement of macrofouling organisms in marine environments. Our results suggested that albofungins were promising antifouling compounds with potential application in marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi She
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Brach of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.,SZU-HKUST Joint PhD Program in Marine Environmental Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Ye
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Brach of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aifang Cheng
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Brach of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenkang Ye
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Brach of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.,SZU-HKUST Joint PhD Program in Marine Environmental Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunfeng Ma
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruojun Wang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Brach of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jinping Cheng
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Brach of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Brach of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yujing Yuan
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Brach of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sin Yu Chik
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Brach of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jessie James Limlingan Malit
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Brach of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yanhong Lu
- Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Brach of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.,SZU-HKUST Joint PhD Program in Marine Environmental Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Pei-Yuan Qian
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.,Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Brach of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
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5
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Prieto IM, Paola A, Pérez M, García M, Blustein G, Schejter L, Palermo JA. Antifouling Diterpenoids from the Sponge Dendrilla antarctica. Chem Biodivers 2021; 19:e202100618. [PMID: 34964245 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Two nor-diterpenes, 9,11-dihydrogracilin A (1) and the previously unreported 9,11-dihydrogracillinone A (2), were isolated from the sponge Dendrilla antarctica. The sponge was collected by trawling at a depth of 49 m, from the research vessel Puerto Deseado, near the coast of Tierra del Fuego, farther north than the reported habitat for this species. Since these compounds were particularly abundant and the sponge was free from epibionts, both 1 and 2 were included in soluble-matrix paints and tested for antifouling activity in the ocean. The results obtained from these experiments clearly indicated a potent antifouling activity for both compounds against a variety of colonizing organisms, and established a probable role as natural antifoulants for these abundant secondary metabolites and other structurally related compounds previously isolated from Dendrilla spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván M Prieto
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos en Química Orgánica (UMYMFOR) -, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analía Paola
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología de Pinturas (CIDEPINT), Calle 52 e/ 121 y 122, B1900AYB, La Plata, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Calle 60 y 122, B1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Miriam Pérez
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología de Pinturas (CIDEPINT), Calle 52 e/ 121 y 122, B1900AYB, La Plata, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Calle 60 y 122, B1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Mónica García
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología de Pinturas (CIDEPINT), Calle 52 e/ 121 y 122, B1900AYB, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Blustein
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología de Pinturas (CIDEPINT), Calle 52 e/ 121 y 122, B1900AYB, La Plata, Argentina.,Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Calle 60 y 119, B1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Laura Schejter
- Laboratorio de Bentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero (INIDEP) and Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC-CONICET), Paseo Victoria Ocampo 1, B7602HSA, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Jorge A Palermo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos en Química Orgánica (UMYMFOR) -, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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6
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Prousis KC, Kikionis S, Ioannou E, Morgana S, Faimali M, Piazza V, Calogeropoulou T, Roussis V. Synthesis and Antifouling Activity Evaluation of Analogs of Bromosphaerol, a Brominated Diterpene Isolated from the Red Alga Sphaerococcus coronopifolius. Mar Drugs 2021; 20:md20010007. [PMID: 35049862 PMCID: PMC8781426 DOI: 10.3390/md20010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine biofouling is an epibiotic biological process that affects almost any kind of submerged surface, causing globally significant economic problems mainly for the shipping industry and aquaculture companies, and its prevention so far has been associated with adverse environmental effects for non-target organisms. Previously, we have identified bromosphaerol (1), a brominated diterpene isolated from the red alga Sphaerococcus coronopifolius, as a promising agent with significant antifouling activity, exerting strong anti-settlement activity against larvae of Amphibalanus (Balanus) amphitrite and very low toxicity. The significant antifouling activity and low toxicity of bromosphaerol (1) motivated us to explore its chemistry, aiming to optimize its antifouling potential through the preparation of a number of analogs. Following different synthetic routes, we successfully synthesized 15 structural analogs (2–16) of bromosphaerol (1), decorated with different functional groups. The anti-settlement activity (EC50) and the degree of toxicity (LC50) of the bromosphaerol derivatives were evaluated using cyprids and nauplii of the cirriped crustacean A. amphitrite as a model organism. Derivatives 2, 4, and 6–16 showed diverse levels of antifouling activity. Among them, compounds 9 and 13 can be considered as well-performing antifoulants, exerting their activity through a non-toxic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriakos C. Prousis
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11653 Athens, Greece;
| | - Stefanos Kikionis
- Section of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (S.K.); (E.I.)
| | - Efstathia Ioannou
- Section of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (S.K.); (E.I.)
| | - Silvia Morgana
- Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment (IAS), National Research Council (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy; (S.M.); (M.F.)
| | - Marco Faimali
- Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment (IAS), National Research Council (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy; (S.M.); (M.F.)
| | - Veronica Piazza
- Institute for the Study of Anthropic Impacts and Sustainability in Marine Environment (IAS), National Research Council (CNR), Via De Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy; (S.M.); (M.F.)
- Correspondence: (V.P.); (T.C.); (V.R.); Tel.: +39-010-6475409 (V.P.); +30-210-7273833 (T.C.); +30-210-7274592 (V.R.)
| | - Theodora Calogeropoulou
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11653 Athens, Greece;
- Correspondence: (V.P.); (T.C.); (V.R.); Tel.: +39-010-6475409 (V.P.); +30-210-7273833 (T.C.); +30-210-7274592 (V.R.)
| | - Vassilios Roussis
- Section of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (S.K.); (E.I.)
- Correspondence: (V.P.); (T.C.); (V.R.); Tel.: +39-010-6475409 (V.P.); +30-210-7273833 (T.C.); +30-210-7274592 (V.R.)
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Peer P, Janalikova M, Sedlarikova J, Pleva P, Filip P, Zelenkova J, Siskova AO. Antibacterial Filtration Membranes Based on PVDF- co-HFP Nanofibers with the Addition of Medium-Chain 1-Monoacylglycerols. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:41021-41033. [PMID: 34405995 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c07257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of filtration membranes is substantially lowered by bacterial attachments and potential fouling processes, which reduce their durability and lifecycle. The antibacterial and antifouling properties exhibited by the added materials play a substantial role in their application. We tested a material poly(vinylidene fluoride)-co-hexafluoropropylene (PDVF-co-HFP) based on an electrospun copolymer, where an agent was incorporated with a small amount of ester of glycerol consecutively with caprylic, capric, and lauric acids. Each of these three materials differing in the esters (1-monoacylglycerol, 1-MAG) used was prepared with three weighted concentrations of 1-MAG (1, 2, and 3 wt %). The presence of 1-MAG with an amphiphilic structure resulted in the hydrophilic character of the prepared materials that contributed to the filtration performance. The tested materials (membranes) were characterized with rheological, optical (scanning electron microscopy, SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and other methods to evaluate antibacterial and antifouling activities. The pure water flux was 6 times higher than that of the neat PVDF-co-HFP membrane when the added 1-MAG attained only 1 wt %. It was experimentally shown that the PVDF-co-HFP/1-MAG membrane with high wettability improved antibacterial activity and antifouling ability. This membrane is highly promising for water treatment due to the safety of antibacterial 1-MAG additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Peer
- Institute of Hydrodynamics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Pod Patankou 5, 166 12 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Magda Janalikova
- Department of Environmental Protection Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Vavreckova 275, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Sedlarikova
- Department of Fat, Surfactant and Cosmetics Technology, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Vavreckova 275, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Pleva
- Department of Environmental Protection Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Vavreckova 275, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Filip
- Institute of Hydrodynamics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Pod Patankou 5, 166 12 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Zelenkova
- Institute of Hydrodynamics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Pod Patankou 5, 166 12 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Opalkova Siskova
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Materials and Machine Mechanics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 13 Bratislava, Slovakia
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8
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Abstract
Two new polyphenols, talaversatilis A (1) and B (2), together with fifteen known compounds (3-17) were isolated from the extract of the culture broth of a soft coral-derived fungus Talaromyces sp. SCSIO 041201. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by the extensive analyses of spectroscopic data and by comparison with the reported literature. Antifouling and antibacterial activities of all purified compounds were tested and evaluated. Compounds 5 and 6 showed antifouling activity towards Bugula neritina larva, with LC50 values of 3.86 μg/mL and 3.05 μg/mL, respectively. Compounds 7, 8, 10 and 13 exhibited significant antibacterial activities against E. coli, MRSA, S. aureus and E. faecalis, with MIC values ranging from 0.45 to 15.6 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Xing Li
- Pharmacy School of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Xin Lei
- Pharmacy School of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Hong Tan
- Pharmacy School of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica/Research Center for Marine Microbes, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Bin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica/Research Center for Marine Microbes, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Yun-Qiu Li
- Pharmacy School of Guilin Medical University, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, P. R. China
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9
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Peer P, Sedlaříková J, Janalíková M, Kučerová L, Pleva P. Novel Polyvinyl Butyral/Monoacylglycerol Nanofibrous Membrane with Antifouling Activity. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:ma13173662. [PMID: 32825117 PMCID: PMC7504434 DOI: 10.3390/ma13173662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Monoacylglycerols (MAGs) have proven of great interest to the foodstuffs industry due to the promising antibacterial activity they show for controlling microbial contamination. Prior to this paper, this antibacterial agent had not been incorporated in a nanofibrous membrane. This study details convenient fabrication of nanofibrous membranes based on polyvinyl butyral (PVB) containing various concentrations of monocaprin (MAG 10) by an electrospinning process. Increasing the concentration of MAG 10 caused differences to appear in the shape of the nanofibers, in addition to which the level of wettability was heightened. Besides exhibiting antibacterial properties, the functional membranes demonstrated especially good antifouling activity. The novel and efficient nanofibrous membranes described have the potential to find eventual application in medical or environmental fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Peer
- Institute of Hydrodynamics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Pod Patankou 5/30, 16672 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Jana Sedlaříková
- Department of Fat, Surfactant and Cosmetics Technology, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, 275 Vavreckova, 76001 Zlin, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence:
| | - Magda Janalíková
- Department of Environmental Protection Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, 275 Vavreckova, 76001 Zlin, Czech Republic; (M.J.); (P.P.)
| | - Liliana Kučerová
- Department of Fat, Surfactant and Cosmetics Technology, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, 275 Vavreckova, 76001 Zlin, Czech Republic;
| | - Pavel Pleva
- Department of Environmental Protection Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, 275 Vavreckova, 76001 Zlin, Czech Republic; (M.J.); (P.P.)
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10
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Almeida JR, Palmeira A, Campos A, Cunha I, Freitas M, Felpeto AB, Turkina MV, Vasconcelos V, Pinto M, Correia-da-Silva M, Sousa E. Structure- Antifouling Activity Relationship and Molecular Targets of Bio-Inspired(thio)xanthones. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10081126. [PMID: 32751491 PMCID: PMC7463931 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of alternative ecological and effective antifouling technologies is still challenging. Synthesis of nature-inspired compounds has been exploited, given the potential to assure commercial supplies of potential ecofriendly antifouling agents. In this direction, the antifouling activity of a series of nineteen synthetic small molecules, with chemical similarities with natural products, were exploited in this work. Six (4, 5, 7, 10, 15 and 17) of the tested xanthones showed in vivo activity toward the settlement of Mytilus galloprovincialis larvae (EC50: 3.53–28.60 µM) and low toxicity to this macrofouling species (LC50 > 500 µM and LC50/EC50: 17.42–141.64), and two of them (7 and 10) showed no general marine ecotoxicity (<10% of Artemia salina mortality) after 48 h of exposure. Regarding the mechanism of action in mussel larvae, the best performance compounds 4 and 5 might be acting by the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity (in vitro and in silico studies), while 7 and 10 showed specific targets (proteomic studies) directly related with the mussel adhesive structure (byssal threads), given by the alterations in the expression of Mytilus collagen proteins (PreCols) and proximal thread proteins (TMPs). A quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model was built with predictive capacity to enable speeding the design of new potential active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana R. Almeida
- CIIMAR/CIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (J.R.A.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (I.C.); (M.F.); (A.B.F.); (V.V.); (M.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Andreia Palmeira
- CIIMAR/CIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (J.R.A.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (I.C.); (M.F.); (A.B.F.); (V.V.); (M.P.); (E.S.)
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Campos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (J.R.A.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (I.C.); (M.F.); (A.B.F.); (V.V.); (M.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Isabel Cunha
- CIIMAR/CIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (J.R.A.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (I.C.); (M.F.); (A.B.F.); (V.V.); (M.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Micaela Freitas
- CIIMAR/CIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (J.R.A.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (I.C.); (M.F.); (A.B.F.); (V.V.); (M.P.); (E.S.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, P 4069-007 Porto, Portugal
- ISPSO—Institut des Sciences Pharmaceutiques de Suisse Occidentale, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aldo Barreiro Felpeto
- CIIMAR/CIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (J.R.A.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (I.C.); (M.F.); (A.B.F.); (V.V.); (M.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Maria V. Turkina
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden;
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (J.R.A.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (I.C.); (M.F.); (A.B.F.); (V.V.); (M.P.); (E.S.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, P 4069-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Madalena Pinto
- CIIMAR/CIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (J.R.A.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (I.C.); (M.F.); (A.B.F.); (V.V.); (M.P.); (E.S.)
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Correia-da-Silva
- CIIMAR/CIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (J.R.A.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (I.C.); (M.F.); (A.B.F.); (V.V.); (M.P.); (E.S.)
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Emília Sousa
- CIIMAR/CIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (J.R.A.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (I.C.); (M.F.); (A.B.F.); (V.V.); (M.P.); (E.S.)
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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11
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Abstract
A rare sinulariane-type norcembranoid sinulariadiolide B (1) with a unique cyano group, and a eunicellin-based diterpenoid multifloralin (2), along with two known related analogues, sinulariadiolide (3) and sclerophytin E (4), were isolated from the extract of the South China Sea soft coral Sinularia multiflora. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analysis and by comparison with previously reported data. Compounds 2 and 4 showed potent antifouling activity against barnacle Balanus albicostatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Biological Products, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping-Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Biological Products, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Chao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Biological Products, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China.,Institutes of Chronic Disease, Qingdao University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Xu-Li Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Qiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Biological Products, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
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12
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Xu WF, Xue XJ, Qi YX, Wu NN, Wang CY, Shao CL. Cochliomycin G, a 14-membered resorcylic acid lactone from a marine-derived fungus Cochliobolus lunatus. Nat Prod Res 2019; 35:490-493. [PMID: 31264460 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1633646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cochliomycin G (1), a new 14-membered resorcylic acid lactone, together with six known analogues (2-7), was isolated from the culture broth of a marine-derived fungus Cochliobolus lunatus. The planar structure of 1 was established by extensive NMR spectroscopy, and the absolute configuration was elucidated by the combination of empirical rules, CD data, and 13C chemical shift calculations. Compound 1 exhibited potent antifouling activity against Chlorella vulgaris, Chaetoceros socialis, and Navicula exigua, with EC50 values of 1.09, 0.92, and 0.61 μg/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Feng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jia Xue
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue-Xuan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Na-Na Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Lun Shao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
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13
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Umezawa T, Prakoso NI, Kannaka M, Nogata Y, Yoshimura E, Okino T, Matsuda F. Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationship of Omaezallene Derivatives. Chem Biodivers 2018; 16:e1800451. [PMID: 30394674 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201800451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Omaezallene derivatives (nor-bromoallene, nor-bromodiene, and bromoenynes) were successfully synthesized. Their antifouling activity and toxicity to the cypris larvae of the barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite and ecotoxicity to the marine crustacean Tigriopus japonicus were studied. It was revealed that the two side chains of omaezallene were essential to its antifouling activity because the activities of nor-bromoallene and nor-bromodiene were significantly diminished. The bromoenyne was found to exhibit potent antifouling activities comparable to omaezallene with low toxicity and ecotoxicity. Preparation of bromoenyne framework is much easier than that of bromodiene moiety in omaezallene. Based on the antifouling activities of the bromoenynes, the synthesis of fluorescent probes and evaluation of their biological activities were also carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Umezawa
- Division of Environmental Materials Science, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, N10 W5, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Nurcahyo Iman Prakoso
- Division of Environmental Materials Science, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, N10 W5, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan.,Chemistry Department, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Kaliurang KM 14, 5, Sleman Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Miho Kannaka
- Division of Environmental Materials Science, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, N10 W5, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Nogata
- Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 1646 Abiko, Abiko, Chiba, 270-1194, Japan
| | | | - Tatsufumi Okino
- Division of Environmental Materials Science, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, N10 W5, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Fuyuhiko Matsuda
- Division of Environmental Materials Science, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, N10 W5, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
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14
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Inoue Y, Takashima S, Nogata Y, Yoshimura E, Chiba K, Kitano Y. Isocyanides Derived from α,α-Disubstituted Amino Acids: Synthesis and Antifouling Activity Assessment. Chem Biodivers 2018; 15:e1700571. [PMID: 29381256 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201700571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we contribute to the development of environmentally friendly antifoulants by synthesizing eighteen isocyanides derived from α,α-disubstituted amino acids and evaluating their antifouling activity/toxicity against the cypris larvae of the Balanus amphitrite barnacle. Almost all isocyanides showed good antifouling activity without significant toxicity and exhibited EC50 values of 0.07 - 7.30 μg/mL after 120-h exposure. The lowest EC50 values were observed for valine-, methionine-, and phenylalanine-derived isocyanides, which achieved > 95% cypris larvae settlement inhibition at concentrations of less than 30 μg/mL without exhibiting significant toxicity. Thus, the prepared isocyanides should be useful for further research focused on the development of environmentally friendly antifouling agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Inoue
- Laboratory of Bio-organic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Shuhei Takashima
- Laboratory of Bio-organic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Nogata
- Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 1646 Abiko, Abiko-shi, Chiba, 270-1194, Japan
| | | | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Laboratory of Bio-organic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Kitano
- Laboratory of Bio-organic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
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15
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Patiño Cano LP, Quintana Manfredi R, Pérez M, García M, Blustein G, Cordeiro R, Pérez CD, Schejter L, Palermo JA. Isolation and Antifouling Activity of Azulene Derivatives from the Antarctic Gorgonian Acanthogorgia laxa. Chem Biodivers 2017; 15. [PMID: 29092092 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201700425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Three azulenoid sesquiterpenes (1 - 3) were isolated from the Antarctic gorgonian Acanthogorgia laxa collected by bottom trawls at -343 m. Besides linderazulene (1), and the known ketolactone 2, a new brominated C16 linderazulene derivative (3) was also identified. This compound has an extra carbon atom at C(7) of the linderazulene framework. The antifouling activity of compounds 1 and 2 was assayed in the laboratory with Artemia salina larvae, and also in field tests, by incorporation in soluble-matrix experimental antifouling paints. The results obtained after a 45 days field trial of the paints, showed that compounds 1 and 2 displayed good antifouling potencies against a wide array of organisms. Compound 3, a benzylic bromide, was unstable and for this reason was not submitted to bioassays. Two known cembranolides: pukalide and epoxypukalide, were also identified as minor components of the extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura P Patiño Cano
- Departamento de Química Orgánica - Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos en Química Orgánica (UMYMFOR), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo Quintana Manfredi
- Departamento de Química Orgánica - Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos en Química Orgánica (UMYMFOR), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Miriam Pérez
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología de Pinturas-CIDEPINT, Calle52 e/121 y 122, B1900AYB, La Plata, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 122, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Mónica García
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología de Pinturas-CIDEPINT, Calle52 e/121 y 122, B1900AYB, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Blustein
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología de Pinturas-CIDEPINT, Calle52 e/121 y 122, B1900AYB, La Plata, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 119, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Ralf Cordeiro
- GPA-Grupo de Pesquisa em Antozoários, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Rua Alto do Reservatório s/n, Bela Vista CEP: 55608-680, Vitória de Santo Antão/PE, Brazil
| | - Carlos D Pérez
- GPA-Grupo de Pesquisa em Antozoários, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Rua Alto do Reservatório s/n, Bela Vista CEP: 55608-680, Vitória de Santo Antão/PE, Brazil
| | - Laura Schejter
- Laboratorio de Bentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero (INIDEP), Paseo Victoria Ocampo 1, B7602HSA, Mar del Plata, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC-CONICET), Rodriguez Peña 4046 Nivel 1, 1260, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Jorge A Palermo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica - Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Unidad de Microanálisis y Métodos Físicos en Química Orgánica (UMYMFOR), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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16
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Pal A, Dey TK, Debnath AK, Bhushan B, Sahu AK, Bindal RC, Kar S. Mixed-matrix membranes with enhanced antifouling activity: probing the surface-tailoring potential of Tiron and chromotropic acid for nano-TiO 2. R Soc Open Sci 2017; 4:170368. [PMID: 28989744 PMCID: PMC5627084 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) were developed by impregnating organofunctionalized nanoadditives within fouling-susceptible polysulfone matrix following the non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) method. The facile functionalization of nanoparticles of anatase TiO2 (nano-TiO2) by using two different organoligands, viz. Tiron and chromotropic acid, was carried out to obtain organofunctionalized nanoadditives, FT-nano-TiO2 and FC-nano-TiO2, respectively. The structural features of nanoadditives were evaluated by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, which established that Tiron leads to the blending of chelating and bridging bidentate geometries for FT-nano-TiO2, whereas chromotropic acid produces bridging bidentate as well as monodentate geometries for FC-nano-TiO2. The surface chemistry of the studied membranes, polysulfone (Psf): FT-nano-TiO2 UF and Psf: FC-nano-TiO2 UF, was profoundly influenced by the benign distributions of the nanoadditives enriched with distinctly charged sites ([Formula: see text]), as evidenced by superior morphology, improved topography, enhanced surface hydrophilicity and altered electrokinetic features. The membranes exhibited enhanced solvent throughputs, viz. 3500-4000 and 3400-4300 LMD at 1 bar of transmembrane pressure, without significant compromise in their rejection attributes. The flux recovery ratios and fouling resistive behaviours of MMMs towards bovine serum albumin indicated that the nanoadditives could impart stable and appreciable antifouling activity, potentially aiding in a sustainable ultrafiltration performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishek Pal
- Membrane Development Section, Chemical Engineering Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Trombay, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - T. K. Dey
- Membrane Development Section, Chemical Engineering Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - A. K. Debnath
- Technical Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Trombay, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Bharat Bhushan
- Membrane Development Section, Chemical Engineering Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Trombay, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - A. K. Sahu
- Glass and Advanced Materials Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
| | - R. C. Bindal
- Membrane Development Section, Chemical Engineering Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Trombay, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Soumitra Kar
- Membrane Development Section, Chemical Engineering Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Trombay, Mumbai 400094, India
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17
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Paradas WC, Crespo TM, Salgado LT, de Andrade LR, Soares AR, Hellio C, Paranhos RR, Hill LJ, de Souza GM, Kelecom AGAC, Da Gama BAP, Pereira RC, Amado-Filho GM. Mevalonosomes: specific vacuoles containing the mevalonate pathway in Plocamium brasiliense cortical cells (Rhodophyta). J Phycol 2015; 51:225-235. [PMID: 26986518 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper has identified, for the first time in a member of the Rhodophyta, a vacuolar organelle containing enzymes that are involved in the mevalonate pathway-an important step in red algal isoprenoid biosynthesis. These organelles were named mevalonosomes (Mev) and were found in the cortical cells (CC) of Plocamium brasiliense, a marine macroalgae that synthesizes several halogenated monoterpenes. P. brasiliense specimens were submitted to a cytochemical analysis of the activity of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (HMGS). Using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we confirmed the presence of HMGS activity within the Mev. Because HMGS is necessary for the biosynthesis of halogenated monoterpenes, we isolated a hexanic fraction (HF) rich in halogenated monoterpenes from P. brasiliense that contained a pentachlorinated monoterpene as a major metabolite. Because terpenes are often related to chemical defense, the antifouling (AF) activity of pentachlorinated monoterpene was tested. We found that the settlement of the mussel Perna perna was reduced by HF treatment (2.25 times less than control; 40% and 90% of fouled surface, respectively; P = 0.001; F9,9 = 1.13). The HF (at 10 μg · mL(-1) ) also inhibited three species of fouling microalgae (Chlorarachnion reptans, Cylindrotheca cloisterium, and Exanthemachrysis gayraliae), while at a higher concentration (50 μg · mL(-1) ), it inhibited the bacteria Halomonas marina, Polaribacter irgensii, Pseudoalteromonas elyakovii, Shewanella putrefaciens, and Vibrio aestuarianus. The AF activity of P. brasiliense halogenated monoterpenes and the localization of HMGS activity inside Mev suggest that this cellular structure found in CC may play a role in thallus protection against biofouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wladimir Costa Paradas
- Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro São João Batista, s/no., Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thalita Mendes Crespo
- Diretoria de Pesquisas, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leão, 915, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Tavares Salgado
- Diretoria de Pesquisas, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leão, 915, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Rodrigues de Andrade
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, bloco: B, sala F2-27, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Angélica Ribeiro Soares
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Social de Macaé, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Rotary Club, s/no., São José do Barreto, Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claire Hellio
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, LEMAR UMR 6539, IUEM - Technopole Brest-Iroise, Rue Dumont d'Urville, Plouzané, France
| | - Ricardo Rogers Paranhos
- Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro São João Batista, s/no., Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lilian Jorge Hill
- Diretoria de Pesquisas, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leão, 915, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Geysa Marinho de Souza
- Diretoria de Pesquisas, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leão, 915, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Bernardo Antônio Perez Da Gama
- Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro São João Batista, s/no., Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renato Crespo Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro São João Batista, s/no., Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Menezes Amado-Filho
- Diretoria de Pesquisas, Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leão, 915, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Liu QA, Shao CL, Gu YC, Blum M, Gan LS, Wang KL, Chen M, Wang CY. Antifouling and Fungicidal Resorcylic Acid Lactones from the Sea Anemone-Derived Fungus Cochliobolus lunatus. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:3183-3191. [PMID: 24635109 DOI: 10.1021/jf500248z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Three new 14-membered resorcylic acid lactones, cochliomycins D-F, 1-3, and eight known analogues, 4-11, were isolated from the sea anemone-derived fungus Cochliobolus lunatus. Compounds 1-4 are diastereomers differing from each other by the absolute configurations of the 4',5'-diol chiral centers. The absolute configurations of 1-4 were established by the CD exciton chirality method and TDDFT ECD calculations. In antifouling assays, 1, 3-6, and 6a exhibited potent antifouling activities against the larval settlement of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite at nontoxic concentrations, with EC50 values ranging from 1.82 to 22.5 μg/mL. Noticeably, fungicide whole-plant assays indicated that 6 showed excellent activity on the Plasmopara viticola preventative test at 6 ppm and concentration-dependent activity on the Phytophthora infestans preventative application at 200, 60, and 20 ppm. Preliminary structure-activity relationships are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Ai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Lun Shao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Cheng Gu
- Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta , Bracknell, Berkshire, RG42 6EY, United Kingdom
| | - Mathias Blum
- Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta , Bracknell, Berkshire, RG42 6EY, United Kingdom
| | - Li-She Gan
- Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai-Ling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China , Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
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19
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Wang ZC, Feng DQ, Ke CH. Coumarins from the Herb Cnidium monnieri and chemically modified derivatives as antifoulants against Balanus albicostatus and Bugula neritina larvae. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:1197-206. [PMID: 23303279 PMCID: PMC3565316 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14011197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 11/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the search for new environmental friendly antifouling (AF) agents, four coumarins were isolated from the herbal plant Cnidium monnieri, known as osthole (1), imperatorin (2), isopimpinellin (3) and auraptenol (4). Furthermore, five coumarin derivatives, namely 8-epoxypentylcoumarin (5), meranzin hydrate (6), 2'-deoxymetranzin hydrate (7), 8-methylbutenalcoumarin (8), and micromarin-F (9) were synthesized from osthole. Compounds 1, 2, 4, 7 showed high inhibitory activities against larval settlement of Balanus albicostatus with EC(50) values of 4.64, 3.39, 3.38, 4.67 μg mL-1. Compound 8 could significantly inhibit larval settlement of Bugula neritina with an EC(50) value of 3.87 μg mL-1. The impact of functional groups on anti-larval settlement activities suggested that the groups on C-5' and C-2'/C-3' of isoamylene chian could affect the AF activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Chang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; E-Mail: (Z.-C.W.)
- Department of Marine Technology and Ocean Engineering, College of Oceanography and Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; E-Mail: (D.-Q.F.)
| | - Dan-Qing Feng
- Department of Marine Technology and Ocean Engineering, College of Oceanography and Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; E-Mail: (D.-Q.F.)
| | - Cai-Huan Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; E-Mail: (Z.-C.W.)
- Department of Marine Technology and Ocean Engineering, College of Oceanography and Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; E-Mail: (D.-Q.F.)
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20
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Shi H, Yu S, Liu D, van Ofwegen L, Proksch P, Lin W. Sinularones A-I, new cyclopentenone and butenolide derivatives from a marine soft coral Sinularia sp. and their antifouling activity. Mar Drugs 2012; 10:1331-1344. [PMID: 22822376 PMCID: PMC3397443 DOI: 10.3390/md10061331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nine new compounds, namely sinularones A–I (1–9), characterized as cyclopentenone and butenolide-type analogues, were isolated from a soft coral Sinularia sp., together with a known butenolide (10). Their structures were elucidated by means of spectroscopic (IR, MS, 1D and 2D NMR, CD) analysis. The absolute configurations were determined on the basis of CD and specific rotation data in association with the computed electronic circular dichroism (ECD) by time dependent density functional theory (TD DFT) at 6-31+G(d,p)//DFT B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p) level. Compounds 1–2 and 7–10 showed potent antifouling activities against the barnacle Balanus amphitrite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (H.S.); (D.L.)
| | - Shanjiang Yu
- China National Center for Biotechnology Development, Beijing 100036, China;
| | - Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (H.S.); (D.L.)
| | - Leen van Ofwegen
- National Museum of Natural History Naturalis, 2300 RA, Leiden 9515, The Netherlands;
| | - Peter Proksch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine University, Duesseldorf 40225, Germany;
| | - Wenhan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; (H.S.); (D.L.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +86-10-8280-6188; Fax: +86-10-8280-2724
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21
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Chen JD, Yi RZ, Lin YM, Feng DQ, Zhou HC, Wang ZC. Characterization of terpenoids from the root of Ceriops tagal with antifouling activity. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:6517-28. [PMID: 22072902 PMCID: PMC3210993 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12106517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One new dimeric diterpenoid, 8(14)-enyl-pimar-2'(3')-en-4'(18')-en-15'(16')-endolabr- 16,15,2',3'-oxoan-16-one (1) and five known terpenoids: Tagalsin C (2), Tagalsin I (3), lup-20(29)-ene-3β,28-diol (4), 3-oxolup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid (5) and 28-hydroxylup- 20(29)-en-3-one (6) were isolated from the roots of the mangrove plant Ceriops tagal. Their structures and relative stereochemistry were elucidated by means of extensive NMR, IR and MS analysis. The antifouling activity against larval settlement of the barnacle Balanus albicostatus were evaluated using capsaicin as a positive control. All these terpenoids exhibited antifouling activity against cyprid larvae of the barnacle without significant toxicity. The structure-activity relationship results demonstrated that the order of antifouling activity was diterpenoid (Compound 2) > triterpenoid (Compounds 4, 5 and 6) > dimeric diterpenoid (Compounds 1 and 3). The functional groups on the C-28 position of lupane triterpenoid significantly affect the antifouling activity. The diterpenoid dimmer with two identical diterpenoid subunits might display more potent antifouling activity than one with two different diterpenoid subunits. The stability test showed that Compounds 2, 4, 5 and 6 remained stable over 2-month exposure under filtered seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-De Chen
- Research Center for the Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Marine Biological Resource, The Third Institute of Oceanography of the State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +86-592-2195527; Fax: +86-592-2195527
| | - Rui-Zao Yi
- Research Center for the Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Marine Biological Resource, The Third Institute of Oceanography of the State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen 361005, China; E-Mail:
| | - Yi-Ming Lin
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; E-Mails: (Y.-M.L.); (H.-C.Z.)
| | - Dan-Qing Feng
- Department of Oceanography, College of Oceanography and Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; E-Mails: (D.-Q.F.);
| | - Hai-Chao Zhou
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; E-Mails: (Y.-M.L.); (H.-C.Z.)
| | - Zhan-Chang Wang
- Department of Oceanography, College of Oceanography and Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China; E-Mails: (D.-Q.F.);
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