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Shidoji Y. Geranylgeranoic acid, a bioactive and endogenous fatty acid in mammals: a review. J Lipid Res 2023:100396. [PMID: 37247782 PMCID: PMC10320608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Geranylgeranoic acid (GGA) was first reported in 1983 as one of the mevalonic acid (MVA) metabolites, but its biological significance was not studied for a long time. Our research on the antitumor effects of retinoids led us to GGA, one of the acyclic retinoids that induce cell death in human hepatoma-derived cell lines. We were able to demonstrate the presence of endogenous GGA in various tissues of male rats, including the liver, testis, and cerebrum, by LC-MS/MS. Furthermore, the biosynthesis of GGA from MVA in mammals including humans was confirmed by isotopomer spectral analysis using 13C-labeled mevalonolactone and cultured hepatoma cells, and the involvement of hepatic monoamine oxidase B (MAOB) in the biosynthesis of GGA was also demonstrated. The biological activity of GGA was analyzed from the retinoid (differentiation induction) and non-retinoid (cell death induction) aspects, and in particular, the non-retinoid mechanism by which GGA induces cell death in hepatoma cells was found to involve pyroptosis via ER-stress responses initiated by TLR4 signaling. In addition to these effects of GGA, we also describe the in vivo effects of GGA on reproduction. In this review, based mainly on our published papers, we have shown that hepatic MAOB is involved in the biosynthesis of GGA and that GGA induces cell death in human hepatoma-derived cell lines by non-canonical pyroptosis, one of the mechanisms of sterile inflammatory cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Shidoji
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Nagasaki, Nagayo, Nagasaki, Japan.
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2
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Vitkov L, Muñoz LE, Schoen J, Knopf J, Schauer C, Minnich B, Herrmann M, Hannig M. Neutrophils Orchestrate the Periodontal Pocket. Front Immunol 2021; 12:788766. [PMID: 34899756 PMCID: PMC8654349 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.788766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The subgingival biofilm attached to tooth surfaces triggers and maintains periodontitis. Previously, late-onset periodontitis has been considered a consequence of dysbiosis and a resultant polymicrobial disruption of host homeostasis. However, a multitude of studies did not show "healthy" oral microbiota pattern, but a high diversity depending on culture, diets, regional differences, age, social state etc. These findings relativise the aetiological role of the dysbiosis in periodontitis. Furthermore, many late-onset periodontitis traits cannot be explained by dysbiosis; e.g. age-relatedness, attenuation by anti-ageing therapy, neutrophil hyper-responsiveness, and microbiota shifting by dysregulated immunity, yet point to the crucial role of dysregulated immunity and neutrophils in particular. Furthermore, patients with neutropenia and neutrophil defects inevitably develop early-onset periodontitis. Intra-gingivally injecting lipopolysaccharide (LPS) alone causes an exaggerated neutrophil response sufficient to precipitate experimental periodontitis. Vice versa to the surplus of LPS, the increased neutrophil responsiveness characteristic for late-onset periodontitis can effectuate gingiva damage likewise. The exaggerated neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) response in late-onset periodontitis is blameable for damage of gingival barrier, its penetration by bacteria and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) as well as stimulation of Th17 cells, resulting in further neutrophil activation. This identifies the dysregulated immunity as the main contributor to periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljubomir Vitkov
- Vascular & Exercise Biology Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Luis E. Muñoz
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Janina Schoen
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jasmin Knopf
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christine Schauer
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bernd Minnich
- Vascular & Exercise Biology Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Hannig
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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3
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Digby Z, Tourlomousis P, Rooney J, Boyle JP, Bibo-Verdugo B, Pickering RJ, Webster SJ, Monie TP, Hopkins LJ, Kayagaki N, Salvesen GS, Warming S, Weinert L, Bryant CE. Evolutionary loss of inflammasomes in the Carnivora and implications for the carriage of zoonotic infections. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109614. [PMID: 34433041 PMCID: PMC8411117 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic pathogens, such as COVID-19, reside in animal hosts before jumping species to infect humans. The Carnivora, like mink, carry many zoonoses, yet how diversity in host immune genes across species affect pathogen carriage is poorly understood. Here, we describe a progressive evolutionary downregulation of pathogen-sensing inflammasome pathways in Carnivora. This includes the loss of nucleotide-oligomerization domain leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs), acquisition of a unique caspase-1/-4 effector fusion protein that processes gasdermin D pore formation without inducing rapid lytic cell death, and the formation of a caspase-8 containing inflammasome that inefficiently processes interleukin-1β. Inflammasomes regulate gut immunity, but the carnivorous diet has antimicrobial properties that could compensate for the loss of these immune pathways. We speculate that the consequences of systemic inflammasome downregulation, however, can impair host sensing of specific pathogens such that they can reside undetected in the Carnivora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsofi Digby
- University of Cambridge, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge CB30ES, UK
| | | | - James Rooney
- University of Cambridge, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge CB30ES, UK
| | - Joseph P Boyle
- University of Cambridge, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge CB30ES, UK
| | - Betsaida Bibo-Verdugo
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Robert J Pickering
- University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Box 111, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0SP, UK
| | - Steven J Webster
- University of Cambridge, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge CB30ES, UK
| | - Thomas P Monie
- University of Cambridge, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge CB30ES, UK
| | - Lee J Hopkins
- University of Cambridge, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge CB30ES, UK; University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Box 111, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0SP, UK
| | - Nobuhiko Kayagaki
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Guy S Salvesen
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Soren Warming
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Lucy Weinert
- University of Cambridge, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge CB30ES, UK
| | - Clare E Bryant
- University of Cambridge, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge CB30ES, UK; University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Box 111, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0SP, UK.
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Meng L, Tian Z, Long X, Diao T, Hu M, Wang M, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Wang J, He Y. Caspase 4 Overexpression as a Prognostic Marker in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Study Based on the Cancer Genome Atlas Data Mining. Front Genet 2021; 11:600248. [PMID: 33584797 PMCID: PMC7874118 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.600248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The dysregulation of caspase 4 (CASP4) expression is related to the occurrence, development, and outcome of many malignant tumors; however, its role in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) remains unclear. Herein, we investigated the expression of CASP4 in tumor tissues and its relationship with clinical prognosis, immune infiltration, and drug sensitivity status of ccRCC patients. Oncomine and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases were used to determine CASP4 mRNA expression in ccRCC patients. The correlation between CASP4 expression and disease prognosis was evaluated using Kaplan–Meier analysis. Related pathways were obtained from TCGA database via gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and gene set variation analysis (GSVA). Meanwhile, genes co-expressing with CASP4 in ccRCC were investigated. Finally, we analyzed the proportion of tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TICs) using the CIBERSORT computational method and assessed CASP4 methylation and its relationship with drug sensitivity. Immunohistochemical analysis of 30 paired ccRCC and adjacent normal tissues confirmed the in silico results. CASP4 mRNA expression in ccRCC was significantly higher than that in the normal tissues, positively correlated with clinicopathological features (clinical stage and pathological grade), and negatively correlated with patient overall survival (OS). GSEA and GSVA showed that the genes in the CASP4-high expression group were primarily enriched in immune-related activities. Moreover, CIBERSORT analysis of TIC proportions revealed that activated CD4 memory T cells were positively correlated with CASP4 expression. Notably, methylation analysis revealed that the abnormal upregulation of CASP4 might be caused by hypomethylation. Finally, we found that the abnormal expression of CASP4 may be related to tumor drug resistance. Overall, our study shows that CASP4 is overexpressed in ccRCC and is an important factor affecting disease prognosis. Hence, CASP4 may serve as a potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Meng
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zijian Tian
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xingbo Long
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tongxiang Diao
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Maolin Hu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Wang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaoguang Zhang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianye Wang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhui He
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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Shi WY, Cao C, Liu L. Interferon α Induces the Apoptosis of Cervical Cancer HeLa Cells by Activating both the Intrinsic Mitochondrial Pathway and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Induced Pathway. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17:pii E1832. [PMID: 27827850 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The interferon α (IFN-α) has been often used as a sensitizing agent for the treatment of various malignancies such as hepatocellular carcinoma, malignant melanoma, and renal cell cancer by promoting the apoptosis of thesetumor cell types. However, the effect of IFN-α on cervical cancer remains unknown. In this study, HeLa cells were used as a testing model for the treatment of IFN-α on cervical cancer. The results indicate that IFN-α markedly inhibits the proliferation and induces the apoptosis of HeLa cells. The activation of caspase 3, the up-regulation of both Bim and cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) 1, the down-regulation of Bcl-xL, as well as the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria were significantly induced upon IFN-α treatment, indicating that the intrinsic apoptotic pathway could be activated by IFN-α treatment. In addition, caspase 4—which is involved in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced apoptosis—was activated in response to IFN-α treatment. Knocking down caspase 4 by small interfering RNA (siRNA) markedly reduced the IFN-α-mediated cell apoptosis. However, no significant changes in the expressions of caspases 8 and 10 were observed upon IFN-α treatment, indicating that the apoptosis caused by IFN-α might be independent of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway. These findings suggest that IFN-α may possess anti-cervical cancer capacity by activating cell apoptosis via the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway and caspase-4-related ER stress-induced pathway.
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Johnson GG, White MC, Wu JH, Vallejo M, Grimaldi M. The deadly connection between endoplasmic reticulum, Ca2+, protein synthesis, and the endoplasmic reticulum stress response in malignant glioma cells. Neuro Oncol 2014; 16:1086-99. [PMID: 24569545 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is involved in Ca(2+) signaling and protein processing. Accumulation of unfolded proteins following ER Ca(2+) depletion triggers the ER stress response (ERSR), which facilitates protein folding and removal of damaged proteins and can induce cell death. Unfolded proteins bind to chaperones, such as the glucose-regulated protein (GRP)78 and cause the release of GRP78-repressed proteins executing ERSR. METHODS Several glioma cell lines and primary astrocytes were used to analyze ERSR using standard western blots, reverse transcription-PCR, viability assays, and single cell Ca(2+) imaging. RESULTS ERSR induction with thapsigargin results in a more intense ERSR associated with a larger loss of ER Ca(2+), activation of ER-associated caspases (4/12) and caspase 3, and a higher rate of malignant glioma cell death than in normal glial cells. Malignant glioma cells have higher levels of protein synthesis and expression of the translocon (a component of the ribosomal complex, guiding protein entry in the ER), the activity of which is associated with the loss of ER Ca(2+). Our experiments confirm increased expression of the translocon in malignant glioma cells. In addition, blockade of the ribosome-translocon complex with agents differently affecting translocon Ca(2+) permeability causes opposite effects on ERSR deployment and death of malignant glioma cells. CONCLUSIONS Excessive ER Ca(2+) loss due to translocon activity appears to be responsible for the enhancement of ERSR, leading to the death of glioma cells. The results reveal a characteristic of malignant glioma cells that could be exploited to develop new therapeutic strategies to treat incurable glial malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guyla G Johnson
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, Alabama (G.G.J., M.C.W., J-H.W., M.G.); Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (M.V.)
| | - Misti C White
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, Alabama (G.G.J., M.C.W., J-H.W., M.G.); Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (M.V.)
| | - Jian-He Wu
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, Alabama (G.G.J., M.C.W., J-H.W., M.G.); Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (M.V.)
| | - Matthew Vallejo
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, Alabama (G.G.J., M.C.W., J-H.W., M.G.); Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (M.V.)
| | - Maurizio Grimaldi
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, Alabama (G.G.J., M.C.W., J-H.W., M.G.); Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (M.V.)
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