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Georges Ged, Irina Rifkind, Lori Tony, Keegan Daugherty, Amber Michalik, Hao Wang, Michael Carducci, Mark Markowski. ORCHID: A phase II study of Olaparib in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Patients HarborIng a BAP1 or Other DNA Repair Gene Mutations. Oncologist 2023; 28. [ DOI: 10.1093/oncolo/oyad216.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background DNA damage repair genes alterations (DDRa) are frequent events in renal cell carcinoma (RCC), including BAP1 and other DDRa. Olaparib is a poly ADP ribose polymerase inhibitor (PARPi) that is FDA-approved for the treatment of several malignancies with DDRa. Preclinical models demonstrated synthetic lethality with PARPi in RCC cell lines including BAP1 mutant lines. Here we report an interim analysis of the ORCHID study investigating the clinical activity of single agent olaparib in patients (pts) with advanced RCC (aRCC) harboring BAP1 other select DDRa. Methods We conducted a single center, single arm, investigator-initiated Phase 2 trial of olaparib in pts with aRCC. Eligible pts harbored select DDRa and had prior therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and/or VEGF-TKI. Pts were treated with olaparib at an initial dose of 150mg twice which was increased to 300mg twice daily after one month if well tolerated. The primary endpoint is disease control rate (DCR) by RECIST v1.1 (including complete response (CR), partial response (PR), and stable disease (SD) >6 months). Secondary endpoints included objective response rate (ORR), progression free survival (PFS), and safety. Results Eleven pts were enrolled with a median age of 59 years (48-72) including 9 pts with clear cell RCC and 2 pts with unclassified RCC. Most pts had BAP1 mutations (Table). 36% of pts had history of brain metastasis. Median number of prior lines of therapies was 2 (1-6) and all pts received prior ICI. The study met the pre-specified Simon’s 2 stage design for the first stage with 22% DCR in the evaluable pts (2/9), including deep PR (>70% reduction in tumor volume) and SD of 10 months. Both pts harbored BAP1 mutations. An additional pt with BRCA1 mutation had 20% decrease in measurable disease. There were no treatment related adverse events resulting in study discontinuation. Conclusions This is the first study investigating single agent PARPi in RCC with the interim trial analysis indicating promising activity of olaparib in aRCC pts with BAP1 mutations including one pt with deep PR. These results support further development of PARPi in this setting.
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Momeni Boroujeni A, Kertowidjojo E, Wu X, Soslow RA, Chiang S, Da Silva EM, Weigelt B, Chui MH. Mullerian adenosarcoma: clinicopathologic and molecular characterization highlighting recurrent BAP1 loss and distinctive features of high-grade tumors. Mod Pathol 2022; 35:1684-1694. [PMID: 36138078 PMCID: PMC10319431 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-022-01160-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mullerian adenosarcoma is an uncommon mesenchymal tumor of the gynecologic tract. Most cases are low-grade, while high-grade adenosarcomas are rare and not well studied. Herein, we characterize the clinicopathologic and molecular features of 27 adenosarcomas of gynecologic origin, enriched for high-grade tumors subjected to targeted panel sequencing. Sarcomatous overgrowth was more frequently seen in high-grade compared to low-grade tumors (12/17, 71%, vs 1/10, 10%, p = 0.004) and heterologous elements were exclusive to high-grade cases (n = 7, p = 0.03). All deaths were from high-grade disease (advanced primary, n = 2, or recurrence, n = 5). Genetic alterations specific to high-grade adenosarcomas have known associations with chromosome instability, including TP53 mutations (n = 4) and amplifications of MDM2 (n = 2) and CCNE1 (n = 2). Somatic ATRX frameshift mutations were found in 2 patients with high-grade recurrences following a primary low-grade adenosarcoma and ATRX deletion in 1 high-grade adenosarcoma with an adjacent low-grade component. The fraction of genome altered by copy number alterations was significantly higher in high-grade compared to low-grade adenosarcomas (P = 0.001). Other recurrent genetic alterations across the entire cohort included BAP1 homozygous deletions (n = 4), DICER1 mutations (n = 4), ARID1A mutations (n = 3), TERT promoter mutations (n = 2) and amplification (n = 1), as well as alterations involving members of the PI3K and MAPK signaling pathways. One tumor harbored an ESR1-NCOA3 fusion and another had an MLH1 homozygous deletion. Immunohistochemical analysis for BAP1 revealed loss of nuclear expression in 6/24 (25%) cases, including all four tumors with BAP1 deletions. Notably, out of 196 mesenchymal neoplasms of gynecologic origin, BAP1 homozygous deletion was only found in adenosarcomas (P = 0.0003). This study demonstrates that high-grade adenosarcomas are heterogeneous at the molecular level and are characterized by genomic instability and TP53 mutations; ATRX loss may be involved in high-grade transformation of low-grade adenosarcoma; and BAP1 inactivation appears to be a specific pathogenic driver in a subset of adenosarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Momeni Boroujeni
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth Kertowidjojo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xinyu Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Ochsner Health System, Slidell, LA, USA
| | - Robert A Soslow
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah Chiang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Edaise M Da Silva
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Britta Weigelt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Herman Chui
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Han A, Chua V, Baqai U, Purwin TJ, Bechtel N, Hunter E, Tiago M, Seifert E, Speicher DW, Schug ZT, Harbour JW, Aplin AE. Pyruvate dehydrogenase inactivation causes glycolytic phenotype in BAP1 mutant uveal melanoma. Oncogene 2022; 41:1129-1139. [PMID: 35046531 PMCID: PMC9066178 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02154-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Effective therapeutic options are still lacking for uveal melanoma (UM) patients who develop metastasis. Metastatic traits of UM are linked to BRCA1-associated protein 1 (BAP1) mutations. Cell metabolism is re-programmed in UM with BAP1 mutant UM, but the underlying mechanisms and opportunities for therapeutic intervention remain unclear. BAP1 mutant UM tumors have an elevated glycolytic gene expression signature, with increased expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex and PDH kinase (PDHK1). Furthermore, BAP1 mutant UM cells showed higher levels of phosphorylated PDHK1 and PDH that was associated with an upregulated glycolytic profile compared to BAP1 wild-type UM cells. Suppressing PDHK1-PDH phosphorylation decreased glycolytic capacity and cell growth, and induced cell cycle arrest of BAP1 mutant UM cells. Our results suggest that PDHK1-PDH phosphorylation is a causative factor of glycolytic phenotypes found in BAP1 mutant UM and propose a therapeutic opportunity for BAP1 mutant UM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Han
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Vivian Chua
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Usman Baqai
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Timothy J Purwin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Nelisa Bechtel
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Emily Hunter
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Manoela Tiago
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Erin Seifert
- Department of Pathology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - David W Speicher
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Zachary T Schug
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - J William Harbour
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33146, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Andrew E Aplin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
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Kapur P, Setoodeh S, Araj E, Yan J, Malladi V, Cadeddu JA, Christie A, Brugarolas J. Improving Renal Tumor Biopsy Prognostication With BAP1 Analyses. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2022; 146:154-165. [PMID: 34019633 PMCID: PMC9812366 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2020-0413-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT.— Active surveillance of small renal masses highlights the need for accurate prognostication of biopsies. OBJECTIVE.— To comprehensively evaluate the accuracy of biopsies in assessing known prognostic parameters including histologic subtype by comparison with subsequent nephrectomy samples. DESIGN.— We retrospectively identified patients at University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, who had a biopsy for a renal mass between 2004-2018. Biopsy samples were evaluated for known prognostic factors such as tumor grade, necrosis, sarcomatoid/rhabdoid change, and BRCA1-associated protein-1 (BAP1) status, which we previously showed is an independent prognostic factor for clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Accuracy was determined by comparison with subsequent analyses of nephrectomy specimens. Statistical analyses were performed to assess biopsy accuracy and correlation with tumor size and pathologic stage. RESULTS.— From 805 biopsies with a diagnosis of renal neoplasm, 178 had subsequent resection of the biopsied tumor. Concordance rate for histologic subtype was 96.9% (κ [w], 0.90; 95% CI, 0.82-0.99) and excellent for small renal masses (98.8%; κ [w], 0.97; 95% CI, 0.90-1). Amongst the prognostic variables evaluated, BAP1 immunohistochemistry in clear cell renal cell carcinoma had the highest agreement (94.8%; κ [w], 0.83; 95% CI, 0.66-0.99). The presence of 1 or more aggressive features (grade 3-4, tumor necrosis, BAP1 loss, sarcomatoid/rhabdoid change) in a biopsy significantly correlated with pT stage (P = .004). CONCLUSIONS.— Biopsy analyses showed high accuracy for subtyping renal tumors, but it underestimated several poor prognostic features. Addition of BAP1 for clear cell renal cell carcinoma may increase prognostic accuracy. If validated, routine incorporation of BAP1 immunohistochemistry in clear cell renal cell carcinoma biopsies may refine prognosis and aid in the selection of patients for active surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Kapur
- Department of Pathology, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390,Department of Urology, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390,Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390
| | - Sasan Setoodeh
- Department of Pathology, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390
| | - Ellen Araj
- Department of Pathology, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390
| | - Jingsheng Yan
- Department of Population and Data Sciences, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390
| | - Venkat Malladi
- Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390,Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390
| | - Jeffrey A Cadeddu
- Department of Urology, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390,Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390
| | - Alana Christie
- Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390
| | - James Brugarolas
- Internal Medicine, Hematology-Oncology Division, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390,Kidney Cancer Program, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390
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Gupta A, Vasileva A, Manthri S. The Rarest of the Rare: A Case of BAP1-Mutated Primary Peritoneal Mesothelioma. Cureus 2021; 13:e18380. [PMID: 34725624 PMCID: PMC8555483 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.18380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant mesotheliomas (MM), as described are rare tumors that are mostly associated with occupational exposure to asbestos. They most commonly occur in the pleura. Other unfamiliar sites where they can occur are the peritoneum, pericardium, and tunica vaginalis. There is no significant correlation between the amount and duration of asbestos exposure to mesothelioma development as reported by various studies over the years. Apart from the environmental exposure, the development of malignant mesothelioma has been linked to a mutation in the BAP1 gene, which can predispose the patient to develop other malignancies associated with BAP1 mutation. We report a case of a 43-year-old man without any significant risk factors, who presented with a complaint of abdominal discomfort and was found to have malignant peritoneal mesothelioma (MPM). With a known familial history of mesothelioma and melanoma, our patient underwent genetic testing which revealed a mutation in BAP1, affirming the strong association with the development of MPM. Young patients who develop malignant mesothelioma without risk factors for MM should have germline testing for BAP1. This case report is unique and highlights a familial variant of mesothelioma, even rare with peritoneal mesothelioma in our patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aanchal Gupta
- Internal Medicine, St. Martinus University Faculty of Medicine, Willemstad, CUW
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Abstract
BRCA1-associated protein 1 (BAP1) is emerging as an intensively studied cancer-associated gene. Germline mutations in BAP1 lead to a cancer syndrome, and somatic loss is found in several cancer types. BAP1 encodes a deubiquitinase enzyme, which plays key roles in cell-cycle regulation, cell death, and differentiation. Recent studies have demonstrated that BAP1 is also involved in several aspects of cellular metabolism, including metabolic homeostasis, glucose utilization, control of ferroptosis, and stress response. A better knowledge of the metabolic roles of cancer-associated genes is important to understanding tumor initiation and progression, as well as highlighting potential therapeutic avenues. With this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding BAP1-mediated regulation of metabolic activities that may support new strategies to treat BAP1-mutated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Han
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Timothy J Purwin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew E Aplin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Kumar R, Taylor M, Miao B, Ji Z, Njauw JCN, Jönsson G, Frederick DT, Tsao H. BAP1 has a survival role in cutaneous melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:1089-1097. [PMID: 25521456 PMCID: PMC4366338 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although the pattern of BAP1 inactivation in ocular melanoma specimens and in the BAP1 cutaneous melanoma (CM)/ocular melanoma predisposition syndrome suggests a tumor suppressor function, the specific role of this gene in the pathogenesis of CM is not fully understood. We thus set out to characterize BAP1 in CM and discovered an unexpected pro-survival effect of this protein. Tissue and cell lines analysis showed that BAP1 expression was maintained, rather than lost, in primary melanomas compared with nevi and normal skin. Genetic depletion of BAP1 in melanoma cells reduced proliferation and colony-forming capability, induced apoptosis, and inhibited melanoma tumor growth in vivo. On the molecular level, suppression of BAP1 led to a concomitant drop in the protein levels of survivin, a member of anti-apoptotic proteins and a known mediator of melanoma survival. Restoration of survivin in melanoma cells partially rescued the growth-retarding effects of BAP1 loss. In contrast to melanoma cells, stable overexpression of BAP1 into immortalized but non-transformed melanocytes did suppress proliferation and reduce survivin. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that BAP1 may have a growth-sustaining role in melanoma cells, but that its impact on ubiquitination underpins a complex physiology, which is context and cell dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar
- Department of Dermatology, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Taylor
- Department of Dermatology, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Benchun Miao
- Department of Dermatology, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zhenyu Ji
- Department of Dermatology, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jenny C-N Njauw
- Department of Dermatology, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Göran Jönsson
- Department of Oncology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Dennie T Frederick
- Department of Surgical Oncology, MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hensin Tsao
- Department of Dermatology, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Yang F, Jia SN, Yu YQ, Ye X, Liu J, Qian YQ, Yang WJ. Deubiquitinating enzyme BAP1 is involved in the formation and maintenance of the diapause embryos of Artemia. Cell Stress Chaperones 2012; 17:577-87. [PMID: 22374320 PMCID: PMC3535162 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-012-0333-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The modification of proteins by ubiquitination and deubiquitination plays an important role in various cellular processes. BRCA1-associated protein-1 (BAP1) is a deubiquitinating enzyme whose function in the control of the cell cycle requires both its deubiquitinating activity and nuclear localization. In the present study, a ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase belonging to the BAP1 family was identified and characterized from Artemia parthenogenetica, a member of a family of brine shrimp that, under certain conditions, produce and release diapause embryos in which cell division and turnover of macromolecules are arrested. Western blot analysis and in vitro enzyme activity assay revealed ArBAP1 to be a cytoplasmic protein with typical ubiquitin hydrolase activity. Northern blot analysis revealed that ArBAP1 was abundant in the abdomen of Artemia producing diapause-destined embryos. Furthermore, by in situ hybridization, ArBAP1 was located exclusively in the embryos. In vivo knockdown of ArBAP1 by RNA interference resulted in the formation of embryos with split shells and abortive nauplii. The present findings suggest that ArBAP1, the first reported cytoplasmic BAP1, participates in the formation of diapause embryos and plays an important role in the control of cell cycle arrest in these encysted embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- />Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Nan Jia
- />Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Qin Yu
- />Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang Ye
- />Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Liu
- />College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, 258 Xueyuan Street, Xiasha, Hangzhou, 310018 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Ye-Qing Qian
- />Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei-Jun Yang
- />Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife of the Ministry of Education and College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
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