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Jan A, Saeed M, Mothana RA, Muhammad T, Rahman N, Alanzi AR, Akbar R. Association of CYP2C9*2 Allele with Sulphonylurea-Induced Hypoglycaemia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Pharmacogenetic Study in Pakistani Pashtun Population. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2282. [PMID: 37626778 PMCID: PMC10452755 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymorphism in cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 enzyme is known to cause significant inter-individual differences in drug response and occurrence of adverse drug reactions. Different alleles of the CYP2C9 gene have been identified, but the notable alleles responsible for reduced enzyme activity are CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3. No pharmacogenetic data are available on CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 alleles in the Pakistani population. In Pakistan, pharmacogenetics, which examines the relationship between genetic factors and drug response, are in the early stages of development. We, for the first time, investigated the association between the CYP2C9 variant alleles CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 and the incidence of hypoglycaemia in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) receiving sulphonylurea medications. A total of n = 400 individuals of Pashtun ethnicity were recruited from 10 different districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan to participate in the study. The study participants were divided into two distinct groups: the case group (n = 200) and the control group (n = 200). The case group consisted of individuals with T2DM who were receiving sulphonylurea medications and experienced hypoglycaemia with it, whereas the control group included individuals with T2DM who were receiving sulphonylurea medication but did not experience sulphonylurea-induced hypoglycaemia (SIH). Blood samples were obtained from study participants following informed consent. DNA was isolated from whole blood samples using a Wiz-Prep DNA extraction kit. Following DNA isolation, CYP2C9 alleles were genotyped using MassARRAY sequencing platform at the Centre of Genomics at the Rehman Medical Institute (RMI). The frequency of CYP2C9*2 (low-activity allele) was more frequent in the diabetic patients with SIH compared to the control group (17.5% vs. 6.0%, p = 0.021). The frequency of its corresponding genotype CYP2C9*1/*2 was higher in cases compared to the control group (10% vs. 6% with p = 0.036); the same was true for genotype CYP2C9*2/*2 (7% vs. 3.5% with p = 0.028). Logistic regression analysis evidenced potential association of CYP2C9*2 allele and its genotypes with SIH. When adjusted for confounding factors such as age, weight, sex, mean daily dose of sulphonylurea, and triglyceride level, the association between the CYP2C9*2 allele and hypoglycaemia remained consistent. Confounding factors played no role in SIH (insignificant p-value) because both groups (cases and controls) were closely matched in term of age, weight, sex, mean daily dose of sulphonylurea, and triglyceride levels. Our study suggests that genetic information about a patient's CYP2C9 gene/enzyme can potentially assist physicians in prescribing the most suitable and safest drug, based on their genetic make-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Jan
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan;
- District Headquarter Hospital (DHQH) Charsadda, Charsadda 24430, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saeed
- Department of Pharmacy, Qurtaba University of Science and Technology, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan;
| | - Ramzi A. Mothana
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.M.); (A.R.A.)
| | - Tahir Muhammad
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry & Development (MiND) Lab, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M6J 1H4, Canada;
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Naveed Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan;
| | - Abdullah R. Alanzi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.M.); (A.R.A.)
| | - Rani Akbar
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan;
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Law R, Lewis D, Hain D, Daut R, DelBello MP, Frazier JA, Newcorn JH, Nurmi E, Cogan ES, Wagner S, Johnson H, Lanchbury J. Characterisation of seven medications approved for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder using in vitro models of hepatic metabolism. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:676-686. [PMID: 36317558 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2141151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The metabolism of most medications approved for the treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is not fully understood.In vitro studies using cryopreserved, plated human hepatocytes (cPHHs) and pooled human liver microsomes (HLMs) were performed to more thoroughly characterise the metabolism of several ADHD medications.The use of enzyme-specific chemical inhibitors indicated a role for CYP2D6 in atomoxetine (ATX) metabolism, and roles for CYP3A4/5 in guanfacine (GUA) metabolism.The 4-hydroxy-atomoxetine and N-desmethyl-atomoxetine pathways represented 98.4% and 1.5% of ATX metabolism in cPHHs, respectively. The 3-OH-guanfacine pathway represented at least 2.6% of GUA metabolism in cPHHs, and 71% in HLMs.The major metabolising enzyme for methylphenidate (MPH) and dexmethylphenidate (dMPH) could not be identified using these methods because these compounds were too unstable. Hydrolysis of these medications was spontaneous and did not require the presence of protein to occur.Clonidine (CLD), amphetamine (AMPH), and dextroamphetamine (dAMPH) did not deplete substantially in cPHHs nor HLMs, suggesting that these compounds may not undergo considerable hepatic metabolism. The major circulating metabolites of AMPH and dAMPH (benzoic acid and hippuric acid) were not observed in either system, and therefore could not be characterised. Additionally, inhibition experiments suggested a very minimal role for CYP2D6 in CLD and AMPH metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Melissa P DelBello
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jean A Frazier
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Erika Nurmi
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Rijo MP, Diani-Moore S, Yang C, Zhou P, Rifkind AB. Roles of the ubiquitin ligase CUL4B and ADP-ribosyltransferase TiPARP in TCDD-induced nuclear export and proteasomal degradation of the transcription factor AHR. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100886. [PMID: 34146543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a transcription factor activated by exogenous halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds, including the environmental toxin TCDD, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, and naturally occurring dietary and endogenous compounds. The activated AHR enhances transcription of specific genes including phase I and phase II metabolism enzymes and other targets genes such as the TCDD-inducible poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (TiPARP). The regulation of AHR activation is a dynamic process: immediately after transcriptional activation of the AHR by TCDD, the AHR is exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where it is subjected to proteasomal degradation. However, the mechanisms regulating AHR degradation are not well understood. Here, we studied the role of two enzymes reported to enhance AHR breakdown: the cullin 4B (CUL4B)AHR complex, an E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets the AHR and other proteins for ubiquitination, and TiPARP, which targets proteins for ADP-ribosylation, a posttranslational modification that can increase susceptibility to degradation. Using a WT mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cell line and an MEF cell line in which CUL4B has been deleted (MEFCul4b-null), we discovered that loss of CUL4B partially prevented AHR degradation after TCDD exposure, while knocking down TiPARP in MEFCul4b-null cells completely abolished AHR degradation upon TCDD treatment. Increased TCDD-activated AHR protein levels in MEFCul4b-null and MEFCul4b-null cells in which TiPARP was knocked down led to enhanced AHR transcriptional activity, indicating that CUL4B and TiPARP restrain AHR action. This study reveals a novel function of TiPARP in controlling TCDD-activated AHR nuclear export and subsequent proteasomal degradation.
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Liu X, Chen C, Zhang X. Drug-drug interaction of acetaminophen and roxithromycin with the cocktail of cytochrome P450 and hepatotoxicity in rats. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:414-421. [PMID: 32132876 PMCID: PMC7053348 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.38527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) and roxithromycin (ROX) are often used in combination in clinical practice. To evaluate their drug-drug interactions (DDIs) and the hepatotoxicity of co-administration, rats were randomly separated into four groups: Control, APAP (50 mg/kg), ROX (5.5 mg/kg) and APAP-ROX (50 mg/kg and 5.5 mg/kg, respectively). The pharmacokinetic parameters between APAP and ROX were assayed by HPLC, and a cocktail method was used to evaluate the activities of cytochrome (CYP) 450. The liver microsome CYP2E1 protein was detected using Western blot. The levels of plasma parameters, mRNA levels of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, INF-γ, VCAM-1, CXCL-1 and STAT-3) and antioxidant factors (Nrf-2, GSTA, GCLC-1, HO-1 and NQO1) were determined using real-time PCR, along with the observation on histopathological changes in the liver tissue. APAP and ROX co-treatment significantly increased CYP2E1 activity, decreased CYP2D6 activity and prolonged APAP and ROX clearance. Co-treatment increased mRNA expressions of TNF-α, NQO1 and MDA while decreasing GPX and SOD levels. Histopathological evidence showed the changes of liver tissues in terms of structure, size and tight arrangement. This study confirmed that a combination of APAP and ROX inhibited APAP metabolism and that the peak concentration of ROX was delayed. The resulting high level of CYP2E1 may induce oxidative stress and cause liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Liu
- Chinese-German Joint Laboratory for Natural Product Research, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, P.R. China
| | - Chen Chen
- Chinese-German Joint Laboratory for Natural Product Research, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Chinese-German Joint Laboratory for Natural Product Research, College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, P.R. China.,Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology University of Minho, Department of Biology, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal
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Li M, Li A, He R, Dang W, Liu X, Yang T, Shi P, Bu X, Gao D, Zhang N, Du S, Jin T, Chen M. Gene polymorphism of cytochrome P450 significantly affects lung cancer susceptibility. Cancer Med 2019; 8:4892-4905. [PMID: 31264381 PMCID: PMC6712450 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytochrome P450 (CYPs) are heme proteins involved in the metabolism of a variety of endogenous and exogenous substances and play an important role in the carcinogenesis mechanisms of environmental and hereditary factors. The objective of this study was to investigate how polymorphisms of CYPs correlate with lung cancer (LC) susceptibility. METHODS Six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in this study. The chi-square test and unconditional logistic regression model were used to evaluate the correlation between SNPs and LC susceptibility. The expressions and survival data of genes in patients with LC were mined using Oncomine and Kaplan-Meier Plotter database. RESULTS Four SNPs were found to be significantly associated with the risk of LC development (P < 0.05). The most significant correlation was that the A allele and AA genotype of CYP2D6 rs1065852 were associated with increased risk of LC development (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.35, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] = 1.13-1.60, P = 9.04e-4; OR = 1.83, 95%CI = 1.29-2.59, P = 0.001 respectively). Similar association of this variant was also found in the subgroups of male patients, cases in III-IV stages, positive lymph node, squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas. Whereas rs1065852 was considered as protective factor in females (adjusted OR = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.16-0.70, P = 0.004). In stratified analyses, the association of CYP24A1 rs2762934, CYP24A1 rs6068816, CYP20A1 rs2043449 polymorphism with LC risk appeared stronger in some subgroups. CYP2D6, CYP24A1 and CYP20A1 are overexpressed in some pathological types of LC (P < 0.05), and high levels of CYP2D6 and CYP20A1 indicate poor and good prognosis of LC, respectively. CONCLUSION This study revealed that rs1065852, rs2043449, rs2762s934, and rs6068816 of CYPs were associated with LC susceptibility in the Northwestern Chinese Han population; CYP2D6 and CYP20A1 were overexpressed and correlated with prognosis of LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- The Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Shaanxi Provincial Research Center for the Project of Prevention and Treatment of Respiratory Diseases, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Anqi Li
- The Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Shaanxi Provincial Research Center for the Project of Prevention and Treatment of Respiratory Diseases, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruiqing He
- The Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Shaanxi Provincial Research Center for the Project of Prevention and Treatment of Respiratory Diseases, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenhui Dang
- The Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Shaanxi Provincial Research Center for the Project of Prevention and Treatment of Respiratory Diseases, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- The Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Shaanxi Provincial Research Center for the Project of Prevention and Treatment of Respiratory Diseases, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tian Yang
- The Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Shaanxi Provincial Research Center for the Project of Prevention and Treatment of Respiratory Diseases, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Puyu Shi
- The Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Shaanxi Provincial Research Center for the Project of Prevention and Treatment of Respiratory Diseases, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiang Bu
- The Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Shaanxi Provincial Research Center for the Project of Prevention and Treatment of Respiratory Diseases, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dan Gao
- The Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Shaanxi Provincial Research Center for the Project of Prevention and Treatment of Respiratory Diseases, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- The Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuli Du
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tianbo Jin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mingwei Chen
- The Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,Shaanxi Provincial Research Center for the Project of Prevention and Treatment of Respiratory Diseases, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Jin SE, Ha H, Shin HK. Effects of Herbal Formulas Bojungikgi-tang and Palmijihwang-hwan on Inflammation in RAW 264.7 Cells and the Activities of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes in Human Hepatic Microsomes. J Med Food 2018; 21:1173-1187. [PMID: 30457473 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2017.4123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, Bojungikgi-tang (BJIKT: Buzhongyiqi-tang, Hochuekki-to) and Palmijihwang-hwan (PMJHH: Baweidìhuang-wan, Hachimijio-gan), traditional herbal formulas, investigated anti-inflammatory efficacies in murine macrophage cell line and the influence on the activities of drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs). The anti-inflammatory potentials of the herbal formulas were evaluated to inhibit the production of the inflammatory mediators and cytokines and the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 cells. The activities of the major human DMEs, cytochrome P450 isozymes (CYP450s) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isozymes (UGTs), were measured by in vitro enzyme assay systems. BJIKT and PMJHH significantly suppressed the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production (IC50 = 317.3 and 282.2 μg/mL, respectively) and the protein expression of COX-2 in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells. On the human microsomal DMEs, BJIKT inhibited the activities of CYP1A2 (IC50 = 535.05 μg/mL), CYP2B6 (IC50 > 1000 μg/mL), CYP2C9 (IC50 = 800.78 μg/mL), CYP2C19 (IC50 = 563.11 μg/mL), CYP2D6 (IC50 > 1000 μg/mL), CYP2E1 (IC50 > 1000 μg/mL), CYP3A4 (IC50 = 879.60 μg/mL), UGT1A1 (IC50 > 1000 μg/mL), and UGT1A4 (IC50 > 1000 μg/mL), but it showed no inhibition of the UGT2B7 activity at doses less than 1000 μg/mL. PMJHH inhibited the CYP2D6 activity (IC50 = 280.89 μg/mL), but IC50 values of PMJHH exceeded 1000 μg/mL on the activities of CYP1A2, CYP2C19, CYP2E1, and CYP3A4. At concentrations less than 1000 μg/mL, PMJHH did not affect the activities of CYP2B6, CYP2C9, UGT1A1, UGT1A4, and UGT2B7. The results indicate that both BJIKT and PMJHH may be potential candidates to prevent and treat PGE2- and COX-2-mediated inflammatory diseases. In addition, this study will expand current knowledge about herb-drug interactions by BJIKT and PMJHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Eun Jin
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine , Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyekyung Ha
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine , Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyeun-Kyoo Shin
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine , Daejeon, Korea
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Fan HC, Lee HS, Chang KP, Lee YY, Lai HC, Hung PL, Lee HF, Chi CS. The Impact of Anti-Epileptic Drugs on Growth and Bone Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1242. [PMID: 27490534 PMCID: PMC5000640 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder worldwide and anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) are always the first choice for treatment. However, more than 50% of patients with epilepsy who take AEDs have reported bone abnormalities. Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) isoenzymes are induced by AEDs, especially the classical AEDs, such as benzodiazepines (BZDs), carbamazepine (CBZ), phenytoin (PT), phenobarbital (PB), and valproic acid (VPA). The induction of CYP450 isoenzymes may cause vitamin D deficiency, hypocalcemia, increased fracture risks, and altered bone turnover, leading to impaired bone mineral density (BMD). Newer AEDs, such as levetiracetam (LEV), oxcarbazepine (OXC), lamotrigine (LTG), topiramate (TPM), gabapentin (GP), and vigabatrin (VB) have broader spectra, and are safer and better tolerated than the classical AEDs. The effects of AEDs on bone health are controversial. This review focuses on the impact of AEDs on growth and bone metabolism and emphasizes the need for caution and timely withdrawal of these medications to avoid serious disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hueng-Chuen Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, Tungs' Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, Wuchi, 435 Taichung, Taiwan.
- Department of Nursing, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, 356 Miaoli, Taiwan.
| | - Herng-Shen Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, 813 Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Kai-Ping Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 112 Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Yen Lee
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 112 Taipei, Taiwan.
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, 112 Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Hsin-Chuan Lai
- Department of Pediatrics, Tungs' Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, Wuchi, 435 Taichung, Taiwan.
- Department of Nursing, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, 356 Miaoli, Taiwan.
| | - Pi-Lien Hung
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Medical Center, 833 Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Hsiu-Fen Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, 407 Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Shiang Chi
- Department of Pediatrics, Tungs' Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, Wuchi, 435 Taichung, Taiwan.
- Department of Nursing, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, 356 Miaoli, Taiwan.
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Brunius C, Vidanarachchi JK, Tomankova J, Lundström K, Andersson K, Zamaratskaia G. Skatole metabolites in urine as a biological marker of pigs with enhanced hepatic metabolism. Animal 2016; 10:1734-40. [PMID: 27080076 DOI: 10.1017/S1751731116000574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Boar taint is a quality defect in meat, related to accumulation of skatole and androstenone in male pigs. The levels of skatole and its main metabolites in plasma and urine samples were measured with a validated liquid chromatography-MS method and related to activity of hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP450) in order to identify 'fast metabolizing' pigs. Urine (n=46), blood (n=12), liver (n=25) and adipose tissue (n=46) were sampled from a total of 46 entire male pigs. Skatole levels in fat were negatively correlated to CYP2E1 activity and positively to 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI), indole-3-carboxylic acid (ICA) and 2-aminoacetophenone in urine. HMOI and ICA levels in urine were the best predictors of high skatole levels in fat. In summary, the present study provided further evidence for the key role of CYP2E1 in skatole metabolism and suggested that measurement of HMOI and/or ICA in urine might provide information about skatole levels in live pigs.
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