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Dey G, Soliman SS, McCormick CR, Wood CH, Katzbaer RR, Schaak RE. Colloidal Nanoparticles of High Entropy Materials: Capabilities, Challenges, and Opportunities in Synthesis and Characterization. ACS Nanosci Au 2024; 4:3-20. [PMID: 38406312 PMCID: PMC10885327 DOI: 10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.3c00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Materials referred to as "high entropy" contain a large number of elements randomly distributed on the lattice sites of a crystalline solid, such that a high configurational entropy is presumed to contribute significantly to their formation and stability. High temperatures are typically required to achieve entropy stabilization, which can make it challenging to synthesize colloidal nanoparticles of high entropy materials. Nonetheless, strategies are emerging for the synthesis of colloidal high entropy nanoparticles, which are of interest for their synergistic properties and unique catalytic functions that arise from the large number of constituent elements and their interactions. In this Perspective, we highlight the classes of materials that have been made as colloidal high entropy nanoparticles as well as insights into the synthetic methods and the pathways by which they form. We then discuss the concept of "high entropy" within the context of colloidal materials synthesized at much lower temperatures than are typically required for entropy to drive their formation. Next, we identify and address challenges and opportunities in the field of high entropy nanoparticle synthesis. We emphasize aspects of materials characterization that are especially important to consider for nanoparticles of high entropy materials, including powder X-ray diffraction and elemental mapping with scanning transmission electron microscopy, which are among the most commonly used techniques in laboratory settings. Finally, we share perspectives on emerging opportunities and future directions involving colloidal nanoparticles of high entropy materials, with an emphasis on synthesis, characterization, and fundamental knowledge that is needed for anticipated advances in key application areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav
R. Dey
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering,
and Materials Research
Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Samuel S. Soliman
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering,
and Materials Research
Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Connor R. McCormick
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering,
and Materials Research
Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Charles H. Wood
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering,
and Materials Research
Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Rowan R. Katzbaer
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering,
and Materials Research
Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Raymond E. Schaak
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering,
and Materials Research
Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Nisbet AGA, Cain MG, Hase T, Finkel P. Robust phase determination in complex solid solutions using diffuse multiple scattering. J Appl Crystallogr 2023; 56:1046-1050. [PMID: 37555228 PMCID: PMC10405585 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576723004120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel methodology is presented for identifying and distinguishing between structural phases in multi-phasic systems, such as piezoelectric materials like PMN-PT [Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3], PIN-PMN-PT [Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3] and PZT [Pb(Zr,Ti)O3], using diffuse multiple scattering and Kossel line diffraction techniques. The method exploits the splitting of triple line intersections from special coplanar reflections combined with logical constraints to generate a splitting fingerprint for robust crystallographic phase determination and discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. G. A. Nisbet
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Harwell OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - M. G. Cain
- Electrosciences Ltd, Farnham, Surrey GU9 9QT, United Kingdom
| | - T. Hase
- University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - P. Finkel
- US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, District of Columbia 20375, USA
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Pedersen JK, Clausen CM, Krysiak OA, Xiao B, Batchelor TAA, Löffler T, Mints VA, Banko L, Arenz M, Savan A, Schuhmann W, Ludwig A, Rossmeisl J. Bayesian Optimization of High-Entropy Alloy Compositions for Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:24144-24152. [PMID: 34506069 PMCID: PMC8596574 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Active, selective and stable catalysts are imperative for sustainable energy conversion, and engineering materials with such properties are highly desired. High‐entropy alloys (HEAs) offer a vast compositional space for tuning such properties. Too vast, however, to traverse without the proper tools. Here, we report the use of Bayesian optimization on a model based on density functional theory (DFT) to predict the most active compositions for the electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) with the least possible number of sampled compositions for the two HEAs Ag‐Ir‐Pd‐Pt‐Ru and Ir‐Pd‐Pt‐Rh‐Ru. The discovered optima are then scrutinized with DFT and subjected to experimental validation where optimal catalytic activities are verified for Ag–Pd, Ir–Pt, and Pd–Ru binary alloys. This study offers insight into the number of experiments needed for optimizing the vast compositional space of multimetallic alloys which has been determined to be on the order of 50 for ORR on these HEAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack K Pedersen
- Center for High Entropy Alloy Catalysis (CHEAC), Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, København Ø, Denmark
| | - Christian M Clausen
- Center for High Entropy Alloy Catalysis (CHEAC), Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, København Ø, Denmark
| | - Olga A Krysiak
- Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Bin Xiao
- Chair for Materials Discovery and Interfaces, Institute for Materials, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas A A Batchelor
- Center for High Entropy Alloy Catalysis (CHEAC), Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, København Ø, Denmark
| | - Tobias Löffler
- Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.,Chair for Materials Discovery and Interfaces, Institute for Materials, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.,ZGH, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Vladislav A Mints
- Center for High Entropy Alloy Catalysis (CHEAC), Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lars Banko
- Chair for Materials Discovery and Interfaces, Institute for Materials, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Matthias Arenz
- Center for High Entropy Alloy Catalysis (CHEAC), Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, København Ø, Denmark.,Center for High Entropy Alloy Catalysis (CHEAC), Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alan Savan
- Chair for Materials Discovery and Interfaces, Institute for Materials, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Alfred Ludwig
- Chair for Materials Discovery and Interfaces, Institute for Materials, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.,ZGH, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jan Rossmeisl
- Center for High Entropy Alloy Catalysis (CHEAC), Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, København Ø, Denmark
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Abstract
The formation of a vast number of different multielement active sites in compositionally complex solid solution materials, often more generally termed high‐entropy alloys, offers new and unique concepts in catalyst design, which mitigate existing limitations and change the view on structure–activity relations. We discuss these concepts by summarising the currently existing fundamental knowledge and critically assess the chances and limitations of this material class, also highlighting design strategies. A roadmap is proposed, illustrating which of the characteristic concepts could be exploited using which strategy, and which breakthroughs might be possible to guide future research in this highly promising material class for (electro)catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Löffler
- Analytical Chemistry - Center For Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.,Chair for Materials Discovery and Interfaces, Institute for Materials, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.,Center for Interface-Dominated High-Performance Materials (ZGH), Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Alfred Ludwig
- Chair for Materials Discovery and Interfaces, Institute for Materials, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.,Center for Interface-Dominated High-Performance Materials (ZGH), Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jan Rossmeisl
- Center for High Entropy Alloy Catalysis (CHEAC), Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, København, Denmark
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry - Center For Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
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