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Mashnafi S, Plat J, Mensink RP, Joris PJ, Kusters YHAM, Houben AJHM, Stehouwer CDA, Schalkwijk CG, Baumgartner S. Effects of Diet-Induced Weight Loss on Plasma Markers for Cholesterol Absorption and Synthesis: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Trial in Abdominally Obese Men. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14081546. [PMID: 35458107 PMCID: PMC9030512 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-sectional studies have shown that obesity is associated with lower intestinal cholesterol absorption and higher endogenous cholesterol synthesis. These metabolic characteristics have also been observed in patients with type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, steatosis or cholestasis. The number of intervention studies evaluating the effect of weight loss on these metabolic characteristics is, however, limited, while the role of the different fat compartments has not been studied into detail. In a randomized trial, abdominally obese men (N = 54) followed a 6-week very low caloric (VLCD) diet, followed by a 2 week weight-maintenance period. Non-cholesterol sterols were measured at baseline and after 8 weeks, and compared to levels in lean participants (N = 25). After weight loss, total cholesterol (TC)-standardized cholestanol levels increased by 0.18 µmol/mmol (p < 0.001), while those of campesterol and lathosterol decreased by 0.25 µmol/mmol (p < 0.05) and 0.39 µmol/mmol (p < 0.001), respectively. Moreover, after weight loss, TC-standardized lathosterol and cholestanol levels were comparable to those of lean men. Increases in TC-standardized cholestanol after weight loss were significantly associated with changes in waist circumference (p < 0.01), weight (p < 0.001), BMI (p < 0.001) and visceral fat (p < 0.01), but not with subcutaneous and intrahepatic lipids. In addition, cross-sectional analysis showed that visceral fat fully mediated the association between BMI and TC-standardized cholestanol levels. Intrahepatic lipid content was a partial mediator for the association between BMI and TC-standardized lathosterol levels. In conclusion, diet-induced weight loss decreased cholesterol synthesis and increased cholesterol absorption. The increase in TC-standardized cholestanol levels was not only related to weight loss, but also to a decrease in visceral fat volume. Whether these metabolic changes ameliorate other metabolic risk factors needs further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Mashnafi
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (S.M.); (J.P.); (R.P.M.); (P.J.J.)
- Department of Medical Basic Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, AlBaha University, AlBaha 65779-7738, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jogchum Plat
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (S.M.); (J.P.); (R.P.M.); (P.J.J.)
| | - Ronald P. Mensink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (S.M.); (J.P.); (R.P.M.); (P.J.J.)
| | - Peter J. Joris
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (S.M.); (J.P.); (R.P.M.); (P.J.J.)
| | - Yvo H. A. M. Kusters
- Department of Internal Medicine, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (Y.H.A.M.K.); (A.J.H.M.H.); (C.D.A.S.); (C.G.S.)
| | - Alfons J. H. M. Houben
- Department of Internal Medicine, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (Y.H.A.M.K.); (A.J.H.M.H.); (C.D.A.S.); (C.G.S.)
| | - Coen D. A. Stehouwer
- Department of Internal Medicine, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (Y.H.A.M.K.); (A.J.H.M.H.); (C.D.A.S.); (C.G.S.)
| | - Casper G. Schalkwijk
- Department of Internal Medicine, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (Y.H.A.M.K.); (A.J.H.M.H.); (C.D.A.S.); (C.G.S.)
| | - Sabine Baumgartner
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (S.M.); (J.P.); (R.P.M.); (P.J.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-43-3881305
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Nogacka AM, de Los Reyes-Gavilán CG, Martínez-Faedo C, Ruas-Madiedo P, Suarez A, Mancabelli L, Ventura M, Cifuentes A, León C, Gueimonde M, Salazar N. Impact of Extreme Obesity and Diet-Induced Weight Loss on the Fecal Metabolome and Gut Microbiota. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 65:e2000030. [PMID: 32966685 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE A limited number of human studies have characterized fecal microbiota and metabolome in extreme obesity and after diet-induced weight loss. METHODS AND RESULTS Fecal samples from normal-weight and extremely obese adults and from obese participants before and after moderate diet-induced weight loss are evaluated for their interaction with the intestinal adenocarcinoma cell line HT29 using an impedance-based in vitro model, which reveals variations in the interaction between the gut microbiota and host linked to obesity status. Microbiota composition, short chain fatty acids, and other intestinal metabolites are further analyzed to assess the interplay among diet, gut microbiota, and host in extreme obesity. Microbiota profiles are distinct between normal-weight and obese participants and are accompanied by fecal signatures in the metabolism of biliary compounds and catecholamines. Moderate diet-induced weight loss promotes shifts in the gut microbiota, and the primary fecal metabolomics features are associated with diet and the gut-liver and gut-brain axes. CONCLUSIONS Analyses of the fecal microbiota and metabolome enable assessment of the impact of diet on gut microbiota composition and activity, supporting the potential use of certain fecal metabolites or members of the gut microbiota as biomarkers for the efficacy of weight loss in extreme obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja M Nogacka
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Asturias, 33300, Spain.,Diet, Human Microbiota and Health Group, Institute of Health Research of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, 33011, Spain
| | - Clara G de Los Reyes-Gavilán
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Asturias, 33300, Spain.,Diet, Human Microbiota and Health Group, Institute of Health Research of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, 33011, Spain
| | - Ceferino Martínez-Faedo
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Central University Hospital of Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Asturias, 33011, Spain.,Endocrinology, Nutrition, Diabetes and Obesity Group, Institute of Health Research of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, 33011, Spain
| | - Patricia Ruas-Madiedo
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Asturias, 33300, Spain.,Functionality and Ecology of Beneficial Microorganisms, Institute of Health Research of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, 33011, Spain
| | - Adolfo Suarez
- Diet, Human Microbiota and Health Group, Institute of Health Research of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, 33011, Spain.,Digestive Service, Central University Hospital of Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Asturias, 33011, Spain
| | - Leonardo Mancabelli
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, 43121, Italy
| | - Marco Ventura
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, 43121, Italy
| | - Alejandro Cifuentes
- Laboratory of Foodomics, Institute of Food Science Research, CIAL, CSIC, Nicolás Cabrera 9, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Carlos León
- Department of Bioengineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganés, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Gueimonde
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Asturias, 33300, Spain.,Diet, Human Microbiota and Health Group, Institute of Health Research of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, 33011, Spain
| | - Nuria Salazar
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Asturias, 33300, Spain.,Diet, Human Microbiota and Health Group, Institute of Health Research of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, 33011, Spain
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Jiang Y, Spurny M, Schübel R, Nonnenmacher T, Schlett CL, von Stackelberg O, Ulrich CM, Kaaks R, Kauczor HU, Kühn T, Nattenmüller J. Changes in Pancreatic Fat Content Following Diet-Induced Weight Loss. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040912. [PMID: 31018616 PMCID: PMC6521168 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Obesity can lead to ectopic pancreatic fat accumulation and increase the risk for type 2 diabetes. Smaller intervention trials have shown a decrease in pancreatic fat content (PFC) with weight loss, and we intended to investigate the effects of weight loss on PFC in a larger trial. Methods: Data from the HELENA-Trial, a randomized controlled trial (RCT) among 137 non-diabetic obese adults were used. The study cohort was classified into 4 quartiles based on weight change between baseline and 12 weeks post-intervention. Changes in PFC (baseline, 12 weeks and 50 weeks post-intervention) upon weight loss were analyzed by linear mixed models. Spearman’s coefficients were used to obtain correlations between anthropometric parameters, blood biochemical markers, and PFC. Results: At baseline, PFC only showed a significant correlation with visceral adipose tissue (VAT) (r = 0.41). Relative changes in PFC were significantly (p = 0.01) greater in Q4 (−30.8 ± 5.7%) than in Q1 (1.3 ± 6.7%). These differences remained similar after one year. However, when adjusting the statistical analyses for changes in VAT, the differences in PFC between Q1 and Q4 were no longer statistically significant. Conclusion: Weight loss is associated with a decrease in PFC. However, the reduction of PFC is not independent from reductions in VAT. Unlike VAT, PFC was not associated with metabolic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Jiang
- Heidelberg University Hospital, Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Manuela Spurny
- Heidelberg University Hospital, Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Ruth Schübel
- Heidelberg University Hospital, Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Tobias Nonnenmacher
- Heidelberg University Hospital, Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Christopher L Schlett
- Heidelberg University Hospital, Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Oyunbileg von Stackelberg
- Heidelberg University Hospital, Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Cornelia M Ulrich
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5550, USA.
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Hans-Ulrich Kauczor
- Heidelberg University Hospital, Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Tilman Kühn
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Johanna Nattenmüller
- Heidelberg University Hospital, Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Halliday TM, Polsky S, Schoen JA, Legget KT, Tregellas JR, Williamson KM, Cornier MA. Comparison of surgical versus diet-induced weight loss on appetite regulation and metabolic health outcomes. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14048. [PMID: 30927343 PMCID: PMC6440915 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bariatric surgery is associated with significant and sustained weight loss and improved metabolic outcomes. It is unclear if weight loss alone is the main mechanism of improved metabolic health. The purpose of this trial was to compare indices of appetite regulation, insulin sensitivity and energy intake (EI) between participants achieving 10 kg of weight loss via Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) or dietary restriction (DIET); intake of a very low calorie liquid diet (800 kcal/d; 40% protein, 40% fat, 20% carbohydrate that matched the post-RYGB dietary protocol). Adults qualifying for bariatric surgery were studied before and after 10 kg of weight loss (RYGB [n = 6]) or DIET [n = 17]). Appetite (hunger, satiety, and prospective food consumption [PFC]), appetite-related hormones, and metabolites (ghrelin, PYY, GLP-1, insulin, glucose, free fatty acids [FFA], and triglycerides [TG]) were measured in the fasting state and every 30 min for 180 min following breakfast. Participants were provided lunch to evaluate acute ad libitum EI, which was similarly reduced in both groups from pre to post weight loss. Fasting ghrelin was reduced to a greater extent following RYGB compared to DIET (P = 0.04). Area under the curve (AUC) for ghrelin (P = 0.01), hunger (P < 0.01) and PFC (P < 0.01) increased after DIET compared to RYGB, following 10 kg weight loss. Satiety AUC increased after RYGB and decreased after DIET (P < 0.01). Glucose and insulin (fasting and AUC) decreased in both groups. FFA increased in both groups, with a greater increase in AUC seen after RYGB versus DIET (P = 0.02). In summary, appetite-related indices were altered in a manner that, if maintained, may promote a sustained reduction in energy intake with RYGB compared to DIET. Future work with a larger sample size and longer follow-up will be important to confirm and extend these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya M Halliday
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Recreation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Sarit Polsky
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jonathan A Schoen
- Division of GI, Tumor and Endocrine Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Kristina T Legget
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jason R Tregellas
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Kayla M Williamson
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Marc-Andre Cornier
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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