1
|
Gao Y, Chen J, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Jia X, Da X, Gao G, Xi K, Ding S. Phase-Separated Dielectric Gels Based on Christiansen Effect. Small 2023; 19:e2208156. [PMID: 36864588 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202208156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Phase separation is a trivial phenomenon but a mature strategy in materials science. The flexible materials are provided toughness and strength by phase separation, yet there are few applications in optics and electronics industry. A novel phase-separated dielectric gel (PSDG) with a strong Christiansen effect is prepared via radical polymerization using hydroxyethyl methacrylate as a monomer, 4-cyano-4'-pentylbiphenyl and tributyl citrate as mixed solvents, and polyethylene glycol as a softener. The solvent ratios and ambient conditions can efficiently change the color of PSDG which makes it strongly selective for the wavelength of transmitted light. Besides, it has a high dielectric constant (10 at 1 kHz), sensitively responding to the electric field. The phase separation degree of PSDG varies with applied electric field, which will induce its transmittance alteration accordingly. The current field sensitive PSDG provides a novel idea for "smart windows". Additionally, varying the size and shape of the electrodes can precisely control the phase separation in PSDG and also enables the function of free writing on flexible materials. Therefore, the designed PSDG has great application potential for flexible touch and interesting interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Gao
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, 710049, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, 710049, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, 710049, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Yuanjun Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, 710049, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Xin Jia
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, 710049, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Da
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, 710049, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Guoxin Gao
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, 710049, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Kai Xi
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, 710049, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Shujiang Ding
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Engineering Research Center of Energy Storage Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, 710049, Xi'an, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cattell C, Breneman A, Colpitts C, Dombeck J, Thaller S, Tian S, Wygant J, Fennell J, Hudson MK, Ergun R, Russell CT, Torbert R, Lindqvist P, Burch J. Dayside response of the magnetosphere to a small shock compression: Van Allen Probes, Magnetospheric MultiScale, and GOES-13. Geophys Res Lett 2017; 44:8712-8720. [PMID: 29104327 PMCID: PMC5661744 DOI: 10.1002/2017gl074895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Observations from Magnetospheric MultiScale (~8 Re) and Van Allen Probes (~5 and 4 Re) show that the initial dayside response to a small interplanetary shock is a double-peaked dawnward electric field, which is distinctly different from the usual bipolar (dawnward and then duskward) signature reported for large shocks. The associated E × B flow is radially inward. The shock compressed the magnetopause to inside 8 Re, as observed by Magnetospheric MultiScale (MMS), with a speed that is comparable to the E × B flow. The magnetopause speed and the E × B speeds were significantly less than the propagation speed of the pulse from MMS to the Van Allen Probes and GOES-13, which is consistent with the MHD fast mode. There were increased fluxes of energetic electrons up to several MeV. Signatures of drift echoes and response to ULF waves also were seen. These observations demonstrate that even very weak shocks can have significant impact on the radiation belts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. Cattell
- School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of Minnesota, Twin CitiesMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - A. Breneman
- School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of Minnesota, Twin CitiesMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - C. Colpitts
- School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of Minnesota, Twin CitiesMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - J. Dombeck
- School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of Minnesota, Twin CitiesMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - S. Thaller
- School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of Minnesota, Twin CitiesMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - S. Tian
- School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of Minnesota, Twin CitiesMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - J. Wygant
- School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of Minnesota, Twin CitiesMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - J. Fennell
- Aerospace CorporationEl SegundoCaliforniaUSA
| | - M. K. Hudson
- Department of Physics and AstronomyDartmouth CollegeHanoverNew HampshireUSA
| | - Robert Ergun
- LASPUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderColoradoUSA
| | | | - Roy Torbert
- EOSUniversity of New HampshireDurhamNew HampshireUSA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|