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Runser A, Dujardin D, Ernst P, Klymchenko AS, Reisch A. Zwitterionic Stealth Dye-Loaded Polymer Nanoparticles for Intracellular Imaging. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:117-125. [PMID: 31872751 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b15396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular applications of fluorescent nanoparticles (NPs) as probes and labels are currently limited by significant molecular crowding and the high level of complexity encountered inside living cells. The solution is to develop very small, bright, and noninteracting (stealth) NPs. Combining these properties requires implementing the stealth behavior through the thinnest possible hydrophilic shell. Here, we propose a one-step process for preparing ultrasmall and bright stealth NPs based on a zwitterionic (ZI) methacrylate-based copolymer. Dye-loaded polymer NPs are assembled through nanoprecipitation of the copolymer together with the salt of a rhodamine B derivative and a bulky hydrophobic counterion to achieve high particle brightness. We found that 10 mol % ZI groups in the polymer yield NPs of less than 15 nm that are stable in physiological salt conditions and practically resistant to protein adsorption, as suggested by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. The combination of the very small size with the nonfouling nature of these particles enables spreading of ZI polymer NPs in the whole cytosol after their microinjection into living cells. In addition, single-particle tracking showed up to four times faster diffusion of ZI NPs in the cytosol compared to PEGylated NPs. The obtained dye-loaded ZI polymer NPs open the route to intracellular single-particle tracking and biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Runser
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, Faculté de Pharmacie , CNRS UMR 7021, Université de Strasbourg , 67401 Illkirch Cedex , France
| | - Denis Dujardin
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, Faculté de Pharmacie , CNRS UMR 7021, Université de Strasbourg , 67401 Illkirch Cedex , France
| | - Pauline Ernst
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, Faculté de Pharmacie , CNRS UMR 7021, Université de Strasbourg , 67401 Illkirch Cedex , France
| | - Andrey S Klymchenko
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, Faculté de Pharmacie , CNRS UMR 7021, Université de Strasbourg , 67401 Illkirch Cedex , France
| | - Andreas Reisch
- Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies, Faculté de Pharmacie , CNRS UMR 7021, Université de Strasbourg , 67401 Illkirch Cedex , France
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Reisch A, Trofymchuk K, Runser A, Fleith G, Rawiso M, Klymchenko AS. Tailoring Fluorescence Brightness and Switching of Nanoparticles through Dye Organization in the Polymer Matrix. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:43030-43042. [PMID: 29185702 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent nanoparticles (NPs) help to increase spatial and temporal resolution in bioimaging. Advanced microscopy techniques require very bright NPs that exhibit either stable emission for single-particle tracking or complete on/off switching (blinking) for super-resolution imaging. Here, ultrabright dye-loaded polymer NPs with controlled switching properties are developed. To this aim, the salt of a dye (rhodamine B octadecyl ester) with a hydrophobic counterion (fluorinated tetraphenylborate) is encapsulated at very high concentrations up to 30 wt % in NPs made of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and polycaprolactone (PCL) through nanoprecipitation. The obtained 35 nm NPs are nearly 100 times brighter than quantum dots. The nature of the polymer is found to define the collective behavior of the encapsulated dyes so that NPs containing thousands of dyes exhibit either whole particle blinking, for PLGA, or stable emission, for PMMA and PCL. Fluorescence anisotropy measurements together with small-angle X-ray scattering experiments suggest that in less hydrophobic PLGA, dyes tend to cluster, whereas in more hydrophobic PMMA and PCL, dyes are dispersed within the matrix, thus altering the switching behavior of NPs. Experiments using a perylene diimide derivative show a similar effect of the polymer nature. The resulting fluorescent NPs are suitable for a wide range of imaging applications from tracking to super-resolution imaging. The findings on the organization of the load innside NPs will have impact on the development of materials for applications ranging from photovoltaics to drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Reisch
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR CNRS 7213, Université de Strasbourg , 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Kateryna Trofymchuk
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR CNRS 7213, Université de Strasbourg , 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Anne Runser
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR CNRS 7213, Université de Strasbourg , 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Guillaume Fleith
- Institut Charles Sadron (CNRS-UdS) , 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Michel Rawiso
- Institut Charles Sadron (CNRS-UdS) , 23 rue du Loess, BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Andrey S Klymchenko
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR CNRS 7213, Université de Strasbourg , 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France
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Andreiuk B, Reisch A, Lindecker M, Follain G, Peyriéras N, Goetz JG, Klymchenko AS. Fluorescent Polymer Nanoparticles for Cell Barcoding In Vitro and In Vivo. Small 2017; 13:1701582. [PMID: 28791769 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201701582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent polymer nanoparticles for long-term labeling and tracking of living cells with any desired color code are developed. They are built from biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) polymer loaded with cyanine dyes (DiO, DiI, and DiD) with the help of bulky fluorinated counterions, which minimize aggregation-caused quenching. At the single particle level, these particles are ≈20-fold brighter than quantum dots of similar color. Due to their identical 40 nm size and surface properties, these nanoparticles are endocytosed equally well by living cells. Mixing nanoparticles of three colors in different proportions generates a homogeneous RGB (red, green, and blue) barcode in cells, which is transmitted through many cell generations. Cell barcoding is validated on 7 cell lines (HeLa, KB, embryonic kidney (293T), Chinese hamster ovary, rat basophilic leucemia, U97, and D2A1), 13 color codes, and it enables simultaneous tracking of co-cultured barcoded cell populations for >2 weeks. It is also applied to studying competition among drug-treated cell populations. This technology enabled six-color imaging in vivo for (1) tracking xenografted cancer cells and (2) monitoring morphogenesis after microinjection in zebrafish embryos. In addition to a robust method of multicolor cell labeling and tracking, this work suggests that multiple functions can be co-localized inside cells by combining structurally close nanoparticles carrying different functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohdan Andreiuk
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR 7213 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 74, Route du Rhin, BP 60024, 67401, Illkirch, France
| | - Andreas Reisch
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR 7213 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 74, Route du Rhin, BP 60024, 67401, Illkirch, France
| | - Marion Lindecker
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR 7213 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 74, Route du Rhin, BP 60024, 67401, Illkirch, France
| | - Gautier Follain
- MN3T, Inserm U1109, LabEx Medalis, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Nadine Peyriéras
- CNRS USR3695 BioEmergences, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jacky G Goetz
- MN3T, Inserm U1109, LabEx Medalis, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Andrey S Klymchenko
- Laboratoire de Biophotonique et Pharmacologie, UMR 7213 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Strasbourg, 74, Route du Rhin, BP 60024, 67401, Illkirch, France
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