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Krzystek-Korpacka M, Szczęśniak-Sięga B, Szczuka I, Fortuna P, Zawadzki M, Kubiak A, Mierzchała-Pasierb M, Fleszar MG, Lewandowski Ł, Serek P, Jamrozik N, Neubauer K, Wiśniewski J, Kempiński R, Witkiewicz W, Bednarz-Misa I. L-Arginine/Nitric Oxide Pathway Is Altered in Colorectal Cancer and Can Be Modulated by Novel Derivatives from Oxicam Class of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2594. [PMID: 32932854 PMCID: PMC7564351 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway metabolites are altered in colorectal cancer (CRC). We evaluated underlying changes in pathway enzymes in 55 paired tumor/tumor-adjacent samples and 20 normal mucosa using quantitative-PCR and assessed the impact of classic and novel oxicam analogues on enzyme expression and intracellular metabolite concentration (LC-MS/MS) in Caco-2, HCT116, and HT-29 cells. Compared to normal mucosa, ARG1, PRMT1, and PRMT5 were overexpressed in both tumor and tumor-adjacent tissue and DDAH2 solely in tumor-adjacent tissue. Tumor-adjacent tissue had higher expression of ARG1, DDAH1, and DDAH2 and lower NOS2 than patients-matched tumors. The ARG1 expression in tumors increased along with tumor grade and reflected lymph node involvement. Novel oxicam analogues with arylpiperazine moiety at the thiazine ring were more effective in downregulating DDAHs and PRMTs and upregulating ARG2 than piroxicam and meloxicam. An analogue distinguished by propylene linker between thiazine's and piperazine's nitrogen atoms and containing two fluorine substituents was the strongest inhibitor of DDAHs and PRMTs expression, while an analogue containing propylene linker but no fluorine substituents was the strongest inhibitor of ARG2 expression. Metabolic reprogramming in CRC includes overexpression of DDAHs and PRMTs in addition to ARG1 and NOS2 and is not restricted to tumor tissue but can be modulated by novel oxicam analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Krzystek-Korpacka
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (I.S.); (P.F.); (A.K.); (M.M.-P.); (M.G.F.); (Ł.L.); (P.S.); (N.J.); (J.W.); (I.B.-M.)
| | - Berenika Szczęśniak-Sięga
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Izabela Szczuka
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (I.S.); (P.F.); (A.K.); (M.M.-P.); (M.G.F.); (Ł.L.); (P.S.); (N.J.); (J.W.); (I.B.-M.)
| | - Paulina Fortuna
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (I.S.); (P.F.); (A.K.); (M.M.-P.); (M.G.F.); (Ł.L.); (P.S.); (N.J.); (J.W.); (I.B.-M.)
| | - Marek Zawadzki
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Regional Specialist Hospital, 51-124 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.Z.); (W.W.)
- Department of Physiotherapy, Wroclaw Medical University, 51-618 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kubiak
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (I.S.); (P.F.); (A.K.); (M.M.-P.); (M.G.F.); (Ł.L.); (P.S.); (N.J.); (J.W.); (I.B.-M.)
| | - Magdalena Mierzchała-Pasierb
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (I.S.); (P.F.); (A.K.); (M.M.-P.); (M.G.F.); (Ł.L.); (P.S.); (N.J.); (J.W.); (I.B.-M.)
| | - Mariusz G. Fleszar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (I.S.); (P.F.); (A.K.); (M.M.-P.); (M.G.F.); (Ł.L.); (P.S.); (N.J.); (J.W.); (I.B.-M.)
| | - Łukasz Lewandowski
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (I.S.); (P.F.); (A.K.); (M.M.-P.); (M.G.F.); (Ł.L.); (P.S.); (N.J.); (J.W.); (I.B.-M.)
| | - Paweł Serek
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (I.S.); (P.F.); (A.K.); (M.M.-P.); (M.G.F.); (Ł.L.); (P.S.); (N.J.); (J.W.); (I.B.-M.)
| | - Natalia Jamrozik
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (I.S.); (P.F.); (A.K.); (M.M.-P.); (M.G.F.); (Ł.L.); (P.S.); (N.J.); (J.W.); (I.B.-M.)
| | - Katarzyna Neubauer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.N.); (R.K.)
| | - Jerzy Wiśniewski
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (I.S.); (P.F.); (A.K.); (M.M.-P.); (M.G.F.); (Ł.L.); (P.S.); (N.J.); (J.W.); (I.B.-M.)
| | - Radosław Kempiński
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.N.); (R.K.)
| | - Wojciech Witkiewicz
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Regional Specialist Hospital, 51-124 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.Z.); (W.W.)
- Research and Development Centre at Regional Specialist Hospital, 51-124 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Bednarz-Misa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (I.S.); (P.F.); (A.K.); (M.M.-P.); (M.G.F.); (Ł.L.); (P.S.); (N.J.); (J.W.); (I.B.-M.)
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Bednarz-Misa I, Fortuna P, Fleszar MG, Lewandowski Ł, Diakowska D, Rosińczuk J, Krzystek-Korpacka M. Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Is Accompanied by Local and Systemic Changes in L-arginine/NO Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6282. [PMID: 32872669 PMCID: PMC7503331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The L-arginine/NO pathway holds promise as a source of potential therapy target and biomarker; yet, its status and utility in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is unclear. We aimed at quantifying pathway metabolites in sera from patients with ESCC (n = 61) and benign conditions (n = 62) using LC-QTOF-MS and enzyme expression in esophageal tumors and matched noncancerous samples (n = 40) using real-time PCR with reference to ESCC pathology and circulating immune/inflammatory mediators, quantified using Luminex xMAP technology. ESCC was associated with elevated systemic arginine and asymmetric dimethylarginine. Citrulline decreased and arginine bioavailability increased along with increasing ESCC advancement. Compared to adjacent tissue, tumors overexpressed ODC1, NOS2, PRMT1, and PRMT5 but had downregulated ARG1, ARG2, and DDAH1. Except for markedly higher NOS2 and lower ODC1 in tumors from M1 patients, the pathology-associated changes in enzyme expression were subtle and present also in noncancerous tissue. Both the local enzyme expression level and systemic metabolite concentration were related to circulating inflammatory and immune mediators, particularly those associated with eosinophils and those promoting viability and self-renewal of cancer stem cells. Metabolic reprogramming in ESCC manifests itself by the altered L-arginine/NO pathway. Upregulation of PRMTs in addition to NOS2 and ODC1 and the pathway link with stemness-promoting cytokines warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Bednarz-Misa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (I.B.-M.); (P.F.); (M.G.F.); (Ł.L.)
| | - Paulina Fortuna
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (I.B.-M.); (P.F.); (M.G.F.); (Ł.L.)
| | - Mariusz G. Fleszar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (I.B.-M.); (P.F.); (M.G.F.); (Ł.L.)
| | - Łukasz Lewandowski
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (I.B.-M.); (P.F.); (M.G.F.); (Ł.L.)
| | - Dorota Diakowska
- Department of Gastrointestinal and General Surgery, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Department of Nervous System Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, 51-618 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Joanna Rosińczuk
- Department of Nervous System Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, 51-618 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Krzystek-Korpacka
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (I.B.-M.); (P.F.); (M.G.F.); (Ł.L.)
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Hannemann J, Zummack J, Hillig J, Böger R. Metabolism of asymmetric dimethylarginine in hypoxia: from bench to bedside. Pulm Circ 2020; 10:2045894020918846. [PMID: 32313644 PMCID: PMC7158260 DOI: 10.1177/2045894020918846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute hypoxia and chronic hypoxia induce pulmonary vasoconstriction. While hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction is a physiological response if parts of the lung are affected, global exposure to hypoxic conditions may lead to clinical conditions like high-altitude pulmonary hypertension. Nitric oxide is the major vasodilator released from the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide-dependent vasodilation is impaired in hypoxic conditions. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis is the most rapid and easily reversible molecular mechanism to regulate nitric oxide-dependent vascular function in response to physiological and pathophysiological stimuli. Asymmetric dimethylarginine is an endogenous, competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase and a risk marker for major cardiovascular events and mortality. Elevated asymmetric dimethylarginine has been observed in animal models of hypoxia as well as in human cohorts under chronic and chronic intermittent hypoxia at high altitude. In lowlanders, asymmetric dimethylarginine is high in patients with pulmonary hypertension. We have recently shown that high asymmetric dimethylarginine at sea level is a predictor for high-altitude pulmonary hypertension. Asymmetric dimethylarginine is a highly regulated molecule, both by its biosynthesis and metabolism. Methylation of L-arginine by protein arginine methyltransferases was shown to be increased in hypoxia. Furthermore, the metabolism of asymmetric dimethylarginine by dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolases (DDAH1 and DDAH2) is decreased in animal models of hypoxia. Whether these changes are caused by transcriptional or posttranslational modifications remains to be elucidated. Current data suggest a major role of asymmetric dimethylarginine in regulating pulmonary arterial nitric oxide production in hypoxia. Further studies are needed to decipher the molecular mechanisms regulating asymmetric dimethylarginine in hypoxia and to understand their clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Hannemann
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute DECIPHER, German-Chilean Institute for Research on Pulmonary Hypoxia and its Health Sequelae, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julia Zummack
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute DECIPHER, German-Chilean Institute for Research on Pulmonary Hypoxia and its Health Sequelae, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jonas Hillig
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute DECIPHER, German-Chilean Institute for Research on Pulmonary Hypoxia and its Health Sequelae, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Böger
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute DECIPHER, German-Chilean Institute for Research on Pulmonary Hypoxia and its Health Sequelae, Hamburg, Germany
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Krzystek-Korpacka M, G. Fleszar M, Bednarz-Misa I, Lewandowski Ł, Szczuka I, Kempiński R, Neubauer K. Transcriptional and Metabolomic Analysis of L-Arginine/Nitric Oxide Pathway in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Its Association with Local Inflammatory and Angiogenic Response: Preliminary Findings. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051641. [PMID: 32121248 PMCID: PMC7084352 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
L-arginine/nitric oxide pathway in Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) is poorly investigated. The aim of current study is to quantify pathway serum metabolites in 52 CD (40 active), 48 UC (33 active), and 18 irritable bowel syndrome patients and 40 controls using mass spectrometry and at determining mRNA expression of pathway-associated enzymes in 91 bowel samples. Arginine and symmetric dimethylarginine decreased (p < 0.05) in active-CD (129 and 0.437 µM) compared to controls (157 and 0.494 µM) and active-UC (164 and 0.52 µM). Citrulline and dimethylamine increased (p < 0.05) in active-CD (68.7 and 70.9 µM) and active-UC (65.9 and 73.9 µM) compared to controls (42.7 and 50.4 µM). Compared to normal, CD-inflamed small bowel had downregulated (p < 0.05) arginase-2 by 2.4-fold and upregulated dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH)-2 (1.5-fold) and arginine N-methyltransferase (PRMT)-2 (1.6-fold). Quiescent-CD small bowel had upregulated (p < 0.05) arginase-2 (1.8-fold), DDAH1 (2.9-fold), DDAH2 (1.5-fold), PRMT1 (1.5-fold), PRMT2 (1.7-fold), and PRMT5 (1.4-fold). Pathway enzymes were upregulated in CD-inflamed/quiescent and UC-inflamed colon as compared to normal. Compared to inflamed, quiescent CD-colon had upregulated DDAH1 (5.7-fold) and ornithine decarboxylase (1.6-fold). Concluding, the pathway is deregulated in CD and UC, also in quiescent bowel, reflecting inflammation severity and angiogenic potential. Functional analysis of PRMTs and DDAHs as potential targets for therapy is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Krzystek-Korpacka
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wrocław, Poland; (M.G.F.); (I.B.-M.); (Ł.L.); (I.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-71-784-1375
| | - Mariusz G. Fleszar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wrocław, Poland; (M.G.F.); (I.B.-M.); (Ł.L.); (I.S.)
| | - Iwona Bednarz-Misa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wrocław, Poland; (M.G.F.); (I.B.-M.); (Ł.L.); (I.S.)
| | - Łukasz Lewandowski
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wrocław, Poland; (M.G.F.); (I.B.-M.); (Ł.L.); (I.S.)
| | - Izabela Szczuka
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wrocław, Poland; (M.G.F.); (I.B.-M.); (Ł.L.); (I.S.)
| | - Radosław Kempiński
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland; (R.K.); (K.N.)
| | - Katarzyna Neubauer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland; (R.K.); (K.N.)
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Jarzebska N, Mangoni AA, Martens-Lobenhoffer J, Bode-Böger SM, Rodionov RN. The Second Life of Methylarginines as Cardiovascular Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4592. [PMID: 31533264 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous methylarginines were proposed as cardiovascular risk factors more than two decades ago, however, so far, this knowledge has not led to the development of novel therapeutic approaches. The initial studies were primarily focused on the endogenous inhibitors of nitric oxide synthases asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and monomethylarginine (MMA) and the main enzyme regulating their clearance dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1 (DDAH1). To date, all the screens for DDAH1 activators performed with the purified recombinant DDAH1 enzyme have not yielded any promising hits, which is probably the main reason why interest towards this research field has started to fade. The relative contribution of the second DDAH isoenzyme DDAH2 towards ADMA and MMA clearance is still a matter of controversy. ADMA, MMA and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) are also metabolized by alanine: glyoxylate aminotransferase 2 (AGXT2), however, in addition to methylarginines, this enzyme also has several cardiovascular protective substrates, so the net effect of possible therapeutic targeting of AGXT2 is currently unclear. Recent studies on regulation and functions of the enzymes metabolizing methylarginines have given a second life to this research direction. Our review discusses the latest discoveries and controversies in the field and proposes novel directions for targeting methylarginines in clinical settings.
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Wu Y, Zhang JJ, Li TB, Liu WQ, Li LS, Luo XJ, Jiang JL, Ma QL, Yang ZC, Peng J. Phosphorylation of Nonmuscle Myosin Light Chain Promotes Endothelial Injury in Hyperlipidemic Rats Through a Mechanism Involving Downregulation of Dimethylarginine Dimethylaminohydrolase 2. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2016; 21:536-548. [PMID: 26911182 DOI: 10.1177/1074248416634465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Suppression of dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) activation is related to endothelial dysfunction in hyperlipidemia, and nonmuscle myosin regulatory light chain (nmMLC20) has been show to exert transcriptional function in regulation of gene expression. This study aims to explore whether the suppression of DDAH activation promotes endothelial injury under the condition of hyperlipidemia and whether nmMLC20 can regulate DDAH expression in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. The rats were fed with high-fat diet for 8 weeks to establish a hyperlipidemic model, which showed an increase in plasma lipids and endothelial injury, accompanied by an elevation in myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) activity, phosphorylated nmMLC20 (p-nmMLC20) level, and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) content as well as a reduction in DDAH2 expression, DDAH activity, and nitric oxide (NO) content. Next, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were incubated with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL; 100 μg/mL) for 24 hours to establish a cellular injury model in vitro. Consistent with the finding in vivo, ox-LDL induced HUVECs injury (apoptosis and necrosis) concomitant with an increase in MLCK activity, p-nmMLC20 level (in total or nuclear proteins), and ADMA content as well as a reduction in DDAH2 expression, DDAH activity, and NO content; these phenomena were attenuated by MLCK inhibitor. Either in hyperlipidemic rats or in ox-LDL-treated HUVECs, there was not significant change in DDAH1 expression. Based on these observations, we conclude that the suppression of DDAH2 expression might account for, at least partially, the vascular endothelial dysfunction in hyperlipidemia, and nmMLC20 plays a role in suppression of DDAH2 expression in a phosphorylation-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie-Jie Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ting-Bo Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei-Qi Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lian-Sheng Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiu-Ju Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jun-Lin Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qi-Lin Ma
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhi-Chun Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jun Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Aldámiz-Echevarría L, Andrade F. Asymmetric dimethylarginine, endothelial dysfunction and renal disease. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:11288-11311. [PMID: 23109853 PMCID: PMC3472745 DOI: 10.3390/ijms130911288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
l-Arginine (Arg) is oxidized to l-citrulline and nitric oxide (NO) by the action of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS). In contrast, protein-incorporated Arg residues can be methylated with subsequent proteolysis giving rise to methylarginine compounds, such as asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) that competes with Arg for binding to NOS. Most ADMA is degraded by dimethylarginine dimethyaminohydrolase (DDAH), distributed widely throughout the body and regulates ADMA levels and, therefore, NO synthesis. In recent years, several studies have suggested that increased ADMA levels are a marker of atherosclerotic change, and can be used to assess cardiovascular risk, consistent with ADMA being predominantly absorbed by endothelial cells. NO is an important messenger molecule involved in numerous biological processes, and its activity is essential to understand both pathogenic and therapeutic mechanisms in kidney disease and renal transplantation. NO production is reduced in renal patients because of their elevated ADMA levels with associated reduced DDAH activity. These factors contribute to endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress and the progression of renal damage, but there are treatments that may effectively reduce ADMA levels in patients with kidney disease. Available data on ADMA levels in controls and renal patients, both in adults and children, also are summarized in this review.
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