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Andreozzi G, Ambrosio MR, Magli E, Maneli G, Severino B, Corvino A, Sparaco R, Perissutti E, Frecentese F, Santagada V, Leśniak A, Bujalska-Zadrożny M, Caliendo G, Formisano P, Fiorino F. Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel N- Arylpiperazines Containing a 4,5-Dihydrothiazole Ring. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1483. [PMID: 37895954 PMCID: PMC10609883 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Arylpiperazines represent one of the most important classes of 5-HT1AR ligands and have attracted considerable interests for their versatile properties in chemistry and pharmacology, leading to the research of new derivatives that has been focused on the modification of one or more portions of such pharmacophore. An efficient protocol for the synthesis of novel thiazolinylphenyl-piperazines (2a-c) and the corresponding acetylated derivatives was used (3a-c). The new compounds were tested for their functional activity and affinity at 5-HT1A receptors, showing an interesting affinity profile with a Ki value of 412 nM for compound 2b. The cytotoxic activity of novel thiazolinylphenyl-piperazines (2a-c) and corresponding N-acetyl derivatives (3a-c) against human prostate and breast cancer cell lines (LNCAP, DU-145 and PC-3, MCF-7, SKBR-3 and MDA-MB231) was investigated according to the procedure described in the literature. The reported data showed a cytotoxic effect for 2a-c and 3a-c compounds (IC50 values ranging from 15 µM to 73 µM) on the investigated cancer cell lines, with no effect on noncancer cells. Future studies will be aimed to investigate the mechanism of action and therapeutic prospects of these new scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Andreozzi
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (B.S.); (A.C.); (R.S.); (E.P.); (F.F.); (V.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Maria Rosaria Ambrosio
- URT “Genomic of Diabetes”, Institute for Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology “G. Salvatore”, National Research Council (IEOS-CNR), Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.R.A.); (P.F.)
| | - Elisa Magli
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Maneli
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Beatrice Severino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (B.S.); (A.C.); (R.S.); (E.P.); (F.F.); (V.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Angela Corvino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (B.S.); (A.C.); (R.S.); (E.P.); (F.F.); (V.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Rosa Sparaco
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (B.S.); (A.C.); (R.S.); (E.P.); (F.F.); (V.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Elisa Perissutti
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (B.S.); (A.C.); (R.S.); (E.P.); (F.F.); (V.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Francesco Frecentese
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (B.S.); (A.C.); (R.S.); (E.P.); (F.F.); (V.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Vincenzo Santagada
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (B.S.); (A.C.); (R.S.); (E.P.); (F.F.); (V.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Anna Leśniak
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.L.); (M.B.-Z.)
| | - Magdalena Bujalska-Zadrożny
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Str., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.L.); (M.B.-Z.)
| | - Giuseppe Caliendo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (B.S.); (A.C.); (R.S.); (E.P.); (F.F.); (V.S.); (G.C.)
| | - Pietro Formisano
- URT “Genomic of Diabetes”, Institute for Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology “G. Salvatore”, National Research Council (IEOS-CNR), Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.R.A.); (P.F.)
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Ferdinando Fiorino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131 Naples, Italy; (G.A.); (B.S.); (A.C.); (R.S.); (E.P.); (F.F.); (V.S.); (G.C.)
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2
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Penna E, Niso M, Podlewska S, Volpicelli F, Crispino M, Perrone-Capano C, Bojarski AJ, Lacivita E, Leopoldo M. In Vitro and In Silico Analysis of the Residence Time of Serotonin 5-HT 7 Receptor Ligands with Arylpiperazine Structure: A Structure-Kinetics Relationship Study. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:497-509. [PMID: 35099177 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, the kinetics of drug-target interaction has received increasing attention as an important pharmacological parameter in the drug development process. Several studies have suggested that the lipophilicity of a molecule can play an important role. To date, this aspect has been studied for several G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) ligands but not for the 5-HT7 receptor (5-HT7R), a GPCR proposed as a valid therapeutic target in neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders associated with abnormal neuronal connectivity. In this study, we report on structure-kinetics relationships of a set of arylpiperazine-based 5-HT7R ligands. We found that it is not the overall lipophilicity of the molecule that influences drug-target interaction kinetics but rather the position of polar groups within the molecule. Next, we performed a combination of molecular docking studies and molecular dynamics simulations to gain insights into structure-kinetics relationships. These studies did not suggest specific contact patterns between the ligands and the receptor-binding site as determinants for compounds kinetics. Finally, we compared the abilities of two 5-HT7R agonists with similar receptor-binding affinities and different residence times to stimulate the 5-HT7R-mediated neurite outgrowth in mouse neuronal primary cultures and found that the compounds induced the effect with different timing. This study provides the first insights into the binding kinetics of arylpiperazine-based 5-HT7R ligands that can be helpful to design new 5-HT7R ligands with fine-tuning of the kinetic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Penna
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Biofordrug srl, via Dante 99, 70019 Triggiano (Bari), Italy
| | - Mauro Niso
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Sabina Podlewska
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Floriana Volpicelli
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Marianna Crispino
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Carla Perrone-Capano
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati Traverso”, National Research Council (CNR), via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Andrzej J. Bojarski
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Enza Lacivita
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Marcello Leopoldo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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3
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Rajacic SK, Schwall G, Penjisevic J, Andric D, Sukalovic V, Soskic V. Identification of NQO1 and ferrochelatase as interaction partners for neuroprotective N-{[2-(4-phenyl-piperazin-1-yl)-ethyl]-phenyl}-arylamides. Chem Biol Drug Des 2018. [PMID: 29543381 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Affinity chromatography was used to identify potential cellular targets that are responsible for neuroprotective activity of N-{[2-(4-phenyl-piperazin-1-yl)-ethyl]-phenyl}-arylamides. Active and inactive representatives of N-{[2-(4-phenyl-piperazin-1-yl)-ethyl]-phenyl}-arylamides bearing an extended linker were synthesized and immobilized on an agarose-based matrix. This was followed by the identification of specifically bound proteins isolated out of the whole rat brain extract. Inducible flavoprotein NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) was identified as candidates for cellular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jelena Penjisevic
- ICTM - Center of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Deana Andric
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Latacz G, Lubelska A, Jastrzębska-Więsek M, Partyka A, Sobiło A, Olejarz A, Kucwaj-Brysz K, Satała G, Bojarski AJ, Wesołowska A, Kieć-Kononowicz K, Handzlik J. In the search for a lead structure among series of potent and selective hydantoin 5-HT 7 R agents: The drug-likeness in vitro study. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 90:1295-1306. [PMID: 28886235 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Since the year 1993, when 5-HT7 receptor (5-HT7 R) was discovered, there is no selective 5-HT7 R ligand introduced to the pharmaceutical market. One out of the main reasons disqualifying the 5-HT7 R ligands is weak drugability properties, including metabolic instability or low permeability. This study is focused on the search of a lead compound by "drug-likeness" estimation of the first series of selective and potent 5-HT7 R ligands among 5-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(2-hydroxy-3-(4-aryl-piperazin-1-yl)propyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives (11-16). The most important drugability parameters, i.e., permeability, metabolic stability, and safety, have been evaluated. The main metabolic pathways were determined. The forced swim test (FST) in mice was performed as a primary in vivo assay for compound 13 and the reference 2. The experiments showed promising drug-like properties for all ligands, with special attention to the benzhydryl (diphenylmethyl) derivative 13. The studies have also indicated in vivo activity of the compound 13 that was observed as a significant and specific antidepressant-like activity in the FST. Taking into account the beneficial properties of 13, i.e., good drug-like parameters, the significant antagonistic action, high selectivity to 5-HT7 R, and its in vivo antidepressant-like activity, the compound should be considered as a new lead in the search for drugs acting on CNS via 5-HT7 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gniewomir Latacz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Annamaria Lubelska
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Anna Partyka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Sobiło
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Olejarz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kucwaj-Brysz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Satała
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej J Bojarski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Wesołowska
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kieć-Kononowicz
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Handzlik
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Drugs, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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5
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Zotti AI, Di Gennaro E, Corvino A, Frecentese F, Magli E, Perissutti E, Cirino G, Roviezzo F, Terranova-Barberio M, Iannelli F, Caliendo G, Santagada V, Fiorino F, Budillon A, Severino B. Synthesis of Arylpiperazine Derivatives as Protease Activated Receptor 1 Antagonists and Their Evaluation as Antiproliferative Agents. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2016; 17:973-981. [PMID: 27671294 DOI: 10.2174/1871520616666160926120904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protease activated receptor-1 (PAR1) is a G-coupled receptor activated by α-thrombin and other proteases. Several reports have demonstrated the PAR1 involvement in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. In order to investigate on potential use of PAR1 antagonists as antiproliferative agents. AIMS We have identified a series of arylpiperazine derivatives acting as PAR1 antagonists; the selected molecules have been evaluated for their antiproliferative properties. METHOD All the compounds inhibited the growth of a panel of cell lines expressing PAR1; two of them, compounds 13 and 15, were able to inhibit, in a dose dependent manner, the growth of the selected cell lines with the lowest IC50 values, and were further characterized to define the mechanism responsible for the observed antiproliferative effect. RESULT This study directed us to the identification of two interesting leads that may help to further validate PAR1 as an important therapeutic target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ilaria Zotti
- Unita di Farmacologia Sperimentale, "Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale" -IRCCS - Via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Elena Di Gennaro
- Unita di Farmacologia Sperimentale, "Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale" -IRCCS - Via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Corvino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli «Federico II», Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesco Frecentese
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli «Federico II», Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Elisa Magli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli «Federico II», Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Elisa Perissutti
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli «Federico II», Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cirino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli «Federico II», Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Fiorentina Roviezzo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli «Federico II», Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Manuela Terranova-Barberio
- Unita di Farmacologia Sperimentale, "Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale" -IRCCS - Via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Iannelli
- Unita di Farmacologia Sperimentale, "Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale" -IRCCS - Via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Caliendo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli «Federico II», Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Santagada
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli «Federico II», Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Fiorino
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli «Federico II», Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Alfredo Budillon
- Unita di Farmacologia Sperimentale, "Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori Fondazione G. Pascale" -IRCCS - Via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Beatrice Severino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano, 49 - 80131- Napoli, Italy
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Vera G, Lagos CF, Almendras S, Hebel D, Flores F, Valle-Corvalán G, Pessoa-Mahana CD, Mella-Raipán J, Montecinos R, Recabarren-Gajardo G. Extended N-Arylsulfonylindoles as 5-HT₆ Receptor Antagonists: Design, Synthesis & Biological Evaluation. Molecules 2016; 21:E1070. [PMID: 27537868 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21081070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on a known pharmacophore model for 5-HT6 receptor antagonists, a series of novel extended derivatives of the N-arylsulfonyindole scaffold were designed and identified as a new class of 5-HT6 receptor modulators. Eight of the compounds exhibited moderate to high binding affinities and displayed antagonist profile in 5-HT6 receptor functional assays. Compounds 2-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)-1-(1-tosyl-1H-indol-3-yl)ethanol (4b), 1-(1-(4-iodophenylsulfonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)-2-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethanol (4g) and 2-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)-1-(1-(naphthalen-1-ylsulfonyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)ethanol (4j) showed the best binding affinity (4b pKi = 7.87; 4g pKi = 7.73; 4j pKi = 7.83). Additionally, compound 4j was identified as a highly potent antagonist (IC50 = 32 nM) in calcium mobilisation functional assay.
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7
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Popovic M, Stanojevic Z, Tosic J, Isakovic A, Paunovic V, Petricevic S, Martinovic T, Ciric D, Kravic-Stevovic T, Soskic V, Kostic-Rajacic S, Shakib K, Bumbasirevic V, Trajkovic V. Neuroprotective arylpiperazine dopaminergic/serotonergic ligands suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in rats. J Neurochem 2015; 135:125-38. [PMID: 26083644 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Arylpiperazine-based dopaminergic/serotonergic ligands exert neuroprotective activity. We examined the effect of arylpiperazine D2 /5-HT1A ligands, N-{4-[2-(4-phenyl-piperazin-1-yl)-ethyl}-phenyl]-picolinamide (6a) and N-{3-[2-(4-phenyl-piperazin-1-yl)-ethyl]-phenyl}-picolinamide (6b), in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of neuroinflammation. Both compounds (10 mg/kg i.p.) reduced EAE clinical signs in spinal cord homogenate-immunized Dark Agouti rats. Compound 6b was more efficient in delaying the disease onset and reducing the maximal clinical score, which correlated with its higher affinity for D2 and 5-HT1A receptors. The protection was retained if treatment was limited to the effector (from day 8 onwards), but not the induction phase (day 0-7) of EAE. Compound 6b reduced CNS immune infiltration and expression of mRNA encoding the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor, IL-6, IL-1, and GM-CSF, TH 1 cytokine IFN-γ, TH 17 cytokine IL-17, as well as the signature transcription factors of TH 1 (T-bet) and TH 17 (RORγt) cells. Arylpiperazine treatment reduced apoptosis and increased the activation of anti-apoptotic mediators Akt and p70S6 kinase in the CNS of EAE animals. The in vitro treatment with 6b protected oligodendrocyte cell line OLN-93 and neuronal cell line PC12 from mitogen-activated normal T cells or myelin basic protein-activated encephalitogenic T cells. In conclusion, arylpiperazine dopaminergic/serotonergic ligands suppress EAE through a direct neuroprotective action and decrease in CNS inflammation. Arylpiperazine dopaminergic/serotonergic ligands reduce neurological symptoms of acute autoimmune encephalomyelitis in rats without affecting the activation of autoreactive immune response, through mechanisms involving a decrease in CNS immune infiltration, as well as direct protection of CNS from immune-mediated damage. These data indicate potential usefulness of arylpiperazine-based compounds in the treatment of neuroinflammatory disorders such as multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Popovic
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zeljka Stanojevic
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Tosic
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Isakovic
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Verica Paunovic
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Tamara Martinovic
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Darko Ciric
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamara Kravic-Stevovic
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | | | - Kaveh Shakib
- Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Vladimir Bumbasirevic
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Trajkovic
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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