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Slavin BV, Mirsky NA, Stauber ZM, Nayak VV, Smay JE, Rivera CF, Mijares DQ, Coelho PG, Cronstein BN, Tovar N, Witek L. 3D printed β-tricalcium phosphate versus synthetic bone mineral scaffolds: A comparative in vitro study of biocompatibility. Biomed Mater Eng 2024:BME230214. [PMID: 38578877 DOI: 10.3233/bme-230214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) has been successfully utilized as a 3D printed ceramic scaffold in the repair of non-healing bone defects; however, it requires the addition of growth factors to augment its regenerative capacity. Synthetic bone mineral (SBM) is a novel and extrudable carbonate hydroxyapatite with ionic substitutions known to facilitate bone healing. However, its efficacy as a 3D printed scaffold for hard tissue defect repair has not been explored. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the biocompatibility and cell viability of human osteoprecursor (hOP) cells seeded on 3D printed SBM scaffolds via in vitro analysis. METHODS SBM and β-TCP scaffolds were fabricated via 3D printing and sintered at various temperatures. Scaffolds were then subject to qualitative cytotoxicity testing and cell proliferation experiments utilizing (hOP) cells. RESULTS SBM scaffolds sintered at lower temperatures (600 °C and 700 °C) induced greater levels of acute cellular stress. At higher sintering temperatures (1100 °C), SBM scaffolds showed inferior cellular viability relative to β-TCP scaffolds sintered to the same temperature (1100 °C). However, qualitative analysis suggested that β-TCP presented no evidence of morphological change, while SBM 1100 °C showed few instances of acute cellular stress. CONCLUSION Results demonstrate SBM may be a promising alternative to β-TCP for potential applications in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaire V Slavin
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Vasudev Vivekanand Nayak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - James E Smay
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Cristobal F Rivera
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery and Cell Biology, Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dindo Q Mijares
- Biomaterials Division, NYU College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paulo G Coelho
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Bruce N Cronstein
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nick Tovar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Langone Medical Center and Bellevue Hospital Center, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lukasz Witek
- Biomaterials Division, NYU College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Pereira AC, Tovar N, Nayak VV, Mijares DQ, Smay JE, Torroni A, Flores RL, Witek L. Direct inkjet writing type 1 bovine collagen/β-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds for bone regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2024; 112:e35347. [PMID: 38247237 PMCID: PMC10832301 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Bone tissue has the capacity to regenerate under healthy conditions, but complex cases like critically sized defects hinder natural bone regeneration, necessitating surgery, and use of a grafting material for rehabilitation. The field of bone tissue engineering (BTE) has pioneered ways to address such issues utilizing different biomaterials to create a platform for cell migration and tissue formation, leading to improved bone reconstruction. One such approach involves 3D-printed patient-specific scaffolds designed to aid in regeneration of boney defects. This study aimed to develop and characterize 3D printed scaffolds composed of type I collagen augmented with β-tricalcium phosphate (COL/β-TCP). A custom-built direct inkjet write (DIW) printer was used to fabricate β-TCP, COL, and COL/β-TCP scaffolds using synthesized colloidal gels. After chemical crosslinking, the scaffolds were lyophilized and subjected to several characterization techniques, including light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and x-ray diffraction to evaluate morphological and chemical properties. In vitro evaluation was performed using human osteoprogenitor cells to assess cytotoxicity and proliferative capacity of the different scaffold types. Characterization results confirmed the presence of β-TCP in the 3D printed COL/β-TCP scaffolds, which exhibited crystals that were attributed to β-TCP due to the presence of calcium and phosphorus, detected through energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. In vitro studies showed that the COL/β-TCP scaffolds yielded more favorable results in terms of cell viability and proliferation compared to β-TCP and COL scaffolds. The novel COL/β-TCP scaffold constructs hold promise for improving BTE applications and may offer a superior environment for bone regeneration compared with conventional COL and β-TCP scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Cabrera Pereira
- Biomaterials Division, NYU College of Dentistry, 345 E. 24 St., Room 902A, New York, NY
| | - Nick Tovar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University, Langone Medical Center and Bellevue Hospital Center, 462 1 Ave, Building H5-S, New York, NY
| | - Vasudev Vivekanand Nayak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1011 NW 15th St, Rm. 305, Miami, FL
| | - Dindo Q. Mijares
- Biomaterials Division, NYU College of Dentistry, 433 1 Ave., Office 715F, New York, NY
| | - James E. Smay
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Oklahoma State University, 700 N Greenwood Ave – HRC 202 Tulsa, OK
| | - Andrea Torroni
- Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 222 E 41st St, New York, NY
| | - Roberto L. Flores
- Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 222 E 41st St, New York, NY
| | - Lukasz Witek
- Biomaterials Division, NYU College of Dentistry, New York, NY; Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY; Department of Biomedical Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY; 345 E. 24th St., Room 902D New York, NY
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