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Fuentes-Peñailillo F, Ortega-Farías S, Acevedo-Opazo C, Rivera M, Araya-Alman M. A Smart Crop Water Stress Index-Based IoT Solution for Precision Irrigation of Wine Grape. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 24:25. [PMID: 38202887 PMCID: PMC10780677 DOI: 10.3390/s24010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The Scholander-type pressure chamber to measure midday stem water potential (MSWP) has been widely used to schedule irrigation in commercial vineyards. However, the limited number of sites that can be evaluated using the pressure chamber makes it difficult to evaluate the spatial variability of vineyard water status. As an alternative, several authors have suggested using the crop water stress index (CWSI) based on low-cost thermal infrared (TIR) sensors to estimate the MSWP. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a low-cost wireless infrared sensor network (WISN) to monitor the spatial variability of MSWPs in a drip-irrigated Cabernet Sauvignon vineyard under two levels of water stress. For this study, the MLX90614 sensor was used to measure canopy temperature (Tc), and thus compute the CWSI. The results indicated that good performance of the MLX90614 infrared thermometers was observed under laboratory and vineyard conditions with root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) values being less than 1.0 °C. Finally, a good nonlinear correlation between the MSWP and CWSI (R2 = 0.72) was observed, allowing the development of intra-vineyard spatial variability maps of MSWP using the low-cost wireless infrared sensor network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Fuentes-Peñailillo
- Instituto de Investigación Interdisciplinaria (I3), Vicerrectoría Académica (VRA), Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile;
| | - Samuel Ortega-Farías
- Research and Extension Center for Irrigation and Agroclimatology (CITRA) and Research Program on Adaptation of Agriculture to Climate Change (A2C2), Faculty of Agricultural Science, University of Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Cesar Acevedo-Opazo
- Research and Extension Center for Irrigation and Agroclimatology (CITRA) and Research Program on Adaptation of Agriculture to Climate Change (A2C2), Faculty of Agricultural Science, University of Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Marco Rivera
- Power Electronics, Machines and Control (PEMC) Research Group, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, 15 Triumph Rd, Lenton, Nottingham NG7 2GT, UK;
- Laboratorio de Conversión de Energías y Electrónica de Potencia (LCEEP), Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de Talca, Merced 437, Curicó 3341717, Chile
| | - Miguel Araya-Alman
- Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias, Campus “San Isidro”, Universidad Católica del Maule, km 6 Camino Los Niches, Curicó 3340000, Chile;
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Araújo-Paredes C, Portela F, Mendes S, Valín MI. Using Aerial Thermal Imagery to Evaluate Water Status in Vitis vinifera cv. Loureiro. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:8056. [PMID: 36298406 PMCID: PMC9611973 DOI: 10.3390/s22208056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The crop water stress index (CWSI) is a widely used analytical tool based on portable thermography. This method can be useful in replacing the traditional stem water potential method obtained with a Scholander chamber (PMS Model 600) because the latter is not feasible for large-scale studies due to the time involved and the fact that it is invasive and can cause damage to the plant. The present work had three objectives: (i) to understand if CWSI estimated using an aerial sensor can estimate the water status of the plant; (ii) to compare CWSI from aerial-thermographic and portable thermal cameras with stem water potential; (iii) to estimate the capacity of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to calculate and spatialize CWSI. Monitoring of CWSI (CWSIP) using a portable device was performed directly in the canopy, by measuring reference temperatures (Tdry, Twet, and canopy temperature (Tc)). Aerial CWSI calculation was performed using two models: (i) a simplified CWSI model (CWSIS), where the Tdry and Twet were estimated as the average of 1% of the extreme temperature, and (ii) an air temperature model (CWSITair) where air temperatures (Tair + 7 °C) were recorded as Tdry and in the Twet, considering the average of the lowest 33% of histogram values. In these two models, the Tc value corresponded to the temperature value in each pixel of the aerial thermal image. The results show that it was possible to estimate CWSI by calculating canopy temperatures and spatializing CWSI using aerial thermography. Of the two models, it was found that for CWSITair, CWSIS (R2 = 0.55) evaluated crop water stress better than stem water potential. The CWSIS had good correlation compared with the portable sensor (R2 = 0.58), and its application in field measurements is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudio Araújo-Paredes
- PROMETHEUS, Research Unit in Materials, Energy and Environment for Sustainability, Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - Fernando Portela
- Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - Susana Mendes
- Centre for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - M. Isabel Valín
- Centre for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems and Sustainability, Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
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Al Aasmi A, Alordzinu KE, Li J, Lan Y, Appiah SA, Qiao S. Rapid Estimation of Water Stress in Choy Sum ( Brassica chinensis var. parachinensis) Using Integrative Approach. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:1695. [PMID: 35270842 DOI: 10.3390/s22051695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To optimize crop water consumption and adopt water-saving measures such as precision irrigation, early identification of plant water status is critical. This study explores the effectiveness of estimating water stress in choy sum (Brassica chinensis var. parachinensis) grown in pots in greenhouse conditions using Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI) and crop vegetation indicators to improve irrigation water management. Data on CWSI and Spectral reflectance were collected from choy sum plants growing in sandy loam soil with four different soil field capacities (FC): 90–100% FC as no water stress (NWS); 80–90% FC for light water stress (LWS); 70–80% FC for moderate water stress (MWS); and 60–70% FC for severe water stress (SWS). With four treatments and three replications, the experiment was set up as a completely randomized design (CRD). Throughout the growing season, plant water stress tracers such as leaf area index (LAI), canopy temperature (Tc), leaf relative water content (LRWC), leaf chlorophyll content, and yield were measured. Furthermore, CWSI estimated from the Workswell Wiris Agro R Infrared Camera (CWSIW) and spectral data acquisition from the Analytical Spectral Device on choy sum plants were studied at each growth stage. NDVI, Photochemical Reflectance Index positioned at 570 nm (PRI570), normalized PRI (PRInorm), Water Index (WI), and NDWI were the Vegetation indices (VIs) used in this study. At each growth stage, the connections between these CWSIW, VIs, and water stress indicators were statistically analyzed with R2 greater than 0.5. The results revealed that all VIs were valuable guides for diagnosing water stress in choy sum. CWSIW obtained from this study showed that Workswell Wiris Agro R Infrared Camera mounted on proximal remote sensing platform for assessing water stress in choy sum plant was rapid, non-destructive, and user friendly. Therefore, integrating CWSIW and VIs approach gives a more rapid and accurate approach for detecting water stress in choy sum grown under greenhouse conditions to optimize yield by reducing water loss and enhancing food security and sustainability.
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Carrasco-Benavides M, Antunez-Quilobrán J, Baffico-Hernández A, Ávila-Sánchez C, Ortega-Farías S, Espinoza S, Gajardo J, Mora M, Fuentes S. Performance Assessment of Thermal Infrared Cameras of Different Resolutions to Estimate Tree Water Status from Two Cherry Cultivars: An Alternative to Midday Stem Water Potential and Stomatal Conductance. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:s20123596. [PMID: 32630534 PMCID: PMC7349581 DOI: 10.3390/s20123596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The midday stem water potential (Ψs) and stomatal conductance (gs) have been traditionally used to monitor the water status of cherry trees (Prunus avium L.). Due to the complexity of direct measurement, the use of infrared thermography has been proposed as an alternative. This study compares Ψs and gs against crop water stress indexes (CWSI) calculated from thermal infrared (TIR) data from high-resolution (HR) and low-resolution (LR) cameras for two cherry tree cultivars: 'Regina' and 'Sweetheart'. For this purpose, a water stress-recovery cycle experiment was carried out at the post-harvest period in a commercial drip-irrigated cherry tree orchard under three irrigation treatments based on Ψs levels. The water status of trees was measured weekly using Ψs, gs, and compared to CWSIs, computed from both thermal cameras. Results showed that the accuracy in the estimation of CWSIs was not statistically significant when comparing both cameras for the representation of Ψs and gs in both cultivars. The performance of all evaluated physiological indicators presented similar trends for both cultivars, and the averaged differences between CWSI's from both cameras were 11 ± 0.27%. However, these CWSI's were not able to detect differences among irrigation treatments as compared to Ψs and gs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Carrasco-Benavides
- Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Católica del Maule, Curicó 3340000, Chile; (J.A.-Q.); (A.B.-H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-75-2-203592
| | - Javiera Antunez-Quilobrán
- Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Católica del Maule, Curicó 3340000, Chile; (J.A.-Q.); (A.B.-H.)
| | - Antonella Baffico-Hernández
- Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Católica del Maule, Curicó 3340000, Chile; (J.A.-Q.); (A.B.-H.)
| | - Carlos Ávila-Sánchez
- Research and Extension Center for Irrigation and Agroclimatology (CITRA) and Research Program on Adaptation of Agriculture to Climate Change (A2C2), Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile; (C.Á.-S.); (S.O.-F.)
- Programa de Magíster en Hortofruticultura, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Samuel Ortega-Farías
- Research and Extension Center for Irrigation and Agroclimatology (CITRA) and Research Program on Adaptation of Agriculture to Climate Change (A2C2), Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile; (C.Á.-S.); (S.O.-F.)
| | - Sergio Espinoza
- Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3460000, Chile;
| | - John Gajardo
- Instituto de Bosques y Sociedad, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia 5090000, Chile;
| | - Marco Mora
- Laboratory of Technological Research in Pattern Recognition (LITRP), Faculty of Engineering Science, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3480112, Chile;
| | - Sigfredo Fuentes
- Digital Agriculture, Food and Wine Group, School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
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Cucho-Padin G, Rinza J, Ninanya J, Loayza H, Quiroz R, Ramírez DA. Development of an Open-Source Thermal Image Processing Software for Improving Irrigation Management in Potato Crops ( Solanum tuberosum L.). Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:E472. [PMID: 31947632 PMCID: PMC7013904 DOI: 10.3390/s20020472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Accurate determination of plant water status is mandatory to optimize irrigation scheduling and thus maximize yield. Infrared thermography (IRT) can be used as a proxy for detecting stomatal closure as a measure of plant water stress. In this study, an open-source software (Thermal Image Processor (TIPCIP)) that includes image processing techniques such as thermal-visible image segmentation and morphological operations was developed to estimate the crop water stress index (CWSI) in potato crops. Results were compared to the CWSI derived from thermocouples where a high correlation was found ( r P e a r s o n = 0.84). To evaluate the effectiveness of the software, two experiments were implemented. TIPCIP-based canopy temperature was used to estimate CWSI throughout the growing season, in a humid environment. Two treatments with different irrigation timings were established based on CWSI thresholds: 0.4 (T2) and 0.7 (T3), and compared against a control (T1, irrigated when soil moisture achieved 70% of field capacity). As a result, T2 showed no significant reduction in fresh tuber yield (34.5 ± 3.72 and 44.3 ± 2.66 t ha - 1 ), allowing a total water saving of 341.6 ± 63.65 and 515.7 ± 37.73 m 3 ha - 1 in the first and second experiment, respectively. The findings have encouraged the initiation of experiments to automate the use of the CWSI for precision irrigation using either UAVs in large settings or by adapting TIPCIP to process data from smartphone-based IRT sensors for applications in smallholder settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Cucho-Padin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Javier Rinza
- International Potato Center, Apartado 1558, Lima 12, Peru; (J.R.); (J.N.); (H.L.)
| | - Johan Ninanya
- International Potato Center, Apartado 1558, Lima 12, Peru; (J.R.); (J.N.); (H.L.)
| | - Hildo Loayza
- International Potato Center, Apartado 1558, Lima 12, Peru; (J.R.); (J.N.); (H.L.)
| | - Roberto Quiroz
- CATIE-Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center, Cartago Turrialba 30501, Costa Rica;
| | - David A. Ramírez
- International Potato Center, Apartado 1558, Lima 12, Peru; (J.R.); (J.N.); (H.L.)
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