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Thiraworawong T, Pathonsmith C. Cilostazol-based dual antiplatelet treatment in ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack patients with asymptomatic carotid artery disease: a propensity score matching analysis. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1362124. [PMID: 38426175 PMCID: PMC10902642 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1362124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The optimal treatment for asymptomatic atherosclerotic carotid artery disease remains controversial. Data on the efficacy of antiplatelet agents and stroke outcomes are limited. This study aimed to examine the efficacy and safety of cilostazol-based dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack and asymptomatic carotid artery disease. Methods This retrospective cohort study was conducted in a tertiary-care setting and included baseline characteristics and clinical outcomes of participants. The study included patients who had experienced first-ever ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack and asymptomatic atherosclerotic carotid artery stenosis, with a minimum follow-up period of 1 year. Asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis refers to stenosis in patients without neurological symptoms referable to the carotid arteries. Propensity scores were estimated using a logistic regression model based on participants' baseline characteristics. The efficacy outcome was the composite outcome of recurrent ischemic events and vascular-related death in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack and asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. The safety outcome was the occurrence of hemorrhagic complications such as intracranial hemorrhages or extracranial hemorrhages. The effectiveness of dual therapy compared to monotherapy was evaluated at various time points following the initiation of antiplatelet treatment. Results This study included 516 patients with a 1-year follow-up period. At 1 year, composite events occurred in 10 (6.3%) patients in the dual antiplatelet group compared with 12 (7.6%) in the single antiplatelet group (HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.61-0.90; p = 0.024). Extracranial hemorrhage occurred in 12 (7.6%) patients in the dual antiplatelet group compared with nine (5.7%) in the single antiplatelet group (HR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.13-1.48; p = 0.017). No intracranial hemorrhages were observed in this cohort. Conclusion Patients with asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis who received cilostazol-based dual antiplatelet therapy had a lower risk of composite events but a higher risk of minor extracranial hemorrhage than those who received a single antiplatelet agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thon Thiraworawong
- Division of Vascular Neurology, Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chadawan Pathonsmith
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University, Bangkok, Thailand
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2
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Cui Y, Li XQ, Chen HS. Dual antiplatelet instead of intravenous thrombolysis for minor nondisabling acute ischemic stroke: A perspective from China. J Transl Int Med 2024; 12:1-4. [PMID: 38525443 PMCID: PMC10956727 DOI: 10.2478/jtim-2023-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cui
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, Province, China
| | - Xiao-Qiu Li
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, Province, China
| | - Hui-Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, 110016, Liaoning, Province, China
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3
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Bains N, Nunna RS, Ma X, Fakih R, Jaura A, French BR, Siddiq F, Gomez CR, Qureshi AI. Risk of new cerebral ischemic events in patients with symptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis while awaiting carotid stent placement. J Neuroimaging 2023; 33:976-982. [PMID: 37697475 DOI: 10.1111/jon.13150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Although there is an emphasis on performing carotid artery stent (CAS) placement within 2 weeks after index event of transient ischemic attack (TIA) or minor stroke in patients with significant extracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis, the risks and characteristics of recurrent cerebral ischemic event while waiting for CAS placement are not well defined. METHOD We analyzed patients admitted to our institution over a 45-month period with symptomatic extracranial ICA stenosis. We identified any new cerebral ischemic events that occurred between index cerebral or retinal ischemic event and CAS placement and categorized them as TIA and minor or major ischemic strokes. We calculated the risk of new ipsilateral cerebral ischemic events between index cerebral or retinal ischemic event and CAS placement. RESULTS The mean age of 131 patients analyzed was 67 years (range: 47-94 years; 92 were men), and 94 and 37 patients had 70%-99% and 50%-69% severity of stenosis, respectively. The mean and median time intervals between index cerebral or retinal ischemic event and CAS performance were 28 (standard deviation [SD] 30) and 7 (interquartile range 33) days, respectively. A total of 9 of 131 patients (6.9%, 95% confidence interval 2.5%-11.2%) experienced new cerebral ischemic events over 3637 patient days of observation. The risk of new ipsilateral cerebral ischemic events was 2.5 per 1000 patient days of observation. CONCLUSION We estimated the risk of new ipsilateral cerebral ischemic events in patients with ICA stenosis ≥50% in severity while waiting for CAS placement to guide appropriate timing of procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navpreet Bains
- Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Ravi S Nunna
- Division of Neurosurgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Ma
- Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Rami Fakih
- Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Attiya Jaura
- Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Brandi R French
- Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Farhan Siddiq
- Division of Neurosurgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Camilo R Gomez
- Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Adnan I Qureshi
- Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Department of Neurology, Zeenat Qureshi Stroke Institute, St. Cloud, Minnesota, USA
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4
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Li XQ, Hou XW, Cui Y, Tian XF, Wang XH, Zhou ZH, Chen HS. Safety and preliminary efficacy of argatroban plus dual antiplatelet therapy for acute mild to moderate ischemic stroke with large artery atherosclerosis. Brain Behav 2022; 12:e2664. [PMID: 35678020 PMCID: PMC9304821 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies suggest the benefit of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) for acute ischemic stroke with large artery atherosclerosis (LAA) etiology, but there is no study about the effect of DAPT plus anticoagulant in this population. METHODS A prospective single arm trial was performed to determine the effect of DAPT combined with argatroban on acute mild to moderate ischemic stroke patients with LAA, which was compared with historical populations. The main outcome was the proportion of early neurological deterioration (END). The secondary outcomes included scores of 0 to 1 and 0 to 2 on the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at 90 days, and changes in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) from baseline to day 7 after admission. The safety outcomes included intracranial hemorrhage at 7 days, organ hemorrhage, and all-cause mortality at 90 days. RESULTS A total of 120 patients with argatroban plus DAPT were prospectively enrolled and 529 patients with only DAPT were retrospectively collected. There was no significant difference in baseline characteristics between groups. Compared with control group, combined treatment group had lower proportion of END (4.2% vs. 10.0%, adjusted p = .046), more reduction in NIHSS score from the baseline to day 7 after admission (1.06 ± 2.03 vs. 0.39 ± 1.97, adjusted p = .003), and higher proportion of mRS (0-2) at 90 days (87.5% vs. 79.2%, adjusted p = .048). No intracranial hemorrhage was found between groups. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report that short-term argatroban combined with DAPT seems to be safe and may effectively prevent END and improve neurological prognosis for acute mild to moderate ischemic stroke patients with LAA; however, interpretation of the conclusion required caution due to nonrandomized controlled trial with medium sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qiu Li
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Wen Hou
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Yu Cui
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Fu Tian
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Hong Wang
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-He Zhou
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, P.R. China
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5
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Caton MT, Narsinh KH, Baker A, Amans MR, Hetts SW, Rapp JH, Ianuzzi JC, Tseng E, Gasper WJ, Cooke DL. Eptifibatide bridging therapy for staged carotid artery stenting and cardiac surgery: Safety and feasibility. Vascular 2022:17085381221084813. [PMID: 35341420 DOI: 10.1177/17085381221084813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prophylactic carotid artery stenting (CAS) is an effective strategy to reduce perioperative stroke in patients with severe carotid stenosis who require cardiothoracic surgery (CTS). Staging both procedures (CAS-CTS) during a single hospitalization presents conflicting demands for antiplatelet therapy and the optimal pharmacologic strategy between procedures is not established. The purpose of this study is to present our initial experience with a "bridging" protocol for staged CAS-CTS. METHODS A retrospective review of staged CAS-CTS procedures at a single referral center was performed. All patients had multivessel coronary and/or valvular disease and severe carotid stenosis (>70%). Patients not previously on aspirin were also started on aspirin prior to surgery, followed by eptifibatide during CAS (intraprocedural bolus followed by post-procedural infusion which was continued until the morning of surgery). Pre- and perioperative (30 days) neurologic morbidity and mortality was the primary endpoint. RESULTS 11 CAS procedures were performed in 10 patients using the protocol. The median duration of eptifibatide bridge therapy was 36 h (range 24-288 h). There was one minor bleeding complication (1/11, 9.1%) and no major bleeding complications during the bridging and post-operative period. There was one post-operative, non-neurologic death and zero perioperative ischemic strokes. CONCLUSIONS For patients undergoing staged CAS-CTS, Eptifibatide bridging therapy is a viable temporary antiplatelet strategy with a favorable safety profile. This strategy enables a flexible range of time-intervals between procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Travis Caton
- Neurointerventional Radiology, RinggoldID:8785University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kazim H Narsinh
- Neurointerventional Radiology, RinggoldID:8785University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amanda Baker
- Neurointerventional Radiology, RinggoldID:8785University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew R Amans
- Neurointerventional Radiology, RinggoldID:8785University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Steven W Hetts
- Neurointerventional Radiology, RinggoldID:8785University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joseph H Rapp
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, RinggoldID:8785University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - James C Ianuzzi
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, RinggoldID:8785University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elaine Tseng
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Cardiothoracic Surgery, RinggoldID:8785University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Warren J Gasper
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, RinggoldID:8785University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel L Cooke
- Neurointerventional Radiology, RinggoldID:8785University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Amoda O, A E, Uwagbale E. A Case of Failed Dual Antiplatelet Therapy With Oral Anticoagulant in the Prevention of Acute Ischemic Stroke. Cureus 2021; 13:e15915. [PMID: 34322355 PMCID: PMC8310612 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.15915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) or strokes cause focal neurological deficits, which may be due to rupture or occlusion of blood vessels supplying areas of the brain. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an independent and significant risk factor for ischemic CVA, mainly via the embolic pathway. This is evident as newly diagnosed patients with AF are typically started on anticoagulation therapy if their CHA2DS2-VASc score is equal to or greater than two. Furthermore, ischemic CVA may occur as a thrombotic phenomenon due to significant vessel atherosclerotic disease involving plaque ulceration and rupture. Such a phenomenon may be curtailed with antiplatelet therapy in at-risk patient populations, particularly as a form of secondary prevention. This case highlights the unfortunate incidence of an ischemic CVA in a patient using dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) and anticoagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluyemisi Amoda
- Internal Medicine, Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA
| | - Elmarie A
- Internal Medicine, Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA
| | - Ese Uwagbale
- Internal Medicine, Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA
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Li YS, Wang SH, Hwang SJ, Yang YH, Hsieh KP. Comparison of effectiveness and safety between ticagrelor and clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndrome and on dialysis in Taiwan. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 88:145-154. [PMID: 34080719 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effectiveness and safety between clopidogrel and ticagrelor in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) with renal dysfunction. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study on patients on chronic dialysis and whose admission diagnosis between 1 July 2013 and 31 December 2016 included ACS. The primary effectiveness endpoint was a major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE), and the primary safety endpoint was a major bleeding event. The application of propensity scores through the inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) was applied to the study groups. Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (aHRs) of study endpoints. In addition, the competing risk was adjusted using the Fine and Gray competing risk model. RESULTS There were 1915 patients in the clopidogrel group and 270 patients in the ticagrelor group. At 12 months, the ticagrelor group had higher risks for MACE (aHR with IPTW: 1.29; 95% CI 1.16-1.44); death (aHR with IPTW: 1.65; 95% CI 1.47-1.86) and cardiac death (subdistribution HR [SHR] with IPTW: 1.64; 95% CI 1.41-1.91), compared with those in the clopidogrel group. For major bleeding event, the risk was significantly higher with ticagrelor than with clopidogrel (SHR with IPTW: 1.49; 95% CI 1.34-1.65). In terms of the risk for any bleeding event, there was no significant difference between the two groups (SHR with IPTW: 1.05; 95% CI 0.95-1.17). CONCLUSIONS Compared with clopidogrel, ticagrelor was associated with higher MACE, death, cardiac death and major bleeding risk within 12 months in patients with ACS and on dialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Syuan Li
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacy, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Han Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Jyh Hwang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsin Yang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Pin Hsieh
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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8
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Wang G, Yang X, Jing J, Zhao X, Liu L, Wang C, Wang D, Wang A, Meng X, Wang Y, Wang Y. Clopidogrel Plus Aspirin in Patients With Different Types of Single Small Subcortical Infarction. Front Neurol 2021; 12:631220. [PMID: 33854474 PMCID: PMC8039512 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.631220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We aim to investigate the effects and safety of clopidogrel plus aspirin in patients with different types of single small subcortical infarction (SSSI) in the Clopidogrel in High-risk patients with Acute Non-disabling Cerebrovascular Events (CHANCE) trial. Methods: SSSI was defined as single DWI lesion of ≤2.0 cm. Patients with SSSI were divided into SSSI + PAD (parent artery disease) and SSSI - PAD, according to the stenosis of the parent artery. The efficacy outcome was stroke recurrence during 90-day follow-up. Cox proportional hazards models or logistic regression models were used to assess the interaction of the treatment effects of clopidogrel plus aspirin vs. aspirin alone among patients with and without PAD. Results: Among 338 patients with SSSI included in the subanalysis, 105 were with PAD and 233 without. The efficacy of clopidogrel plus aspirin compared with aspirin alone on any stroke was consistent between patients with [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 0.84; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.25-2.75] and without PAD (adjusted HR 1.03; 95% CI, 0.40-2.68, interaction P = 0.83). In patients with SSSI + PAD, the rate of stroke recurrence in those treated with dual antiplatelet therapy and mono antiplatelet therapy was not significantly different (10.9 vs. 13.6%, P = 0.77). The number of bleeding events was similar between the clopidogrel-aspirin group and aspirin group regardless of SSSI + PAD or SSSI - PAD. Conclusions: There was no significant difference in the efficacy of clopidogrel plus aspirin compared with aspirin alone between patients with SSSI + PAD and SSSI - PAD in the CHANCE trial. Studies in other populations and with adequate power are needed to further verify such findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomeng Yang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Jing
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xingquan Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Liping Liu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Chunxue Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - David Wang
- Neurovascular Division, Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Anxin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Meng
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yilong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
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Wang MM, Xue M, Xin ZH, Wang YH, Li RJ, Jiang HY, Shi DZ. Panax Notoginseng Saponin Attenuates Gastric Mucosal Epithelial Cell Injury Induced by Dual Antiplatelet Drugs through COX and PI3K/Akt/ VEGF-GSK-3β-RhoA Network Pathway. Chin J Integr Med 2021; 27:819-824. [PMID: 33449280 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-021-2854-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate the underlying mechanism of Panax notoginseng saponin (PNS) on gastric epithelial cell injury and barrier dysfunction induced by dual antiplatelet (DA). METHODS Human gastric mucosal epithelial cell (GES-1) was cultured and divided into 4 groups: a control, a DA, a PNS+DA and a LY294002+PNS+DA group. GES-1 apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry, cell permeability were detected using Transwell, level of prostaglandins E2 (PGE2), 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α (6-keto-PGF1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in supernatant were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), expression of phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), phosphorylated-PI3K (p-PI3K), Akt, phosphorylated-Akt (p-Akt), cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA) were measured by Western-blot. RESULTS DA induced apoptosis and hyper-permeability in GES-1, reduced supernatant level of PGE2, 6-keto-PGF1α and VEGF (P<0.05). Addition of PNS reduced the apoptosis of GES-1 caused by DA, restored the concentration of PGE2, 6-keto-PGF1α and VEGF (P<0.05). In addition, PNS attenuated the alteration of COX-1 and COX-2 expression induced by DA, up-regulated p-PI3K/p-Akt, down-regulated RhoA and GSK-3β. LY294002 mitigated the effects of PNS on cell apoptosis, cell permeability, VEGF concentration, and expression of RhoA and GSK-3β significantly. CONCLUSIONS PNS attenuates the suppression on COX/PG pathway from DA, alleviates DA-induced GES-1 apoptosis and barrier dysfunction through PI3K/Akt/VEGF-GSK-3β-RhoA network pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ming Wang
- Beijing First Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Mei Xue
- Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Zhong-Hai Xin
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Yan-Hui Wang
- Beijing First Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Rui-Jie Li
- Beijing First Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Hong-Yan Jiang
- Beijing First Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Beijing, 100039, China.
| | - Da-Zhuo Shi
- Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
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10
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Zhou LS, Li XQ, Zhou ZH, Chen HS. Effect of Argatroban Combined With Dual Antiplatelet Therapy on Early Neurological Deterioration in Acute Minor Posterior Circulation Ischemic Stroke. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2020; 26:1076029620904131. [PMID: 32013541 PMCID: PMC7288810 DOI: 10.1177/1076029620904131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a lack of studies on anticoagulant plus antiplatelet therapy for acute ischemic stroke. The present study made a pilot effort to investigate the efficacy and safety of argatroban plus dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) in patients with acute posterior circulation ischemic stroke (PCIS). We retrospectively collected patients diagnosed with acute PCIS according to inclusion/exclusion criteria. According to treatment drugs, patients were divided into an argatroban plus DAPT group and a DAPT group. The primary efficacy end point was the proportion of early neurological deterioration (END). The primary safety outcome was symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage. All outcomes were compared between the 2 groups before and after propensity score matching (PSM). A total of 502 patients were enrolled in the study, including 35 patients with argatroban plus DAPT and 467 patients with DAPT. There was a higher National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score in the argatroban plus DAPT group than the DAPT group before PSM (3 vs 2, P = .017). Compared with the DAPT group, the argatroban plus DAPT group had no END (before PSM: 0% vs 6.2%, P = .250; after PSM: 0% vs 5.9%, P = .298). Argatroban plus DAPT yielded a significant decrease in the NIHSS score from baseline to 7 days after hospitalization, compared with that of the DAPT group before PSM (P = .032), but not after PSM (P = .369). No symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage was found in any patient. A short-term combination of argatroban with DAPT appears safe in acute minor PCIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Shan Zhou
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Qiu Li
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-He Zhou
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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Pittayanon R, Piyachaturawat P, Rerknimitr R, Prueksapanich P, Chaitongrat S, Lertsuwunseri V, Srimahachota S, Mahachai V. Cytoprotective agent for peptic ulcer prevention in patients taking dual antiplatelet agents: A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 34:1517-1522. [PMID: 30919492 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.14671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Long-term use of dual antiplatelets is increasing, and most patients need primary peptic ulcer prophylaxis. The long-term use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) is associated with adverse events. We evaluated the efficacy of rebamipide for peptic ulcer prevention. METHODS This randomized controlled trial was conducted between July 2014 and November 2017. Patients receiving dual antiplatelets for ≥ 1 year with no history of peptic ulcer bleeding or perforation were recruited and randomly assigned to the rebamipide (300 mg/day) group or the placebo group. Patients who used proton pump inhibitors were excluded. The primary endpoint was a new mucosal break on esophagogastroduodenoscopy at 3 or 12 months after treatment initiation. The secondary endpoints were hematocrit changes from the baseline, gastrointestinal bleeding, and chest pain. Antiplatelet function was assessed. RESULTS In total, 95 eligible patients were identified; 12 were excluded, and 83 patients were randomized, with 66 (79.5%) and 59 (71.1%) patients eligible at the 3- and 12-month follow ups, respectively. The baseline characteristics were equivalent between the groups. During the 12 months of follow up, 13 patients (43.3%) taking rebamipide and 19 (65.5%) taking the placebo experienced mucosal injury (P = 0.07). Two patients (6.7%) taking rebamipide and eight (27.6%) taking the placebo had peptic ulcers ≥ 5 mm or < 5 mm with pigmented spots (P = 0.03). The changes in hematocrit were not different between the two groups. Neither bleeding ulcers nor chest pain was observed. CONCLUSION Rebamipide is safe and may prevent peptic ulcers ≥ 5 mm in diameter or those with pigmented spots in patients receiving dual antiplatelets for 1 year (NCT02166008).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rapat Pittayanon
- Division of Gastroenterology, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Panida Piyachaturawat
- Division of Gastroenterology, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rungsun Rerknimitr
- Division of Gastroenterology, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Piyapan Prueksapanich
- Division of Gastroenterology, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supakarn Chaitongrat
- Division of Gastroenterology, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vorarit Lertsuwunseri
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suphot Srimahachota
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Varocha Mahachai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross, Bangkok, Thailand
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Fathy S, Shahin MH, Langaee T, Khalil BM, Saleh A, Sabry NA, Schaalan MF, El Wakeel LL, Cavallari LH. Pharmacogenetic and clinical predictors of response to clopidogrel plus aspirin after acute coronary syndrome in Egyptians. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2018; 28:207-13. [PMID: 30188374 DOI: 10.1097/FPC.0000000000000349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with aspirin and clopidogrel reduces the risk for recurrent cardiovascular events after acute coronary syndrome (ACS). However, there is significant variation in response to DAPT that may be influenced by both genetic and nongenetic factors. This study aimed to assess the effect of genetic polymorphisms in PON-1, PEAR-1, P2Y12, CES1, and CYP2C19, along with clinical, demographic, and social factors, on variation in response to DAPT in Egyptians. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS This study included 230 Egyptians treated with clopidogrel 75 mg/day and aspirin 81 mg/day for at least 12 months following their first ACS. Simple and multivariable logistic regression analyses were carried out to identify factors associated with major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), defined as the occurrence of recurrent ACS, ischemic stroke, stent-related revascularization, or death, in clopidogrel-treated participants. RESULTS Using multivariable logistic regression analysis, the CYP2C19*2 polymorphism was the only genetic predictor of MACE [odds ratio (OR): 2.23, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.15-4.33, P=0.01]. In addition, proton pump inhibitor use (OR: 4.77, 95% CI: 1.47-15.54, P=0.009) and diabetes (OR: 1.83, 95% CI: 1.03-3.26, P=0.03) were associated with higher cardiovascular risk, whereas statin use was associated with lower risk (OR: 0.43, 95% CI: 0.25-0.76, P=0.003). The contribution of these four genetic and nongenetic factors explained 19% of the variability in risk for MACE in Egyptians treated with DAPT. CONCLUSION These results highlight that CYP2C19*2, along with diabetes, and use of proton pump inhibitor and statin are important factors jointly associated with variability in clinical response to DAPT following ACS in Egyptians.
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Abstract
Cardiovascular (CV) diseases continue to be the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Significant progress has been made in the management of coronary artery disease (CAD) and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) over the past 3 decades. The year 2017 marks 40th anniversary of the first coronary angioplasty performed by Andreas Gruentzig in the year 1977. Evidence-based medicine and research has been the key driving force of these positive outcomes. The year 2017 witnessed presentation of several landmark studies at major meetings and many of them getting published in literature simultaneously. These trials evaluated wide range of issues from novel percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) strategies to newer drugs to innovative devices in management of CAD. We selectively discuss a few major landmark studies that have the potential to alter our daily practice in 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshyaya Pradhan
- Department of Cardiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pravesh Vishwakarma
- Department of Cardiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rishi Sethi
- Department of Cardiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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14
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Omar HR, Socias SM, Powless RA, Sprenker C, Karlnoski R, Mangar D, Camporesi EM. Clopidogrel is not associated with increased bleeding complications after full-mouth extraction: A retrospective study. J Am Dent Assoc 2016; 146:303-9. [PMID: 25925522 DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To the authors' knowledge, the effect of clopidogrel on bleeding complications during full-mouth extraction has not been studied. The authors aimed to determine the safety of continued use of clopidogrel during full-mouth extraction. METHODS The authors performed a retrospective study of consecutive patients undergoing full-mouth extraction who were taking aspirin, clopidogrel, a combination of aspirin and clopidogrel, or neither. The main study outcomes in the 4 study groups were estimated blood loss, transfusion requirements, and complications. The authors also examined the correlation between the number of teeth extracted and estimated blood loss in various groups. RESULTS Seventy-one patients underwent full-mouth extraction with removal of an average of 19 teeth. The authors excluded 3 patients owing to lack of data regarding blood loss. Of the remaining 68 patients, 25 were using aspirin, 12 were using clopidogrel, 9 were using both aspirin and clopidogrel, and 22 had discontinued the use of antiplatelets. There was no significant difference in the number of teeth extracted (P = .283) and estimated blood loss (P = .111) among the 4 groups. The authors found a significant moderate correlation between the number of teeth extracted and estimated blood loss in the group using aspirin (r = 0.537; P = .006) and in the group using clopidogrel, whether alone or in combination with aspirin (r = 0.535; P = .012), but not in the group who discontinued the use of antiplatelets. There was no need for blood transfusion in any patient. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study provide limited evidence to suggest that continuation of clopidogrel during full-mouth extraction and preprosthetic surgery may be safe and does not appear to be associated with a significant risk of bleeding. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Clopidogrel therapy during full-mouth extraction is not associated with significant bleeding complications and may be continued in patients who have a high risk of experiencing a cardiac event.
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15
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Wimmer NJ, Dufour AB, Cho K, Gagnon DR, Quach L, Ly S, Do JM, Ostrowski S, Michael Gaziano J, Faxon DP, Kinlay S. Long-term outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes related to prolonging dual antiplatelet therapy more than 12 months after coronary stenting. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2016; 89:1176-1184. [PMID: 27860195 DOI: 10.1002/ccd.26831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the impact of stent type on the risk of death or myocardial infarction (MI) related to dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) more than 12 months (prolonged DAPT) versus 12 or less months after PCI for an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). BACKGROUND The recent DAPT study reported lower recurrent ischemic events from prolonged DAPT in patients treated with PCI for an ACS, but was underpowered to determine the impact of stent type. METHODS We determined clinical outcomes after PCI for an ACS (median follow-up: DES = 26 months, BMS = 46 months) in 18,484 patients in the Veterans Affairs system treated with first generation drug-eluting stents (DES) or bare-metal stents (BMS). We used landmark analyses starting 1 year after the index PCI to assess the risk of prolonged DAPT on the primary endpoint of death or MI. Multivariable and propensity models adjusted for confounding. RESULTS There was a significant interaction between stent type and prolonged DAPT for death and MI (P = 0.0036), death (P = 0.054), and major bleeding (P = 0.0013). Patients treated with prolonged DAPT had lower risks of death or MI (HR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.61, 0.82) and death (HR = 0.74, 95%CI = 0.62, 0.89) with DES, but not BMS, and higher risks of major bleeding, particularly with BMS (HR = 1.67, P < 0.001) than DES (HR = 1.24, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Prolonging DAPT more than 12 months after PCI for ACS only associated with a lower risk of ischemic events in the 1-4 years after PCI in those receiving first generation DES. Stent type may influence the benefit of prolonged DAPT. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Wimmer
- Cardiovascular Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alyssa B Dufour
- MAVERIC, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Department of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kelly Cho
- MAVERIC, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Department of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Ageing, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David R Gagnon
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,MAVERIC, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lien Quach
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,MAVERIC, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts.,University of Massachusetts, Department of Gerontology, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Samantha Ly
- Cardiovascular Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jacquelyn-My Do
- Cardiovascular Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Simon Ostrowski
- Cardiovascular Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - J Michael Gaziano
- Cardiovascular Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,MAVERIC, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Department of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David P Faxon
- Cardiovascular Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Department of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Scott Kinlay
- Cardiovascular Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Department of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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Wang D, Gui L, Dong Y, Li H, Li S, Zheng H, Wang A, Meng X, Liu LP, Wang YL, Wang G, Jing J, Li Z, Zhao XQ, Wang YJ. Dual antiplatelet therapy may increase the risk of non-intracranial haemorrhage in patients with minor strokes: a subgroup analysis of the CHANCE trial. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2016; 1:29-36. [PMID: 28959461 PMCID: PMC5435197 DOI: 10.1136/svn-2016-000008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The aim of this study was to explore the difference between haemorrhagic events among those patients on either aspirin or aspirin plus clopidogrel who were enrolled in the Clopidogrel in High-Risk Patients with Acute Non-disabling Ischemic Cerebrovascular Events (CHANCE) trial. Methods This was an ad hoc analysis of the CHANCE trial; data on all patients with any haemorrhagic event were reviewed and analysed. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to determine factors association with any bleeding. Results In the CHANCE trial, there were a total of 101 (2%) haemorrhagic events reported from 50 different hospitals. The clopidogrel–aspirin group had 60 (2.3%) cases and the aspirin group had 41 (1.6%, p=0.09). Moderate or severe haemorrhagic events occurred in 7 patients (0.3%) in the clopidogrel–aspirin group and in 8 (0.3%) in the aspirin group (p=0.73). Of 36 (0.7%) cases of intracranial haemorrhages, 20 (0.4%) were in the clopidogrel–aspirin group and 16 (0.3%) in the aspirin group. Each group had 8 (0.3%) cases of symptomatic haemorrhagic strokes. Other common haemorrhagic events included 24 (0.5%) cases of skin bruises, 13 (0.3%) gastrointestinal haemorrhages, 9 (0.2%) gum haemorrhages and 8 (0.2%) intraocular haemorrhages. Conclusions There was no overall significant difference in haemorrhagic events (p=0.29), especially in the rate of intracranial haemorrhages between the 2 treatment groups. However, patients enrolled with minor strokes had an increased risk of haemorrhagic events regardless of treatment group, not seen in patients with high-risk transient ischaemic attacks. Being elderly, of male gender and with a history of aspirin or proton pump inhibitor usage were associated with increased risk of haemorrhage. Patients with higher body mass index had lower risk of haemorrhagic events. Trial registration number NCT00979589.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wang
- Illinois Neurological Institute Stroke Network, Sisters of the Third Order of St. Francis Healthcare System, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, Illinois, USA
| | - Li Gui
- Southwest Hospital Stroke Center, Third Military University of Medical Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Dong
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Li
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Shujuan Li
- Chaoyang Hospital Neurology Department, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huaguang Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Tiantan Clinical Trial and Research Center for Stroke, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Anxin Wang
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Tiantan Clinical Trial and Research Center for Stroke, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Meng
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Tiantan Clinical Trial and Research Center for Stroke, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Ping Liu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Tiantan Clinical Trial and Research Center for Stroke, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Neurological Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Long Wang
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Tiantan Clinical Trial and Research Center for Stroke, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyao Wang
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Tiantan Clinical Trial and Research Center for Stroke, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Jing
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Tiantan Clinical Trial and Research Center for Stroke, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Neurological Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zixiao Li
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Tiantan Clinical Trial and Research Center for Stroke, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhao
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Tiantan Clinical Trial and Research Center for Stroke, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Jun Wang
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Tiantan Clinical Trial and Research Center for Stroke, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Vascular Neurology,Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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