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Roura Á, Strugnell JM, Guerra Á, González ÁF, Richardson AJ. Small copepods could channel missing carbon through metazoan predation. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:10868-10878. [PMID: 30519413 PMCID: PMC6262931 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Global ecosystem models are essential tools for predicting climate change impacts on marine systems. Modeled biogenic carbon fluxes in the ocean often match measured data poorly and part of this could be because small copepods (<2 mm) are modeled as unicellular feeders grazing on phytoplankton and microzooplankton. The most abundant copepods from a seasonal upwelling region of the Eastern North Atlantic were sorted, and a molecular method was applied to copepod gut contents to evaluate the extent of metazoan predation under two oceanographic conditions, a trophic pathway not accounted for in global models. Scaling up the results obtained herein, based on published field and laboratory estimates, suggests that small copepods could ingest 1.79-27.20 gigatons C/year globally. This ignored metazoan-copepod link could increase current estimates of biogeochemical fluxes (remineralization, respiration, and the biological pump) and export to higher trophic levels by 15.6%-24.4%. It could also account for global discrepancies between measured daily ingestion and copepod metabolic demand/growth. The inclusion of metazoan predation into global models could provide a more realistic role of the copepods in the ocean and if these preliminary data hold true at larger sample sizes and scales, the implications would be substantial at the global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Roura
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos MarinosInstituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM, CSIC)VigoSpain
| | - Jan M. Strugnell
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and AquacultureJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQueenslandAustralia
| | - Ángel Guerra
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos MarinosInstituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM, CSIC)VigoSpain
| | - Ángel F. González
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos MarinosInstituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM, CSIC)VigoSpain
| | - Anthony J. Richardson
- Centre for Applications in Natural Resource Mathematics, School of Mathematics and PhysicsUniversity of QueenslandSt LuciaQueenslandAustralia
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Queensland Biosciences PrecinctSt LuciaQueenslandAustralia
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Sargent M, Barrera Y, Nehrkorn T, Hutyra LR, Gately CK, Jones T, McKain K, Sweeney C, Hegarty J, Hardiman B, Wang JA, Wofsy SC. Anthropogenic and biogenic CO 2 fluxes in the Boston urban region. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:7491-7496. [PMID: 29967154 PMCID: PMC6055148 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1803715115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With the pending withdrawal of the United States from the Paris Climate Accord, cities are now leading US actions toward reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Implementing effective mitigation strategies requires the ability to measure and track emissions over time and at various scales. We report CO2 emissions in the Boston, MA, urban region from September 2013 to December 2014 based on atmospheric observations in an inverse model framework. Continuous atmospheric measurements of CO2 from five sites in and around Boston were combined with a high-resolution bottom-up CO2 emission inventory and a Lagrangian particle dispersion model to determine regional emissions. Our model-measurement framework incorporates emissions estimates from submodels for both anthropogenic and biological CO2 fluxes, and development of a CO2 concentration curtain at the boundary of the study region based on a combination of tower measurements and modeled vertical concentration gradients. We demonstrate that an emission inventory with high spatial and temporal resolution and the inclusion of urban biological fluxes are both essential to accurately modeling annual CO2 fluxes using surface measurement networks. We calculated annual average emissions in the Boston region of 0.92 kg C·m-2·y-1 (95% confidence interval: 0.79 to 1.06), which is 14% higher than the Anthropogenic Carbon Emissions System inventory. Based on the capability of the model-measurement approach demonstrated here, our framework should be able to detect changes in CO2 emissions of greater than 18%, providing stakeholders with critical information to assess mitigation efforts in Boston and surrounding areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryann Sargent
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138;
| | - Yanina Barrera
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Thomas Nehrkorn
- Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc., Lexington, MA 02421
| | - Lucy R Hutyra
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Conor K Gately
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Taylor Jones
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Kathryn McKain
- Global Monitoring Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305
| | - Colm Sweeney
- Global Monitoring Division, Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO 80305
| | - Jennifer Hegarty
- Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc., Lexington, MA 02421
| | - Brady Hardiman
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
- Department of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | | | - Steven C Wofsy
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
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