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Iwasaki N, Karali A, Roldo M, Blunn G. Full-Field Strain Measurements of the Muscle-Tendon Junction Using X-ray Computed Tomography and Digital Volume Correlation. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:162. [PMID: 38391648 PMCID: PMC10886230 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11020162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
We report, for the first time, the full-field 3D strain distribution of the muscle-tendon junction (MTJ). Understanding the strain distribution at the junction is crucial for the treatment of injuries and to predict tear formation at this location. Three-dimensional full-field strain distribution of mouse MTJ was measured using X-ray computer tomography (XCT) combined with digital volume correlation (DVC) with the aim of understanding the mechanical behavior of the junction under tensile loading. The interface between the Achilles tendon and the gastrocnemius muscle was harvested from adult mice and stained using 1% phosphotungstic acid in 70% ethanol. In situ XCT combined with DVC was used to image and compute strain distribution at the MTJ under a tensile load (2.4 N). High strain measuring 120,000 µε, 160,000 µε, and 120,000 µε for the first principal stain (εp1), shear strain (γ), and von Mises strain (εVM), respectively, was measured at the MTJ and these values reduced into the body of the muscle or into the tendon. Strain is concentrated at the MTJ, which is at risk of being damaged in activities associated with excessive physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nodoka Iwasaki
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Aikaterina Karali
- School of Mechanical and Design Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3DJ, UK
| | - Marta Roldo
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Gordon Blunn
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
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Severyns M, Zot F, Harika-Germaneau G, Germaneau A, Herpe G, Naudin M, Valle V, Danion J, Vendeuvre T. Extrusion and meniscal mobility evaluation in case of ramp lesion injury: a biomechanical feasibility study by 7T magnetic resonance imaging and digital volume correlation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 11:1289290. [PMID: 38249805 PMCID: PMC10796713 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1289290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The existing body of literature on the biomechanical implications of ramp lesions is limited, leaving a significant gap in our understanding of how these lesions impact joint kinematics and loading in the medial compartment. This cadaveric biomechanical study aims to address this gap by employing an innovative Digital Volume Correlation (DVC) method, utilizing 7 Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) images under various loading conditions. The primary objective is to conduct a comprehensive comparison of medial meniscal mobility between native knees and knees affected by grade 4 ramp lesions. By focusing on the intricate dynamics of meniscal mobility and extrusion, this work seeks to contribute valuable insights into the biomechanical consequences of medial meniscus ramp lesions. Materials and methods: An initial set of 7T MRI imaging sessions was conducted on two intact native knees, applying load values up to 1500N. Subsequently, a second series of images was captured on these identical knees, with the same loads applied, following the creation through arthroscopy of medial meniscus ramp lesions. The application of DVC enabled the precise determination of the three components of displacement and spatial variations in the medial menisci, both with and without ramp lesions. Results: The measured directional displacements between native knees and injured knees indicate that, following the application of axial compression load, menisci exhibit increased extrusion and posterior mobility as observed through DVC. Discussion: Injuries associated with Subtype 4 medial meniscus ramp lesions appear to elevate meniscal extrusion and posterior mobility during axial compression in the anterior cruciate ligament of intact knees. Following these preliminary results, we plan to expand our experimental approach to encompass individuals undergoing weight-bearing MRI. This expansion aims to identify meniscocapsular and/or meniscotibial insufficiency or rupture in patients, enabling us to proactively reduce the risk of osteoarthritic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Severyns
- Institut Pprime UPR 3346, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique–Université de Poitiers–ISAE-ENSMA, Poitiers, France
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Clinique Porte Océane, Les Sables d’Olonne, France
| | - F. Zot
- Institut Pprime UPR 3346, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique–Université de Poitiers–ISAE-ENSMA, Poitiers, France
| | - G. Harika-Germaneau
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Pierre Deniker, CH Henri Laborit, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l’Apprentissage UMR 7295, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique–Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - A. Germaneau
- Institut Pprime UPR 3346, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique–Université de Poitiers–ISAE-ENSMA, Poitiers, France
| | - G. Herpe
- CHU de Poitiers, Department of Radiology, LabCom I3M Centre National de Recherche Scientifique–Siemens Healthineers, LMA, UMRCNRS 7348, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - M. Naudin
- CHU de Poitiers, Department of Radiology, LabCom I3M Centre National de Recherche Scientifique–Siemens Healthineers, LMA, UMRCNRS 7348, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - V. Valle
- Institut Pprime UPR 3346, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique–Université de Poitiers–ISAE-ENSMA, Poitiers, France
| | - J. Danion
- CHU de Poitiers, ABS Lab, Poitiers, France
| | - T. Vendeuvre
- Institut Pprime UPR 3346, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique–Université de Poitiers–ISAE-ENSMA, Poitiers, France
- CHU de Poitiers, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Poitiers, France
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Kusins J, Knowles N, Martensson N, P Columbus M, Athwal GS, M Ferreira L. Full-field experimental analysis of the influence of microstructural parameters on the mechanical properties of humeral head trabecular bone. J Orthop Res 2022; 40:2048-2056. [PMID: 34910321 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanical properties of trabecular bone within the metaphysis of the proximal humerus is becoming increasingly important for the design of humeral head joint replacement components that prioritize bone preservation. The aim of this study was to perform full-field mechanical testing methods on isolated trabecular bone cores from the humeral head to experimentally measure the local magnitude of strain before macroscopic failure and to characterize the ultimate strength of each core. Isolated cubic trabecular bone cores were extracted from the center of humeral head osteotomies retrieved from (1) patients with end-stage osteoarthritis (OA) undergoing total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) and (2) normal nonpathologic cadaveric humeral heads. A custom computed tomography (CT)-compatible loading device was used to perform compressive mechanical testing. For 10 of the OA specimens, stepwise loading was performed directly within a microCT scanner and digital volume correlation (DVC) was used to measure full-field strains throughout the trabecular structure. A higher variability in ultimate strength was measured for the trabecular cores retrieved from OA humeral heads (range: 2.8-7.6 MPa) compared to the normal cadaveric humeral heads (range: 2.2-5.4 MPa), but no statistically significant difference between the groups was found (p = 0.06). Ultimate strength was strongly correlated with bone volume fraction (OA r2 = 0.72; normal r2 = 0.76) and bone mineral content (OA r2 = 0.79; normal r2 = 0.77). At the trabecular level, 95th percentile of third principal strains, measured at a subvolume size of 152 µm, exceeded 19,000 µε for each of the 10 specimens (range: -19,551 to -36,535 µε) before macroscopic failure of the cores occured. No strong linear correlations (r2 ≥ 0.50) were found between the median or 95th percentile of DVC third principal strain and the corresponding morphometric parameters of each individual bone core. The results of this study indicate that bone volume fraction and bone mineral content heavily influence the apparent ultimate strength of trabecular bone cores collected from OA patients undergoing TSA. Clinical significance: The strong correlations observed within this study further emphasize the importance of considering bone mineral content or bone volume fraction measurements in assessing the localized risk of trabecular bone fracture for orthopedic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Kusins
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Roth, McFarlane Hand and Upper Limb Centre, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nikolas Knowles
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nicole Martensson
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Roth, McFarlane Hand and Upper Limb Centre, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melanie P Columbus
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - George S Athwal
- Roth, McFarlane Hand and Upper Limb Centre, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Louis M Ferreira
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.,Roth, McFarlane Hand and Upper Limb Centre, St. Joseph's Health Care, London, Ontario, Canada
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Tavana S, Masouros SD, Baxan N, Freedman BA, Hansen UN, Newell N. The Effect of Degeneration on Internal Strains and the Mechanism of Failure in Human Intervertebral Discs Analyzed Using Digital Volume Correlation (DVC) and Ultra-High Field MRI. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:610907. [PMID: 33553116 PMCID: PMC7859352 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.610907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The intervertebral disc (IVD) plays a main role in absorbing and transmitting loads within the spinal column. Degeneration alters the structural integrity of the IVDs and causes pain, especially in the lumbar region. The objective of this study was to investigate non-invasively the effect of degeneration on human 3D lumbar IVD strains (n = 8) and the mechanism of spinal failure (n = 10) under pure axial compression using digital volume correlation (DVC) and 9.4 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Degenerate IVDs had higher (p < 0.05) axial strains (58% higher), maximum 3D compressive strains (43% higher), and maximum 3D shear strains (41% higher), in comparison to the non-degenerate IVDs, particularly in the lateral and posterior annulus. In both degenerate and non-degenerate IVDs, peak tensile and shear strains were observed close to the endplates. Inward bulging of the inner annulus was observed in all degenerate IVDs causing an increase in the AF compressive, tensile, and shear strains at the site of inward bulge, which may predispose it to circumferential tears (delamination). The endplate is the spine's “weak link” in pure axial compression, and the mechanism of human vertebral fracture is associated with disc degeneration. In non-degenerate IVDs the locations of failure were close to the endplate centroid, whereas in degenerate IVDs they were in peripheral regions. These findings advance the state of knowledge on mechanical changes during degeneration of the IVD, which help reduce the risk of injury, optimize treatments, and improve spinal implant designs. Additionally, these new data can be used to validate computational models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Tavana
- Biomechanics Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Spyros D Masouros
- Royal British Legion Centre for Blast Injuries Studies, Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicoleta Baxan
- Biological Imaging Centre, Central Biomedical Services, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brett A Freedman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Ulrich N Hansen
- Biomechanics Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Newell
- Biomechanics Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Karali A, Kao AP, Meeson R, Roldo M, Blunn GW, Tozzi G. Full-field strain of regenerated bone tissue in a femoral fracture model. J Microsc 2020; 285:156-166. [PMID: 32530049 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical behaviour of regenerated bone tissue during fracture healing is key in determining its ability to withstand physiological loads. However, the strain distribution in the newly formed tissue and how this influences the way a fracture heals it is still unclear. X-ray Computed Tomography (XCT) has been extensively used to assess the progress of mineralised tissues in regeneration and when combined with in situ mechanics and digital volume correlation (DVC) has been proven a powerful tool to understand the mechanical behaviour and full-field three-dimensional (3D) strain distribution in bone. The purpose of this study is therefore to use in situ XCT mechanics and DVC to investigate the strain distribution and load-bearing capacity in a regenerating fracture in the diaphyseal bone, using a rodent femoral fracture model stabilised by external fixation. Rat femurs with 1 mm and 2 mm osteotomy gaps were tested under in situ XCT step-wise compression in the apparent elastic region. High strain was present in the newly formed bone (εp1 and εp3 reaching 29 000 µε and -43 000 µε, respectively), with a wide variation and inhomogeneity of the 3D strain distribution in the regenerating tissues of the fracture gap, which is directly related to the presence of unmineralised tissue observed in histological images. The outcomes of this study will contribute in understanding natural regenerative ability of bone and its mechanical behaviour under loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Karali
- Zeiss Global Centre, School of Mechanical and Design Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - A P Kao
- Zeiss Global Centre, School of Mechanical and Design Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - R Meeson
- Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - M Roldo
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - G W Blunn
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - G Tozzi
- Zeiss Global Centre, School of Mechanical and Design Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
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Disney CM, Lee PD, Hoyland JA, Sherratt MJ, Bay BK. A review of techniques for visualising soft tissue microstructure deformation and quantifying strain Ex Vivo. J Microsc 2018; 272:165-179. [PMID: 29655273 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Many biological tissues have a complex hierarchical structure allowing them to function under demanding physiological loading conditions. Structural changes caused by ageing or disease can lead to loss of mechanical function. Therefore, it is necessary to characterise tissue structure to understand normal tissue function and the progression of disease. Ideally intact native tissues should be imaged in 3D and under physiological loading conditions. The current published in situ imaging methodologies demonstrate a compromise between imaging limitations and maintaining the samples native mechanical function. This review gives an overview of in situ imaging techniques used to visualise microstructural deformation of soft tissue, including three case studies of different tissues (tendon, intervertebral disc and artery). Some of the imaging techniques restricted analysis to observational mechanics or discrete strain measurement from invasive markers. Full-field local surface strain measurement has been achieved using digital image correlation. Volumetric strain fields have successfully been quantified from in situ X-ray microtomography (micro-CT) studies of bone using digital volume correlation but not in soft tissue due to low X-ray transmission contrast. With the latest developments in micro-CT showing in-line phase contrast capability to resolve native soft tissue microstructure, there is potential for future soft tissue mechanics research where 3D local strain can be quantified. These methods will provide information on the local 3D micromechanical environment experienced by cells in healthy, aged and diseased tissues. It is hoped that future applications of in situ imaging techniques will impact positively on the design and testing of potential tissue replacements or regenerative therapies. LAY DESCRIPTION: The soft tissues in our bodies, such as tendons, intervertebral discs and arteries, have evolved to have complicated structures which deform and bear load during normal function. Small changes in these structures can occur with age and disease which then leads to loss of function. Therefore, it is important to image tissue microstructure in 3D and under functional conditions. This paper gives an overview of imaging techniques used to record the deformation of soft tissue microstructures. Commonly there are compromises between obtaining the best imaging result and retaining the samples native structure and function. For example, invasive markers and dissecting samples damages the tissues natural structure, and staining or clearing (making the tissue more transparent) can distort tissue structure. Structural deformation has been quantified from 2D imaging techniques (digital image correlation) to create surface strain maps which help identify local tissue mechanics. When extended to 3D (digital volume correlation), deformation measurement has been limited to bone samples using X-ray micro-CT. Recently it has been possible to image the 3D structure of soft tissue using X-ray micro-CT meaning that there is potential for internal soft tissue mechanics to be mapped in 3D. Future application of micro-CT and digital volume correlation will be important for soft tissue mechanics studies particularly to understand normal function, progression of disease and in the design of tissue replacements.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Disney
- Centre for Doctoral Training in Regenerative Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.,Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - P D Lee
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - J A Hoyland
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K.,NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, U.K
| | - M J Sherratt
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | - B K Bay
- School of Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, U.S.A
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