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Kaur K, Müller M, Müller M, Schönherr H. Photodynamic Eradication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with Ru-Photosensitizers Encapsulated in Enzyme Degradable Nanocarriers. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2683. [PMID: 38140023 PMCID: PMC10747122 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of new approaches for the treatment of the increasingly antibiotic-resistant pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa was targeted by enhancing the effect of local antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) using poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(lactic acid) (PEG114-block-PLAx) nanocarriers that were loaded with a ruthenium-based photosensitizer (PS). The action of tris(1,10-phenanthroline) ruthenium (II) bis(hexafluorophosphate) (RuPhen3) encapsulated in PEG114-block-PLAx micelles and vesicles was shown to result in an appreciable aPDT inactivation efficiency against planktonic Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In particular, the encapsulation of the PS, its release, and the efficiency of singlet oxygen (1O2) generation upon irradiation with blue light were studied spectroscopically. The antimicrobial effect was analyzed with two strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Compared with PS-loaded micelles, formulations of the PS-loaded vesicles showed 10 times enhanced activity with a strong photodynamic inactivation effect of at least a 4.7 log reduction against both a Pseudomonas aeruginosa lab strain and a clinical isolate collected from the lung of a cystic fibrosis (CF) patient. This work lays the foundation for the targeted eradication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa using aPDT in various medical application areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mareike Müller
- Physical Chemistry I & Research Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology (Cμ), Department of Chemistry and Biology, School of Science and Technology, University of Siegen, 57076 Siegen, Germany (M.M.)
| | - Holger Schönherr
- Physical Chemistry I & Research Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology (Cμ), Department of Chemistry and Biology, School of Science and Technology, University of Siegen, 57076 Siegen, Germany (M.M.)
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Santoro O, Malacarne MC, Sarcone F, Scapinello L, Pragliola S, Caruso E, Orlandi VT, Izzo L. Inherently Antimicrobial P(MMA- ran-DMAEMA) Copolymers Sensitive to Photodynamic Therapy: A Double Bactericidal Effect for Active Wound Dressing. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054340. [PMID: 36901769 PMCID: PMC10001570 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, two compounds belonging to the BODIPY family, and previously investigated for their photosensitizing properties, have been bound to the amino-pendant groups of three random copolymers, with different amounts of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) in the backbone. The P(MMA-ran-DMAEMA) copolymers have inherently bactericidal activity, due to the amino groups of DMAEMA and to the quaternized nitrogens bounded to BODIPY. Systems consisting of filter paper discs coated with copolymers conjugated to BODIPY were tested on two model microorganisms, Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). On solid medium, irradiation with green light induced an antimicrobial effect, visible as a clear inhibition area around the coated disks. The system based on the copolymer with 43% DMAEMA and circa 0.70 wt/wt% of BODIPY was the most efficient in both bacterial species, and a selectivity for the Gram-positive model was observed, independently of the conjugated BODIPY. A residual antimicrobial activity was also observed after dark incubation, attributed to the inherently bactericidal properties of copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlando Santoro
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant, 3, 21100 Varese, VA, Italy
| | - Miryam Chiara Malacarne
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant, 3, 21100 Varese, VA, Italy
| | - Francesco Sarcone
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant, 3, 21100 Varese, VA, Italy
| | - Luca Scapinello
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant, 3, 21100 Varese, VA, Italy
| | - Stefania Pragliola
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 128, 85085 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Enrico Caruso
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant, 3, 21100 Varese, VA, Italy
| | - Viviana Teresa Orlandi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant, 3, 21100 Varese, VA, Italy
| | - Lorella Izzo
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant, 3, 21100 Varese, VA, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Gamelas SRD, Sierra-Garcia IN, Tomé AC, Cunha Â, Lourenço LMO. In Vitro Photoinactivation of Fusarium oxysporum Conidia with Light-Activated Ammonium Phthalocyanines. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24. [PMID: 36835333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has been explored as an innovative therapeutic approach because it can be used to inactivate a variety of microbial forms (vegetative forms and spores) without causing significant damage to host tissues, and without the development of resistance to the photosensitization process. This study assesses the photodynamic antifungal/sporicidal activity of tetra- and octasubstituted phthalocyanine (Pc) dyes with ammonium groups. Tetra- and octasubstituted zinc(II) phthalocyanines (1 and 2) were prepared and tested as photosensitizers (PSs) on Fusarium oxysporum conidia. Photoinactivation (PDI) tests were conducted with photosensitizer (PS) concentrations of 20, 40, and 60 µM under white-light exposure at an irradiance of 135 mW·cm-2, applied during 30 and 60 min (light doses of 243 and 486 J·cm-2). High PDI efficiency corresponding to the inactivation process until the detection limit was observed for both PSs. The tetrasubstituted PS was the most effective, requiring the lowest concentration and the shortest irradiation time for the complete inactivation of conidia (40 µM, 30 min, 243 J·cm-2). Complete inactivation was also achieved with PS 2, but a longer irradiation time and a higher concentration (60 µM, 60 min, 486 J·cm-2) were necessary. Because of the low concentrations and moderate energy doses required to inactivate resistant biological forms such as fungal conidia, these phthalocyanines can be considered potent antifungal photodynamic drugs.
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Battisti A, Morici P, Sgarbossa A. Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy of Porphyrins in Helicobacter pylori Biofilms. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1674. [PMID: 34683966 PMCID: PMC8537233 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilm constitutes a strong barrier against the penetration of drugs and against the action of the host immune system causing persistent infections hardly treatable by antibiotic therapy. Helicobacter pylori (Hp), the main causative agent for gastritis, peptic ulcer and gastric adenocarcinoma, can form a biofilm composed by an exopolysaccharide matrix layer covering the gastric surface where the bacterial cells become resistant and tolerant to the commonly used antibiotics clarithromycin, amoxicillin and metronidazole. Antimicrobial PhotoDynamic Therapy (aPDT) was proposed as an alternative treatment strategy for eradicating bacterial infections, particularly effective for Hp since this microorganism produces and stores up photosensitizing porphyrins. The knowledge of the photophysical characteristics of Hp porphyrins in their physiological biofilm microenvironment is crucial to implement and optimize the photodynamic treatment. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) of intrinsic bacterial porphyrins was performed and data were analyzed by the 'fit-free' phasor approach in order to map the distribution of the different fluorescent species within Hp biofilm. Porphyrins inside bacteria were easily distinguished from those dispersed in the matrix suggesting FLIM-phasor technique as a sensitive and rapid tool to monitor the photosensitizer distribution inside bacterial biofilms and to better orientate the phototherapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Battisti
- Istituto Nanoscienze—CNR and NEST—Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza S. Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy; (A.B.); (P.M.)
| | - Paola Morici
- Istituto Nanoscienze—CNR and NEST—Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza S. Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy; (A.B.); (P.M.)
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, I-16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Antonella Sgarbossa
- Istituto Nanoscienze—CNR and NEST—Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza S. Silvestro 12, I-56127 Pisa, Italy; (A.B.); (P.M.)
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Abstract
The occurrence of drug-resistant bacteria is drastically rising and new and effective antibiotic classes are urgently needed. However, most of the compounds in development are minor modifications of previously used drugs to which bacteria can easily develop resistance. The investigation of inorganic and organometallic compounds as antibiotics is an alternative approach that holds great promises due to the ability of such molecules to trigger metal-specific mechanisms of action, which results in lethal consequences for pathogens. In this review, a selection of concepts to rationally design inorganic and organometallic antibiotics is discussed, highlighting their advantages by comparing them to classical drug discovery programmes. The review concludes with a short perspective for the future of antibiotic drug development and the role metal-based compounds will play in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine Hess
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
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McCollum CR, Bertram JR, Nagpal P, Chatterjee A. Photoactivated Indium Phosphide Quantum Dots Treat Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Abscesses In Vivo. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:30404-30419. [PMID: 34156817 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of drug-resistant bacterial strains is causing illness and death in an unprecedented number of people around the globe. Currently implemented small-molecule antibiotics are both increasingly less efficacious and perpetuating the evolution of resistance. Here, we propose a new treatment for drug-resistant bacterial infection in the form of indium phosphide quantum dots (InP QDs), semiconductor nanoparticles that are activated by light to produce superoxide. We show that the superoxide generated by InP QDs is able to effectively kill drug-resistant bacteria in vivo to reduce subcutaneous abscess infection in mice without being toxic to the animal. Our InP QDs are activated by near-infrared wavelengths with high transmission through skin and tissues and are composed of biocompatible materials. Body weight and organ tissue histology show that the QDs are nontoxic at a macroscale. Inflammation and oxidative stress markers in serum demonstrate that the InP QD treatment did not result in measurable effects on mouse health at concentrations that reduce drug-resistant bacterial viability in subcutaneous abscesses. The InP QD treatment decreased bacterial viability by over 3 orders of magnitude in subcutaneous abscesses formed in mice. These InP QDs thus provide a promising alternative to traditional small-molecule antibiotics, with the potential to be applied to a wide variety of infection types, including wound, respiratory, and urinary tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen R McCollum
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - John R Bertram
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Prashant Nagpal
- Antimicrobial Regeneration Consortium, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
- Sachi Bioworks, Inc., Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
- Quantum Biology, Inc., Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Anushree Chatterjee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Antimicrobial Regeneration Consortium, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
- Sachi Bioworks, Inc., Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
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Karygianni L, Ruf S, Hellwig E, Follo M, Vach K, Al-Ahmad A. Antimicrobial Photoinactivation of In Situ Oral Biofilms by Visible Light Plus Water-Filtered Infrared A and Tetrahydroporphyrin-tetratosylate (THPTS). Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9010145. [PMID: 33440906 PMCID: PMC7827502 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of aPDT with visual light (VIS) + water-filtered infrared A (wIRA) as a light source, and tetrahydroporphyrin-tetratosylate (THPTS) as a photosensitizer on in situ initial and mature oral biofilms. The samples were incubated, ex situ, with THPTS for two minutes, followed by irradiation with 200 mW cm − 2 VIS + wIRA for five minutes at 37 °C. The adherent microorganisms were quantified, and the biofilm samples were visualized using live/dead staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The THPTS-mediated aPDT resulted in significant decreases in both the initially adherent microorganisms and the microorganisms in the mature oral biofilms, in comparison to the untreated control samples (>99.99% each; p = 0.018 and p = 0.0066, respectively). The remaining vital bacteria significantly decreased in the aPDT-treated biofilms during initial adhesion (vitality rate 9.4% vs. 71.2% untreated control, 17.28% CHX). Of the mature biofilms, 25.67% remained vital after aPDT treatment (81.97% untreated control, 16.44% CHX). High permeability of THPTS into deep layers could be shown. The present results indicate that the microbial reduction in oral initial and mature oral biofilms resulting from aPDT with VIS + wIRA in combination with THPTS has significant potential for the treatment of oral biofilm-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamprini Karygianni
- Clinic of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine University of Zurich, CH-8032 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Sandra Ruf
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (S.R.); (E.H.)
| | - Elmar Hellwig
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (S.R.); (E.H.)
| | - Marie Follo
- Lighthouse Core Facility, Department of Hematology, Oncology & Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Kirstin Vach
- Institute for Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Ali Al-Ahmad
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (S.R.); (E.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-761-27048940
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Dharmaratne P, Wang B, Wong RCH, Chan BCL, Lau KM, Ke MR, Lau CBS, Ng DKP, Fung KP, Ip M. Monosubstituted tricationic Zn(II) phthalocyanine enhances antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and cytotoxicity evaluation for topical applications: in vitro and in vivo study. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:1628-1637. [PMID: 32619386 PMCID: PMC7473158 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1790305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is an innovative approach to combat multi-drug resistant bacteria. It is known that cationic Zn(II) phthalocyanines (ZnPc) are effective in mediating aPDT against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Here we used ZnPc-based photosensitizer named ZnPcE previously reported by our research group to evaluate its aPDT efficacy against broad spectrum of clinically relevant MRSAs. Remarkably, in vitro anti-MRSA activity was achieved using near-infrared (NIR, >610 nm) light with minimal bactericidal concentrations ranging <0.019-0.156 µM against the panel of MRSAs. ZnPcE was not only significantly (p < .05) more potent than methylene blue, which is a clinically approved photosensitizer but also demonstrated low cytotoxicity against human fibroblasts cell line (Hs-27) and human immortalized keratinocytes cell line (HaCaT). The toxicity was further evaluated on human 3-D skin constructs and found ZnPcE did not manifest in vivo skin irritation at ≤7.8 µM concentration. In the murine MRSA wound model, ZnPcE with PDT group demonstrated > 4 log10 CFU reduction and the value is significantly higher (p < .05) than all test groups except positive control. To conclude, results of present study provide a scientific basis for future clinical evaluation of ZnPcE-PDT on MRSA wound infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanga Dharmaratne
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People’s Republic of China
| | - Baiyan Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People’s Republic of China
| | - Roy C. H. Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People’s Republic of China
| | - Ben C. L. Chan
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People’s Republic of China
| | - Kit-Man Lau
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People’s Republic of China
| | - Mei-Rong Ke
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People’s Republic of China
| | - Clara B. S. Lau
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People’s Republic of China
| | - Dennis K. P. Ng
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People’s Republic of China
| | - Kwok-Pui Fung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- CUHK-Zhejiang University Joint Laboratory on Natural Products and Toxicology Research, Hong Kong (SAR), People's Republic of China
| | - Margaret Ip
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
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Burchard T, Karygianni L, Hellwig E, Wittmer A, Al-Ahmad A. Microbial Composition of Oral Biofilms after Visible Light and Water-Filtered Infrared a Radiation (VIS+wIRA) in Combination with Indocyanine Green (ICG) as Photosensitizer. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E532. [PMID: 32842511 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9090532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In view of increasing antibiotic resistance, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is an alternative treatment method used to eradicate the microbial community of oral biofilms that can be responsible for different oral infections. In order to investigate changes in the microbial composition after application of aPDT with visible light and water-filtered infrared A (VIS+wIRA) in combination with indocyanine green (ICG), oral microorganisms of the initial and mature biofilm were evaluated by mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). To determine surviving microorganisms using MALDI-TOF-MS, an in situ biofilm was irradiated with VIS+wIRA for five minutes in the presence of ICG (300 and 450 µg/mL, respectively). Treatment with chlorhexidine (0.2%) served as positive control. Identified microorganisms of the initial biofilm treated with ICG showed a clear reduction in diversity. The microbial composition of the mature oral biofilm also showed changes after the implementation of aPDT, which mainly resulted in a shift in the percentage of bacterial species. The resulting destruction of the microbial balance within the oral biofilm by aPDT using VIS+wIRA and ICG can be seen as an advantageous supplementary approach in the adjunctive treatment of periodontitis and peri-implantitis.
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