A systematic review and meta-analysis of the sources of Campylobacter in poultry production (preharvest) and their relative contributions to the microbial risk of poultry meat

A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to idetnify the relative contributions of the sources of Campylobacter in poultry live production to Campylobacter prevalence of broiler meat. The keywords of Campylobacter, prevalence, live production, and broiler were used in Google Scholar to address the research interest. A total of 16,800 citations were identified, and 63 relevant citations were included in the meta-analysis after applying predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. A generalized linear mixed model approach combined with logit transformation was used in the current meta-analysis to stabilize the variance. The analysis revealed that Campylobacter is ubiquitous in the poultry house exterior environment including surroundings, wildlife, domestic animals, and farm vehicle, with a predicted prevalence of 14%. The recovery of Campylobacter in the interior environment of the poultry house is far less abundant than in the exterior, with a prevalence of 2%, including litter, water, insects, mice, feed, and air. A lack of evidence was observed for vertical transmission due to the day-old chicks being free of Campylobacter from 4 studies identified. Live birds are the predominant carrier of Campylobacter, with a predicted prevalence of 41%. Transportation equipment used for live haul had an overall prevalence of 39%, with vehicles showing a predicted prevalence of 44% and crates with a predicted prevalence of 22%. The results of this meta-analysis highlight the need to implement effective biosecurity measures to minimize the risk of Campylobacter in poultry meat, as human activity appears to be the primary factor for Campylobacter introduction.

Global Burden and Improvement Gap of Non-Rheumatic Calcific Aortic Valve Disease: 1990-2019 Findings from Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

The aim of this study was to explore the most updated changing trends of non-rheumatic calcific aortic valve disease (nrCAVD) and reveal possible improvements. We analyzed the age-standardized rates (ASRs) of prevalence, incidence, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and mortality trends of nrCAVD from 1990 to 2019 using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study 2019. The relations between ASRs and socio-demographic index (SDI) were analyzed with Pearson's correlation coefficients. Decomposition and frontier analysis were employed to reveal the contribution proportion of influence factors and regions where improvement can be achieved. In 2019, there were 9.40 million (95% uncertainty interval (UI): 8.07 to 10.89 million) individuals with nrCAVD globally. From 1990 to 2019, the prevalence rate of nrCAVD increased by 155.47% (95% IU: 141.66% to 171.7%), with the largest increase observed in the middle SDI region (821.11%, 95% UI: 709.87% to 944.23%). Globally, there were no significant changes in the mortality rate of nrCAVD (0.37%, 95% UI: -8.85% to 7.99%). The global DALYs decreased by 10.97% (95% UI: -17.94% to -3.46%). The population attributable fraction (PAF) of high systolic blood pressure increased in the population aged 15-49 years, while it declined slightly in population aged 50+ years. Population growth was the main contributing factor to the increased DALYs across the globe (74.73%), while aging was the driving force in the high-SDI region (80.27%). The Netherlands, Finland, Luxembourg, Germany, and Norway could reduce DALY rates of nrCAVD using their socio-demographic resources. According to these results, we revealed that the burden of nrCAVD increased markedly from 1990 to 2019 in high-SDI and high-middle-SDI regions. There was a downward trend in the mortality due to nrCAVD since 2013, which is possibly owing to profound advances in transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Some countries may reduce burdens of nrCAVD using their socio-demographic resources.