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Gunjala G, Wojdyla A, Goldberg KA, Qiao Z, Shi X, Assoufid L, Waller L. Data-driven modeling and control of an X-ray bimorph adaptive mirror. J Synchrotron Radiat 2023; 30:57-64. [PMID: 36601926 PMCID: PMC9814057 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577522011080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive X-ray mirrors are being adopted on high-coherent-flux synchrotron and X-ray free-electron laser beamlines where dynamic phase control and aberration compensation are necessary to preserve wavefront quality from source to sample, yet challenging to achieve. Additional difficulties arise from the inability to continuously probe the wavefront in this context, which demands methods of control that require little to no feedback. In this work, a data-driven approach to the control of adaptive X-ray optics with piezo-bimorph actuators is demonstrated. This approach approximates the non-linear system dynamics with a discrete-time model using random mirror shapes and interferometric measurements as training data. For mirrors of this type, prior states and voltage inputs affect the shape-change trajectory, and therefore must be included in the model. Without the need for assumed physical models of the mirror's behavior, the generality of the neural network structure accommodates drift, creep and hysteresis, and enables a control algorithm that achieves shape control and stability below 2 nm RMS. Using a prototype mirror and ex situ metrology, it is shown that the accuracy of our trained model enables open-loop shape control across a diverse set of states and that the control algorithm achieves shape error magnitudes that fall within diffraction-limited performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Gunjala
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA
| | - Antoine Wojdyla
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Kenneth A. Goldberg
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Zhi Qiao
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA
| | - Xianbo Shi
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA
| | - Lahsen Assoufid
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA
| | - Laura Waller
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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Breckling S, Kozioziemski B, Dresselhaus-Marais L, Gonzalez A, Williams A, Simons H, Chow P, Howard M. An automated approach to the alignment of compound refractive lenses. J Synchrotron Radiat 2022; 29:947-956. [PMID: 35787560 PMCID: PMC9255570 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577522004039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Compound refractive lenses (CRLs) are established X-ray focusing optics, and are used to focus the beam or image the sample in many beamlines at X-ray facilities. While CRLs are quite established, the stack of single lens elements affords a very small numerical aperture because of the thick lens profile, making them far more difficult to align than classical optical lenses that obey the thin-lens approximation. This means that the alignment must be very precise and is highly sensitive to changes to the incident beam, often requiring regular readjustments. Some groups circumvent the full realignment procedure by using engineering controls (e.g. mounting optics) that sacrifice some of the beam's focusing precision, i.e. spot size, or resolution. While these choices minimize setup time, there are clear disadvantages. This work presents a new automated approach to align CRLs using a simple alignment apparatus that is easy to adapt and install at different types of X-ray experiments or facilities. This approach builds on recent CRL modeling efforts, using an approach based on the Stochastic Nelder-Mead (SNM) simplex method. This method is outlined and its efficacy is demonstrated with numerical simulation that is tested in real experiments conducted at the Advanced Photon Source to confirm its performance with a synchrotron beam. This work provides an opportunity to automate key instrumentation at X-ray facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Breckling
- Signal Processing and Applied Mathematics, Nevada National Security Site (NNSS), NV, USA
| | - Bernard Kozioziemski
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Physics Division, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Leora Dresselhaus-Marais
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Physics Division, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Arnulfo Gonzalez
- Signal Processing and Applied Mathematics, Nevada National Security Site (NNSS), NV, USA
| | - Ajanaé Williams
- Signal Processing and Applied Mathematics, Nevada National Security Site (NNSS), NV, USA
| | - Hugh Simons
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 311, Kgs Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Paul Chow
- HPCAT, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Marylesa Howard
- Signal Processing and Applied Mathematics, Nevada National Security Site (NNSS), NV, USA
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Liu DG, Chang CH, Chiang LC, Lee MH, Chang CF, Lin CY, Liang CC, Lee TH, Lin SW, Liu CY, Hwang CS, Huang JC, Kuan CK, Wang HS, Liu YC, Tseng FH, Chuang JY, Liao WR, Li HC, Su CJ, Liao KF, Yeh YQ, Shih O, Wu WR, Wang CA, Jeng U. Optical design and performance of the biological small-angle X-ray scattering beamline at the Taiwan Photon Source. J Synchrotron Radiat 2021; 28:1954-1965. [PMID: 34738951 PMCID: PMC8570220 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521009565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The optical design and performance of the recently opened 13A biological small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) beamline at the 3.0 GeV Taiwan Photon Source of the National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center are reported. The beamline is designed for studies of biological structures and kinetics in a wide range of length and time scales, from angstrom to micrometre and from microsecond to minutes. A 4 m IU24 undulator of the beamline provides high-flux X-rays in the energy range 4.0-23.0 keV. MoB4C double-multilayer and Si(111) double-crystal monochromators (DMM/DCM) are combined on the same rotating platform for a smooth rotation transition from a high-flux beam of ∼4 × 1014 photons s-1 to a high-energy-resolution beam of ΔE/E ≃ 1.5 × 10-4; both modes share a constant beam exit. With a set of Kirkpatrick-Baez (KB) mirrors, the X-ray beam is focused to the farthest SAXS detector position, 52 m from the source. A downstream four-bounce crystal collimator, comprising two sets of Si(311) double crystals arranged in a dispersive configuration, optionally collimate the DCM (vertically diffracted) beam in the horizontal direction for ultra-SAXS with a minimum scattering vector q down to 0.0004 Å-1, which allows resolving ordered d-spacing up to 1 µm. A microbeam, of 10-50 µm beam size, is tailored by a combined set of high-heat-load slits followed by micrometre-precision slits situated at the front-end 15.5 m position. The second set of KB mirrors then focus the beam to the 40 m sample position, with a demagnification ratio of ∼1.5. A detecting system comprising two in-vacuum X-ray pixel detectors is installed to perform synchronized small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering data collections. The observed beamline performance proves the feasibility of having compound features of high flux, microbeam and ultra-SAXS in one beamline.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.-G. Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - C.-H. Chang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - L.-C. Chiang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - M.-H. Lee
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - C.-F. Chang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - C.-Y. Lin
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - C.-C. Liang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - T.-H. Lee
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - S.-W. Lin
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - C.-Y. Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - C.-S. Hwang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - J.-C. Huang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - C.-K. Kuan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - H.-S. Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Y.-C. Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - F.-H. Tseng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - J.-Y. Chuang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - W.-R. Liao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - H.-C. Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - C.-J. Su
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - K.-F. Liao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Y.-Q. Yeh
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - O. Shih
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - W.-R. Wu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - C.-A. Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - U. Jeng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Correspondence e-mail:
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Martinez Palenzuela Y, Barozier V, Chevallay E, Cocolios TE, Duchemin C, Fernier P, Huyse M, Lambert L, Lopez R, Marzari S, Ramos JP, Stora T, Van Duppen P, Vorozhtsov A. The CERN-MEDICIS Isotope Separator Beamline. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:689281. [PMID: 34552941 PMCID: PMC8450321 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.689281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CERN-MEDICIS is an off-line isotope separator facility for the extraction of radioisotopes from irradiated targets of interest to medical applications. The beamline, between the ion source and the collection chamber, consists of ion extraction and focusing elements, and a dipole magnet mass spectrometer recovered from the LISOL facility in Louvain-la-Neuve. The latter has been modified for compatibility with MEDICIS, including the installation of a window for injecting laser light into the ion source for resonance photo-ionization. Ion beam optics and magnetic field modeling using SIMION and OPERA respectively were performed for the design and characterization of the beamline. The individual components and their optimal configuration in terms of ion beam extraction, mass separation, and ion transport efficiency is described, along with details of the commissioning and initial performance assessment with stable ion beams.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mark Huyse
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern-en Stralingsfysica, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Piet Van Duppen
- KU Leuven, Instituut voor Kern-en Stralingsfysica, Leuven, Belgium
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