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Götz MG, Godwin K, Price R, Dorn R, Merrill-Steskal G, Klemmer W, Hansen H, Produturi G, Rocha M, Palmer M, Molacek L, Strater Z, Groll M. Macrocyclic Oxindole Peptide Epoxyketones-A Comparative Study of Macrocyclic Inhibitors of the 20S Proteasome. ACS Med Chem Lett 2024; 15:533-539. [PMID: 38628795 PMCID: PMC11017298 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.4c00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Peptide macrocycles have recently gained attention as protease inhibitors due to their metabolic stability and specificity. However, the development of peptide macrocycles with improved binding potency has so far been challenging. Here we present macrocyclic peptides derived from the clinically applied proteasome inhibitor carfilzomib with an oxindole group that mimics the natural product TMC-95A. Fluorescence kinetic activity assays reveal a high potency of the oxindole group (IC50 = 0.19 μM) compared with agents lacking this motif. X-ray structures of the ligands with the β5-subunit of the yeast 20S proteasome illustrate that the installed macrocycle forces strong hydrogen bonding of the oxindole group with β5-Gly23NH. Thus, the binding of our designed oxindole epoxyketones is entropically and enthalpically favored in contrast to more flexible proteasome inhibitors such as carfilzomib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion G. Götz
- Department
of Chemistry, Whitman College, Walla Walla, Washington 99362, United States
| | - Kacey Godwin
- Department
of Chemistry, Whitman College, Walla Walla, Washington 99362, United States
| | - Rachel Price
- Department
of Chemistry, Whitman College, Walla Walla, Washington 99362, United States
| | - Robert Dorn
- Department
of Chemistry, Whitman College, Walla Walla, Washington 99362, United States
| | | | - William Klemmer
- Department
of Chemistry, Whitman College, Walla Walla, Washington 99362, United States
| | - Hunter Hansen
- Department
of Chemistry, Whitman College, Walla Walla, Washington 99362, United States
| | - Gautam Produturi
- Department
of Chemistry, Whitman College, Walla Walla, Washington 99362, United States
| | - Megan Rocha
- Department
of Chemistry, Whitman College, Walla Walla, Washington 99362, United States
| | - Mathias Palmer
- Department
of Chemistry, Whitman College, Walla Walla, Washington 99362, United States
| | - Lea Molacek
- Department
of Chemistry, Whitman College, Walla Walla, Washington 99362, United States
| | - Zack Strater
- Department
of Chemistry, Whitman College, Walla Walla, Washington 99362, United States
| | - Michael Groll
- Technical
University of Munich, TUM School of Natural
Sciences, Department of Bioscience, Center for Protein Assemblies
(CPA), Ernst-Otto-Fischer
Strasse 8, 85748 Garching, Germany
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Almaliti J, Fajtová P, Calla J, LaMonte GM, Feng M, Rocamora F, Ottilie S, Glukhov E, Boura E, Suhandynata RT, Momper JD, Gilson MK, Winzeler EA, Gerwick WH, O'Donoghue AJ. Development of Potent and Highly Selective Epoxyketone-Based Plasmodium Proteasome Inhibitors. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203958. [PMID: 36617500 PMCID: PMC10894724 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Here, we present remarkable epoxyketone-based proteasome inhibitors with low nanomolar in vitro potency for blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum and low cytotoxicity for human cells. Our best compound has more than 2,000-fold greater selectivity for erythrocytic-stage P. falciparum over HepG2 and H460 cells, which is largely driven by the accommodation of the parasite proteasome for a D-amino acid in the P3 position and the preference for a difluorobenzyl group in the P1 position. We isolated the proteasome from P. falciparum cell extracts and determined that the best compound is 171-fold more potent at inhibiting the β5 subunit of P. falciparum proteasome when compared to the same subunit of the human constitutive proteasome. These compounds also significantly reduce parasitemia in a P. berghei mouse infection model and prolong survival of animals by an average of 6 days. The current epoxyketone inhibitors are ideal starting compounds for orally bioavailable anti-malarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehad Almaliti
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
- Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - Pavla Fajtová
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaeson Calla
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Gregory M LaMonte
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Mudong Feng
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Frances Rocamora
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Sabine Ottilie
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
- Calibr, a division of The Scripps Research Institute, 11119 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Evgenia Glukhov
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Evzen Boura
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 16610, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Raymond T Suhandynata
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Jeremiah D Momper
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Michael K Gilson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Winzeler
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - William H Gerwick
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Anthony J O'Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
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Carmony K, Lee W, Kim KB. High-Resolution Snapshots of Proteasome Inhibitors in Action Revise Inhibition Paradigms and Inspire Next-Generation Inhibitor Design. Chembiochem 2016; 17:2115-2117. [PMID: 27605113 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
New high-resolution crystal structures reported by Schrader and colleagues refine our understanding of how peptide epoxyketone anticancer drugs inactivate their target: the human proteasome. These findings provide important clues for the design of next-generation proteasome inhibitor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Carmony
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536-0596, USA
| | - Wooin Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Bo Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536-0596, USA
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Abstract
Proteasomal inhibition revolutionized myeloma therapies in this decade of novel agents. The only US Food and Drug Administration approved proteasome inhibitor so far, bortezomib effectively targets the constitutive proteasome subunit β5 of the 26S proteasome. Bortezomib induces high and quality response rates that are durable. However, myeloma cells acquire resistance to bortezomib through various mechanisms. Further, grade 3/4 peripheral neuropathy is seen in up to a quarter of patients treated with bortezomib. While the recent change in the mode of administration via the subcutaneous route is associated with a lower incidence of grade 3/4 peripheral neuropathy, it remains a major concern. The second generation proteasome inhibitors are promising, with increased preclinical efficacy and a better administration schedule. The current review spotlights the second generation proteasome inhibitors with special focus on the safety and efficacy of carfilzomib, an epoxyketone with lesser peripheral neuropathy, which exhibits irreversible proteasome inhibition. In this article, we review the pharmacology and preclinical and clinical efficacy and safety of carfilzomib alone and in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents in the various lymphoid neoplasms and multiple myeloma as well as ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Nooka
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta GA, USA
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