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Alexander C, Hill D. A Retrospective Case-Control Study of Eravacycline for the Treatment of Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter Infections in Patients With Burn Injuries. J Burn Care Res 2024; 45:487-492. [PMID: 37971422 PMCID: PMC10911695 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irad183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Thermal injuries lead to a deficiency in one's natural, protective barrier, resulting in increased susceptibility to pathogens, and often require multiple courses of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Eravacycline (ERA) has shown adequate in vitro activity against multiple multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens including Acinetobacter sp. Due to the increasing prevalence of MDR bacteria and the heightened susceptibility of patients with burns to infection, studies are needed to examine the clinical effect of eravacycline in this population. The objective of this retrospective, case-control study was to compare the outcomes of patients with thermal injuries treated with eravacycline versus a matched control for carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) infections. Patients with thermal injury admitted to an American Burn Associated-verified burn center from May 1, 2019 to July 31, 2022, who received eravacycline, were randomly matched 4:1 to a historical cohort using a previously established, de-identified dataset of patients treated with colistimethate sodium (CMS) in the same burn center (March 1, 2009 to March 31, 2014), based on % total body surface area (%TBSA), age, and CRAB. A composite favorable outcome was defined as 30-day survival, completion of the course, lack of 14-day recurrence, and lack of acute kidney injury (AKI). Treatment with eravacycline over CMS was not more or less likely to be associated with a favorable response [odds ratio (95% confidence interval), 2.066 (0.456-9.361), P = .347]. Patients treated with CMS had nearly 9-fold higher odds of new-onset AKI versus ERA [8.816 (0.911-85.308), P = .06]. Adverse events were uncommon in the ERA group. There was no difference in mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor Alexander
- Department of Pharmacy, Regional One Health, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
| | - David Hill
- Department of Pharmacy, Regional One Health, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
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2
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Ahumada Topete VH, de Dios Sanchez KJ, Casas Aparicio GA, Hernandez Silva G, Lopez Vejar CE, Torres Espíndola LM, Aquino-Galvez A, Rodriguez Ganen O, Castillejos Lopez MDJ. Adverse Events and Drug Resistance in Critically Ill Patients Treated with Colistimethate Sodium: A Review of the Literature. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:1357-1366. [PMID: 36925725 PMCID: PMC10013588 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s398930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The adverse events related to sodium colistimethate have had variability regarding the prevalence of nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and less frequent respiratory depression. In recent years, its use has been relevant due to the increase of multidrug-resistant bacteria since it is considered the last-line drug, being its main adverse event and reason for discrepancies between authors' nephrotoxicity. The indiscriminate use of antibiotic therapy has generated multiple mechanisms of resistance, the most common being related to Colistin, the bactericidal escape effect. Based on the search criteria, no randomized clinical trials were identified showing safety and efficacy with the use of Colistin, inferring that the application of the appropriate dose is governed by expert opinion and retrospective and prospective observational studies, which confounding factors such as the severity of the patient and the predisposition to develop acute renal failure are constant. In this review, we focus on identifying the mechanism of nephrotoxicity and bacterial resistance, where much remains to be known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Hugo Ahumada Topete
- Hospital Epidemiology and Infectology Unit, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Kevin Jesus de Dios Sanchez
- Hospital Epidemiology and Infectology Unit, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Alejandro Casas Aparicio
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Graciela Hernandez Silva
- Department of Infectious Disease Research, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cesar Emmanuel Lopez Vejar
- Hospital Epidemiology and Infectology Unit, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Arnoldo Aquino-Galvez
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Odalis Rodriguez Ganen
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
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Dagla I, Tsarbopoulos A, Gikas E. A Novel Validated Injectable Colistimethate Sodium Analysis Combining Advanced Chemometrics and Design of Experiments. Molecules 2021; 26:1546. [PMID: 33799846 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colistimethate sodium (CMS) is widely administrated for the treatment of life-threatening infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Until now, the quality control of CMS formulations has been based on microbiological assays. Herein, an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to ultraviolet detector methodology was developed for the quantitation of CMS in injectable formulations. The design of experiments was performed for the optimization of the chromatographic parameters. The chromatographic separation was achieved using a Waters Acquity BEH C8 column employing gradient elution with a mobile phase consisting of (A) 0.001 M aq. ammonium formate and (B) methanol/acetonitrile 79/21 (v/v). CMS compounds were detected at 214 nm. In all, 23 univariate linear-regression models were constructed to measure CMS compounds separately, and one partial least-square regression (PLSr) model constructed to assess the total CMS amount in formulations. The method was validated over the range 100–220 μg mL−1. The developed methodology was employed to analyze several batches of CMS injectable formulations that were also compared against a reference batch employing a Principal Component Analysis, similarity and distance measures, heatmaps and the structural similarity index. The methodology was based on freely available software in order to be readily available for the pharmaceutical industry.
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Eljaaly K, Bidell MR, Gandhi RG, Alshehri S, Enani MA, Al-Jedai A, Lee TC. Colistin Nephrotoxicity: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab026. [PMID: 33623807 PMCID: PMC7888569 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nephrotoxicity is a known adverse effect of polymyxin antibiotics, including colistin. Although previous meta-analyses have aimed to characterize colistin-associated nephrotoxicity risk relative to other antibiotics, included studies were observational in nature with high risk of confounding and heterogeneity. We conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis of exclusively randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate the incidence of nephrotoxicity associated with colistin versus minimally nephrotoxic antibiotics. Methods We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and 3 trial registries for RCTs comparing the nephrotoxicity of colistin to nonpolymyxin antibiotics. Randomized controlled trials that used aminoglycosides were excluded. Risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random-effects models. The study outcome was the rate of nephrotoxicity. Results Five RCTs with a total of 377 patients were included. Most patients received colistin for pneumonia in the intensive care unit, and the comparators were β-lactam-based regimens. Colistimethate sodium was dosed at 9 million units/day (300 mg/day of colistin base activity), with administration of a loading dose in 4 studies. The nephrotoxicity incidence in patients who received colistin was 36.2% (95% CI, 23.3% to 51.3%). The nephrotoxicity rate was significantly higher in the colistin arm than comparators (RR, 2.40; 95% CI, 1.47 to 3.91; P ≤ .001; I2 = 0%), and the number needed to harm was 5. Findings persisted upon one-study-removed-analysis. Conclusions This meta-analysis of RCTs found a colistin-associated nephrotoxicity rate of 36.2% and an increase in this risk compared with β-lactam-based regimens by 140%. Colistin should be regarded as a last-line agent and safer alternatives should be considered when possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Eljaaly
- Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Ronak G Gandhi
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Samah Alshehri
- Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Mushira A Enani
- Infectious Diseases Section, Medical Specialties Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Al-Jedai
- Deputyship of Therapeutic Affairs, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,College of Medicine and Pharmacy, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Todd C Lee
- Clinical Practice Assessment Unit, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Dagla I, Tsarbopoulos A, Gikas E. Colistimethate Acidic Hydrolysis Revisited: Arrhenius Equation Modeling Using UPLC-QToF MS. Molecules 2021; 26:447. [PMID: 33467022 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Colistimethate (CMS), the prodrug of polymyxin E (colistin), is an antibiotic widely used as a last-line therapy against multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacteria, but little is known about its pharmacokinetics as its administration has stopped as a result of high neuro- and nephro-toxicity. The measurement of CMS levels in patients’ biological fluids is of great importance in order to find the optimal dose regimen reducing the drug toxicity. Until now, CMS assay methods are based on the indirect determination after its hydrolysis to colistin (CS). Herein, the aim is to find the optimal conditions for the complete hydrolysis of CMS to CS. The reaction was studied at accelerated conditions: 40 °C, 50 °C, and 60 °C, and the results were evaluated by assessing the Arrhenius equation and computation employing the Tenua software. A validated analytical methodology based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled to a hybrid quadrupole time of flight (QToF) instrument is developed for the simultaneous measurement of CMS and CS. The current methodology resulted in complete hydrolysis, in contrast with the previously reported one.
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Hua X, Li C, Pogue JM, Sharma VS, Karaiskos I, Kaye KS, Tsuji BT, Bergen PJ, Zhu Y, Song J, Li J. ColistinDose, a Mobile App for Determining Intravenous Dosage Regimens of Colistimethate in Critically Ill Adult Patients: Clinician-Centered Design and Development Study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2020; 8:e20525. [PMID: 33325835 PMCID: PMC7748388 DOI: 10.2196/20525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Determining a suitable dose of intravenous colistimethate is challenging because of complicated pharmacokinetics, confusing terminology, and the potential for renal toxicity. Only recently have reliable pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic data and dosing recommendations for intravenous colistimethate become available. Objective The aim of this work was to develop a clinician-friendly, easy-to-use mobile app incorporating up-to-date dosing recommendations for intravenous colistimethate in critically ill adult patients. Methods Swift programming language and common libraries were used for the development of an app, ColistinDose, on the iPhone operating system (iOS; Apple Inc). The compatibility among different iOS versions and mobile devices was validated. Dosing calculations were based on equations developed in our recent population pharmacokinetic study. Recommended doses generated by the app were validated by comparison against doses calculated manually using the appropriate equations. Results ColistinDose provides 3 major functionalities, namely (1) calculation of a loading dose, (2) calculation of a daily dose based on the renal function of the patient (including differing types of renal replacement therapies), and (3) retrieval of historical calculation results. It is freely available at the Apple App Store for iOS (version 9 and above). Calculated doses accurately reflected doses recommended in patients with varying degrees of renal function based on the published equations. ColistinDose performs calculations on a local mobile device (iPhone or iPad) without the need for an internet connection. Conclusions With its user-friendly interface, ColistinDose provides an accurate and easy-to-use tool for clinicians to calculate dosage regimens of intravenous colistimethate in critically ill patients with varying degrees of renal function. It has significant potential to avoid the prescribing errors and patient safety issues that currently confound the clinical use of colistimethate, thereby optimizing patient treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueliang Hua
- Independent Researcher, Santa Clara, CA, United States
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jason M Pogue
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Varun S Sharma
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ilias Karaiskos
- 1st Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases Department, Hygeia Hospital, Marousi, Greece
| | - Keith S Kaye
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Brian T Tsuji
- Laboratory for Antimicrobial Dynamics, NYS Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY, United States.,School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Phillip J Bergen
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yan Zhu
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jiangning Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Monash Centre for Data Science, Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jian Li
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Zavascki AP, Nation RL. Nephrotoxicity of Polymyxins: Is There Any Difference between Colistimethate and Polymyxin B? Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:e02319-16. [PMID: 27993859 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.02319-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephrotoxicity is a common adverse effect of the clinically used polymyxins, colistin and polymyxin B. This adverse effect is dose limiting for both polymyxins, as the plasma polymyxin concentrations associated with renal damage overlap those required for antibacterial effect. Since development of acute kidney injury (AKI) during therapy is highly undesirable, it is extremely important to know whether there is any difference between the nephrotoxic potential of colistin (administered as its inefficient prodrug, colistimethate) and polymyxin B (administered as the active form). Both polymyxins are cytotoxic to renal tubular cells and are prone to cause nephrotoxicity in vivo because of the renal handling mechanisms that facilitate accumulation of these compounds in these cells, processes that are reviewed in this article. Also reviewed are the emerging data that strongly suggest significantly higher rates of AKI in patients treated with colistimethate compared to patients treated with polymyxin B. This finding may be due to differences in pharmacokinetics and renal handling mechanisms of colistimethate and formed colistin versus polymyxin B, and consequently the relative amount of polymyxin material delivered to tubular cells. A lower risk of AKI with polymyxin B is one of several potential advantages over colistimethate. The relative safety and efficacy of the two agents require closer examination in well-designed clinical studies.
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Fiaccadori E, Antonucci E, Morabito S, d'Avolio A, Maggiore U, Regolisti G. Colistin Use in Patients With Reduced Kidney Function. Am J Kidney Dis 2016; 68:296-306. [PMID: 27160031 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2016.03.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Colistin (polymyxin E) is a mainly concentration-dependent bactericidal antimicrobial active against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. After being abandoned over the past 30 years due to its neuro- and nephrotoxicity, colistin has been reintroduced recently as a last-resort drug for the treatment of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria infections in combination with other antimicrobials. Unfortunately, although renal toxicity is a well-known dose-related adverse effect of colistin, relatively few studies are currently available on its peculiar pharmacodynamic/pharmacokinetic properties in clinical settings at high risk for drug accumulation, such as acute or chronic kidney disease. In these specific contexts, the risk for underdosing is also substantial because colistin can be easily removed by dialysis/hemofiltration, especially when the most efficient modalities of renal replacement therapy (RRT) are used in critically ill patients. For this reason, recent recommendations in patients undergoing RRT have shifted toward higher dosing regimens, and therapeutic drug monitoring is advised. This review aims to summarize the main issues related to chemical structure, pharmacodynamics/pharmacokinetics, and renal toxicity of colistin. Moreover, recent data and current recommendations concerning colistin dosing in patients with reduced kidney function, with special regard to those receiving RRT such as dialysis or hemofiltration, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Fiaccadori
- Renal Failure Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - Elio Antonucci
- Intermediate Care Unit, Emergency Department "Guglielmo da Saliceto" Hospital, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Santo Morabito
- Hemodialysis Unit, Department of Nephrology and Urology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio d'Avolio
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Umberto Maggiore
- Kidney-Pancreas Transplantation Unit, Parma University Hospital, Parma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Regolisti
- Renal Failure Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Abstract
Colistin, the most widely used polymyxin antibiotic, was originally introduced in the late 1950s before the establishment of the present-day drug approval process. Originally shelved due to toxicity concerns, colistin, in the form of its inactive prodrug colistin methanesulfonate, has undergone a renaissance in the past 15 years. Unfortunately, this is not because of an improved adverse-effect profile but because colistin is among the only remaining antibiotics with activity against multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacilli. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data are limited to guide the appropriate use of colistin; however, important advances have occurred over the past 5 years. Since its reintroduction, published reports regarding colistin have produced discordant results in terms of both efficacy and safety. Because the efficacy and toxicity of colistin are dose dependent, the impact of discordant dosing recommendations cannot be understated. This review highlights the issues leading to differing and often conflicting dosing recommendations, reviews the recent pharmacokinetic advances, and provides recommendations for the optimal use of colistin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K Ortwine
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, Texas
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Abstract
The drug of choice for treatment of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, and second-line therapy usually consists of a fluoroquinolone. However, in patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, neither sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim nor a fluoroquinolone is a preferred option as it may result in hemolysis. Currently, there is a paucity of data regarding treatment of S maltophilia infection in these patients. This case report presents a patient who was successfully treated with doxycycline and inhaled colistimethate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron A Harthan
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital of Illinois, Peoria, Illinois
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