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Zhu D, Fu L, Kazei V, Li W. Diffusion Model for DAS-VSP Data Denoising. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:8619. [PMID: 37896712 PMCID: PMC10611154 DOI: 10.3390/s23208619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) has emerged as a transformational technology for seismic data acquisition. However, noise remains a major impediment, necessitating advanced denoising techniques. This study pioneers the application of diffusion models, a type of generative model, for DAS vertical seismic profile (VSP) data denoising. The diffusion network is trained on a new generated synthetic dataset that accommodates variations in the acquisition parameters. The trained model is applied to suppress noise in synthetic and field DAS-VSP data. The results demonstrate the model's effectiveness in removing various noise types with minimal signal leakage, outperforming conventional methods. This research signifies diffusion models' potential for DAS processing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lei Fu
- Aramco Americas—Houston Research Center, Houston, TX 77084, USA; (D.Z.); (V.K.); (W.L.)
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2
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Ünalmis ÖH. A Methodology for In-Well Multiphase Flow Measurement with Strategically Positioned Local and/or Distributed Acoustic Sensors. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:5969. [PMID: 37447817 DOI: 10.3390/s23135969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
A new three-phase downhole flow measurement methodology is developed based on measurements of speed of sound at different locations along the well, where the pressure is greater than the bubble-point pressure at the first location and smaller at the second location. A bulk velocity measurement is also required at the second location. The fluid at the first location is a mixture of two phases, but becomes a mixture of three phases at the second location due to the liberation of gas from the oil phase. The flow equations are first solved for two-phase flow at the first location to obtain the first phase fraction, water-in-liquid ratio, and then this information is fed into the flow equations after adjustment to the local pressure and temperature conditions to solve for three-phase flow at the second location to obtain the second phase fraction, namely the liquid volume fraction. These two phase fractions along with the bulk velocity at the second location are sufficient to calculate the three-phase flow rates. The methodology is fully explained and the analytical solutions for three-phase flow measurement is explicitly provided in a step-by-step process. A Lego-like approach may be used with various sensor technologies to obtain the required measurements, although distributed acoustic sensing systems and optical flowmeters are ideal to easily and efficiently adopt the current methodology. This game-changing new methodology for measuring downhole three-phase flow can be implemented in existing wells with an optical infrastructure by adding a topside optoelectronics system.
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3
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An Y, Ma J, Xu T, Cai Y, Liu H, Sun Y, Yan W. Traffic Vibration Signal Analysis of DAS Fiber Optic Cables with Different Coupling Based on an Improved Wavelet Thresholding Method. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:5727. [PMID: 37420892 DOI: 10.3390/s23125727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) is a novel technology that uses fiber optics to sense and monitor vibrations. It has demonstrated immense potential for various applications, including seismology research, traffic vibration detection, structural health inspection, and lifeline engineering. DAS technology transforms long sections of fiber optic cables into a high-density array of vibration sensors, providing exceptional spatial and temporal resolution for real-time monitoring of vibrations. Obtaining high-quality vibration data using DAS requires a robust coupling between the fiber optic cable and the ground layer. The study utilized the DAS system to detect vibration signals generated by vehicles operating on the campus road of Beijing Jiaotong University. Three distinct deployment methods were employed: the uncoupled fiber on the road, the underground communication fiber optic cable ducts, and the cement-bonded fixed fiber optic cable on the road shoulder, and compared for their outcomes. Vehicle vibration signals under the three deployment methods were analyzed using an improved wavelet threshold algorithm, which was verified to be effective. The results indicate that for practical applications, the most effective deployment method is the cement-bonded fixed fiber optic cable on the road shoulder, followed by the uncoupled fiber on the road, and the underground communication fiber optic cable ducts are the least effective. This has important implications for the future development of DAS as a tool for various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang An
- Key Laboratory of Transport Industry of Big Data Application Technologies for Comprehensive Transport, Ministry of Transport, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Jihui Ma
- Key Laboratory of Transport Industry of Big Data Application Technologies for Comprehensive Transport, Ministry of Transport, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Tuanwei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yunpeng Cai
- Key Laboratory of Transport Industry of Big Data Application Technologies for Comprehensive Transport, Ministry of Transport, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Huiyong Liu
- School of Information Management, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Yuting Sun
- Key Laboratory of Transport Industry of Big Data Application Technologies for Comprehensive Transport, Ministry of Transport, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Wenfa Yan
- Key Laboratory of Transport Industry of Big Data Application Technologies for Comprehensive Transport, Ministry of Transport, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
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4
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Gorshkov BG, Simikin DE, Alekseev AE, Taranov MA, Zhukov KM, Potapov VT. Brillouin-Scattering Induced Noise in DAS: A Case Study. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:5402. [PMID: 37420569 DOI: 10.3390/s23125402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
In the paper, the effect of spontaneous Brillouin scattering (SpBS) is analyzed as a noise source in distributed acoustic sensors (DAS). The intensity of the SpBS wave fluctuates over time, and these fluctuations increase the noise power in DAS. Based on experimental data, the probability density function (PDF) of the spectrally selected SpBS Stokes wave intensity is negative exponential, which corresponds to the known theoretical conception. Based on this statement, an estimation of the average noise power induced by the SpBS wave is given. This noise power equals the square of the average power of the SpBS Stokes wave, which in turn is approximately 18 dB lower than the Rayleigh backscattering power. The noise composition in DAS is determined for two configurations, the first for the initial backscattering spectrum and the second for the spectrum in which the SpBS Stokes and anti-Stokes waves are rejected. It is established that in the analyzed particular case, the SpBS noise power is dominant and exceeds the powers of the thermal, shot, and phase noises in DAS. Accordingly, by rejecting the SpBS waves at the photodetector input, it is possible to reduce the noise power in DAS. In our case, this rejection is carried out by an asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI). The rejection of the SpBS wave is most relevant for broadband photodetectors, which are associated with the use of short probing pulses to achieve short gauge lengths in DAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris G Gorshkov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 38, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Petrofiber, LLC, Klinsky Proezd 7, 301664 Novomoskovsk, Russia
| | - Denis E Simikin
- Petrofiber, LLC, Klinsky Proezd 7, 301664 Novomoskovsk, Russia
- Kotelnikov Institute of Radio-Engineering and Electronics, Fryazino Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vvedenskogo Square 1, 141190 Fryazino, Russia
| | - Alexey E Alekseev
- Kotelnikov Institute of Radio-Engineering and Electronics, Fryazino Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vvedenskogo Square 1, 141190 Fryazino, Russia
| | - Mikhail A Taranov
- Petrofiber, LLC, Klinsky Proezd 7, 301664 Novomoskovsk, Russia
- Kotelnikov Institute of Radio-Engineering and Electronics, Fryazino Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vvedenskogo Square 1, 141190 Fryazino, Russia
| | | | - Vladimir T Potapov
- Kotelnikov Institute of Radio-Engineering and Electronics, Fryazino Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vvedenskogo Square 1, 141190 Fryazino, Russia
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Wang H, Chen Y, Min R, Chen Y. Urban DAS Data Processing and Its Preliminary Application to City Traffic Monitoring. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:9976. [PMID: 36560347 PMCID: PMC9785903 DOI: 10.3390/s22249976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) is an emerging technology for recording vibration signals via the optical fibers buried in subsurface conduits. Its relatively easy-to-deploy and high spatial and temporal sampling characteristics make DAS an appealing tool to record seismic wavefields at higher quantity and quality than traditional geophones. Considering that the usage of optical fibers in the urban environment has drawn relatively less attention aside from its functionality as a telecommunication cable, we examine its ability to record seismic signals and investigate its preliminary application in city traffic monitoring. To solve the problems that DAS signals are prone to a variety of environmental noise and are generally of weak amplitude compared to noise, we propose a fast workflow for real-time DAS data processing, which can enhance the detection of regular car signals and suppress the other components. We conduct a DAS experiment in Hangzhou, China, a typical metropolitan area that can provide us with a rich data library to validate our DAS data-processing workflow. The well-processed data enable us to extract their slope and coherency attributes that can provide an estimate of real traffic situations. The one-minute (with video validations) and 24 h statistics of these attributes show that the speed and volume of car flow are well correlated demonstrates the robustness of the proposed data processing workflow and great potential of DAS for city traffic monitoring with high precision and convenience. However, challenges also exist in view that all the attributes are statistically analyzed based on the behaviors of a large number of cars, which is meaningful but lacking in precision. Therefore, we suggest developing more quantitative processing and analyzing methods to provide precise information on individual cars in future works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yunfeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Rui Min
- Key Laboratory of Geoscience Big Data and Deep Resource of Zhejiang Province, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yangkang Chen
- Bureau of Economic Geology, John A. and Katherine G. Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Gorshkov BG, Alekseev AE, Simikin DE, Taranov MA, Zhukov KM, Potapov VT. A Cost-Effective Distributed Acoustic Sensor for Engineering Geology. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:9482. [PMID: 36502184 PMCID: PMC9735902 DOI: 10.3390/s22239482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A simple and cost-effective architecture of a distributed acoustic sensor (DAS) or a phase-OTDR for engineering geology is proposed. The architecture is based on the dual-pulse acquisition principle, where the dual probing pulse is formed via an unbalanced Michelson interferometer (MI). The necessary phase shifts between the sub-pulses of the dual-pulse are introduced using a 3 × 3 coupler built into the MI. Laser pulses are generated by direct modulation of the injection current, which obtains optical pulses with a duration of 7 ns. The use of an unbalanced MI for the formation of a dual-pulse reduces the requirements for the coherence of the laser source, as the introduced delay between sub-pulses is compensated in the fiber under test (FUT). Therefore, a laser with a relatively broad spectral linewidth of about 1 GHz can be used. To overcome the fading problem, as well as to ensure the linearity of the DAS response, the averaging of over 16 optical frequencies is used. The performance of the DAS was tested by recording a strong vibration impact on a horizontally buried cable and by the recording of seismic waves in a borehole in the seabed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris G. Gorshkov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 38, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Petrofiber, LLC, Klinsky Proezd, 7, 301664 Novomoskovsk, Russia
| | - Alexey E. Alekseev
- Kotelnikov Institute of Radio-Engineering and Electronics, Fryazino Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vvedenskogo Square 1, 141190 Fryazino, Russia
| | - Denis E. Simikin
- Petrofiber, LLC, Klinsky Proezd, 7, 301664 Novomoskovsk, Russia
- Kotelnikov Institute of Radio-Engineering and Electronics, Fryazino Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vvedenskogo Square 1, 141190 Fryazino, Russia
| | - Mikhail A. Taranov
- Petrofiber, LLC, Klinsky Proezd, 7, 301664 Novomoskovsk, Russia
- Kotelnikov Institute of Radio-Engineering and Electronics, Fryazino Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vvedenskogo Square 1, 141190 Fryazino, Russia
| | | | - Vladimir T. Potapov
- Kotelnikov Institute of Radio-Engineering and Electronics, Fryazino Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vvedenskogo Square 1, 141190 Fryazino, Russia
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Zhu HH, Liu W, Wang T, Su JW, Shi B. Distributed Acoustic Sensing for Monitoring Linear Infrastructures: Current Status and Trends. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:s22197550. [PMID: 36236649 PMCID: PMC9572166 DOI: 10.3390/s22197550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Linear infrastructures, such as railways, tunnels, and pipelines, play essential roles in economic and social development worldwide. However, under the influence of geohazards, earthquakes, and human activities, linear infrastructures face the potential risk of damage and may not function properly. Current monitoring systems for linear infrastructures are mainly based on non-contact detection (InSAR, UAV, GNSS, etc.) and geotechnical instrumentation (extensometers, inclinometers, tiltmeters, piezometers, etc.) techniques. Regarding monitoring sensitivity, frequency, and coverage, most of these methods have some shortcomings, which make it difficult to perform the accurate, real-time, and comprehensive monitoring of linear infrastructures. Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) is an emerging sensing technology that has rapidly developed in recent years. Due to its unique advantages in long-distance, high-density, and real-time monitoring, DAS arrays have shown broad application prospects in many fields, such as oil and gas exploration, seismic observation, and subsurface imaging. In the field of linear infrastructure monitoring, DAS has gradually attracted the attention of researchers and practitioners. In this paper, recent research and the development activities of applying DAS to monitor different types of linear infrastructures are critically reviewed. The sensing principles are briefly introduced, as well as the main features. This is followed by a summary of recent case studies and some critical problems associated with the implementation of DAS monitoring systems in the field. Finally, the challenges and future trends of this research area are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Hu Zhu
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Nanjing University High-Tech Institute at Suzhou, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing-Wen Su
- Nanjing Center, China Geological Survey, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Bin Shi
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Titov A, Fan Y, Kutun K, Jin G. Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) Response of Rising Taylor Bubbles in Slug Flow. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:s22031266. [PMID: 35162010 PMCID: PMC8839668 DOI: 10.3390/s22031266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Slug flow is one of the most common flow types encountered in surface facilities, pipelines, and wellbores. The intermittent gas phase, in the form of a Taylor bubble, followed by the liquid phase can be destructive to equipment. However, commonly used point flow sensors have significant limitations for flow analysis. Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) can turn optical fibers into an array of distributed strain rate sensors and provide substantial insights into flow characterization. We built a 10 m vertical laboratory flow loop equipped with wrapped fiber optic cables to study the DAS response of rising Taylor bubbles. Low-passed DAS data allow for velocity tracking of Taylor bubbles of different sizes and water velocities. Moreover, we measured the velocity of the wake region following the Taylor bubble and explored the process of Taylor bubbles merging. The amplitude analysis of DAS data allows for the estimation of Taylor bubble size. We conclude that DAS is a promising tool for understanding Taylor bubble properties in a laboratory environment and monitoring destructive flow in facilities across different industries to ensure operations are safe and cost-effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksei Titov
- Department of Geophysics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Yilin Fan
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA; (Y.F.); (K.K.)
| | - Kagan Kutun
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA; (Y.F.); (K.K.)
| | - Ge Jin
- Department of Geophysics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO 80401, USA;
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Titov A, Kazei V, AlDawood A, Alfataierge E, Bakulin A, Osypov K. Quantification of DAS VSP Quality: SNR vs. Log-Based Metrics. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:1027. [PMID: 35161773 DOI: 10.3390/s22031027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The initial quantification of data quality is an important step in seismic data acquisition design, including the choice of sensing strategy. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) often drives the choice of distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) parameters in vertical seismic profiling (VSP). We compare this established approach for data quality assessment with metrics comparing DAS data products to available well logs. First, we create kinematic and dynamic data products derived from original seismic data, such as the interval velocity and amplitude of P-wave arrivals. Next, we quantify the quality of derived data products using well log data by calculating various statistical metrics. Using a large dataset of 220 different VSP experiments with a fixed source location and various DAS acquisition parameters, such as gauge length (GL), conveyance type, and lead-in length, we analyzed the statistical distribution of various metrics. The results indicate the decoupling between seismic-based and log-based metrics as well as between the quality of dynamic and kinematic data-products for the same record. Therefore, we propose using fit-for-purpose metrics to optimize the acquisition cost. In particular, for ray-based tomographic processing, it is sufficient to use traveltime-based metrics. On the other hand, for advanced dynamic analysis, amplitude-based metrics define the quality of final processing products. Hence, it is crucial to use fit-for-purpose metrics to optimize DAS VSP acquisition.
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Gorshkov BG, Yüksel K, Fotiadi AA, Wuilpart M, Korobko DA, Zhirnov AA, Stepanov KV, Turov AT, Konstantinov YA, Lobach IA. Scientific Applications of Distributed Acoustic Sensing: State-of-the-Art Review and Perspective. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:s22031033. [PMID: 35161779 PMCID: PMC8838753 DOI: 10.3390/s22031033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a detailed review of the development of distributed acoustic sensors (DAS) and their newest scientific applications. It covers most areas of human activities, such as the engineering, material, and humanitarian sciences, geophysics, culture, biology, and applied mechanics. It also provides the theoretical basis for most well-known DAS techniques and unveils the features that characterize each particular group of applications. After providing a summary of research achievements, the paper develops an initial perspective of the future work and determines the most promising DAS technologies that should be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris G. Gorshkov
- Prokhorov General Physics Institute RAS, St. Vavilova, 38, GSP-1, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Petrofiber, LLC, Klinsky Proezd 7, 301664 Novomoskovsk, Russia
| | - Kivilcim Yüksel
- Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir TR-35430, Turkey;
| | - Andrei A. Fotiadi
- S.P. Kapitsa Research Institute of Technology, Ulyanovsk State University, 42 Leo Tolstoy Street, 432970 Ulyanovsk, Russia;
- Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute of the RAS, 26 Polytekhnicheskaya Street, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Electromagnetism and Telecommunication Unit, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mons, Boulevard Dolez 31, 7000 Mons, Belgium;
- Correspondence:
| | - Marc Wuilpart
- Electromagnetism and Telecommunication Unit, Faculty of Engineering, University of Mons, Boulevard Dolez 31, 7000 Mons, Belgium;
| | - Dmitry A. Korobko
- S.P. Kapitsa Research Institute of Technology, Ulyanovsk State University, 42 Leo Tolstoy Street, 432970 Ulyanovsk, Russia;
| | - Andrey A. Zhirnov
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 2-nd Baumanskaya 5-1, 105005 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.Z.); (K.V.S.)
- Kotelnikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics of RAS, Mokhovaya 11-7, 125009 Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin V. Stepanov
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 2-nd Baumanskaya 5-1, 105005 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.Z.); (K.V.S.)
| | - Artem T. Turov
- Perm Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (PFRC UB RAS), 13a Lenina St., 614990 Perm, Russia; (A.T.T.); (Y.A.K.)
- General Physics Department, Applied Mathematics and Mechanics Faculty, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Prospekt Komsomolsky 29, 614990 Perm, Russia
| | - Yuri A. Konstantinov
- Perm Federal Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (PFRC UB RAS), 13a Lenina St., 614990 Perm, Russia; (A.T.T.); (Y.A.K.)
| | - Ivan A. Lobach
- Institute of Automation and Electrometry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
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Hua L, Zhu X, Cheng B, Song Y, Zhang Q, Wu Y, Murdoch LC, Dauson ER, Donahue CM, Xiao H. Distributed Acoustic Sensing Based on Coherent Microwave Photonics Interferometry. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21206784. [PMID: 34695996 PMCID: PMC8540493 DOI: 10.3390/s21206784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A microwave photonics method has been developed for measuring distributed acoustic signals. This method uses microwave-modulated low coherence light as a probe to interrogate distributed in-fiber interferometers, which are used to measure acoustic-induced strain. By sweeping the microwave frequency at a constant rate, the acoustic signals are encoded into the complex microwave spectrum. The microwave spectrum is transformed into the joint time-frequency domain and further processed to obtain the distributed acoustic signals. The method is first evaluated using an intrinsic Fabry Perot interferometer (IFPI). Acoustic signals of frequency up to 15.6 kHz were detected. The method was further demonstrated using an array of in-fiber weak reflectors and an external Michelson interferometer. Two piezoceramic cylinders (PCCs) driven at frequencies of 1700 Hz and 3430 Hz were used as acoustic sources. The experiment results show that the sensing system can locate multiple acoustic sources. The system resolves 20 nε when the spatial resolution is 5 cm. The recovered acoustic signals match the excitation signals in frequency, amplitude, and phase, indicating an excellent potential for distributed acoustic sensing (DAS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Hua
- Holcombe Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (L.H.); (X.Z.); (B.C.); (Y.S.); (Q.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;
| | - Xuran Zhu
- Holcombe Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (L.H.); (X.Z.); (B.C.); (Y.S.); (Q.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Baokai Cheng
- Holcombe Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (L.H.); (X.Z.); (B.C.); (Y.S.); (Q.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yang Song
- Holcombe Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (L.H.); (X.Z.); (B.C.); (Y.S.); (Q.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Qi Zhang
- Holcombe Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (L.H.); (X.Z.); (B.C.); (Y.S.); (Q.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yongji Wu
- Holcombe Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (L.H.); (X.Z.); (B.C.); (Y.S.); (Q.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Lawrence C. Murdoch
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;
| | - Erin R. Dauson
- Geophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; (E.R.D.); (C.M.D.)
| | - Carly M. Donahue
- Geophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; (E.R.D.); (C.M.D.)
| | - Hai Xiao
- Holcombe Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (L.H.); (X.Z.); (B.C.); (Y.S.); (Q.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Correspondence:
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Hussels MT, Chruscicki S, Arndt D, Scheider S, Prager J, Homann T, Habib AK. Localization of Transient Events Threatening Pipeline Integrity by Fiber-Optic Distributed Acoustic Sensing. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:s19153322. [PMID: 31362352 PMCID: PMC6696037 DOI: 10.3390/s19153322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pipe integrity is a central concern regarding technical safety, availability, and environmental compliance of industrial plants and pipelines. A condition monitoring system that detects and localizes threats in pipes prior to occurrence of actual structural failure, e.g., leakages, especially needs to target transient events such as impacts on the pipe wall or pressure waves travelling through the medium. In the present work, it is shown that fiber-optic distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) in conjunction with a suitable application geometry of the optical fiber sensor allows to track propagating acoustic waves in the pipeline wall on a fast time-scale. Therefore, short impacts on the pipe may be localized with high fidelity. Moreover, different acoustic modes are identified, and their respective group velocities are in good agreement with theoretical predications. In another set of experiments modeling realistic damage scenarios, we demonstrate that pressure waves following explosions of different gas mixtures in pipes can be observed. Velocities are verified by local piezoelectric pressure transducers. Due to the fully distributed nature of the fiber-optic sensing system, it is possible to record accelerated motions in detail. Therefore, in addition to detection and localization of threatening events for infrastructure monitoring, DAS may provide a powerful tool to study the development of gas explosions in pipes, e.g., investigation of deflagration-to-detonation-transitions (DDT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Teresa Hussels
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Chruscicki
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Detlef Arndt
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Swen Scheider
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Prager
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Homann
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Abdel Karim Habib
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany.
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