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Bose S, Mazumdar A, Schut M, Toroš M. Entanglement Witness for the Weak Equivalence Principle. Entropy (Basel) 2023; 25:448. [PMID: 36981336 PMCID: PMC10047996 DOI: 10.3390/e25030448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Einstein equivalence principle is based on the equality of gravitational and inertial mass, which has led to the universality of a free-fall concept. The principle has been extremely well tested so far and has been tested with a great precision. However, all these tests and the corresponding arguments are based on a classical setup where the notion of position and velocity of the mass is associated with a classical value as opposed to the quantum entities.Here, we provide a simple quantum protocol based on creating large spatial superposition states in a laboratory to test the quantum regime of the equivalence principle where both matter and gravity are treated at par as a quantum entity. The two gravitational masses of the two spatial superpositions source the gravitational potential for each other. We argue that such a quantum protocol is unique with regard to testing especially the generalisation of the weak equivalence principle by constraining the equality of gravitational and inertial mass via witnessing quantum entanglement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sougato Bose
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Anupam Mazumdar
- Van Swinderen Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martine Schut
- Van Swinderen Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marko Toroš
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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De Nicola S, Fedele R, Jovanović D, Man’ko MA, Man’ko VI. Tomographic Description of a Quantum Wave Packet in an Accelerated Frame. Entropy (Basel) 2021; 23:636. [PMID: 34069687 PMCID: PMC8160885 DOI: 10.3390/e23050636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The tomography of a single quantum particle (i.e., a quantum wave packet) in an accelerated frame is studied. We write the Schrödinger equation in a moving reference frame in which acceleration is uniform in space and an arbitrary function of time. Then, we reduce such a problem to the study of spatiotemporal evolution of the wave packet in an inertial frame in the presence of a homogeneous force field but with an arbitrary time dependence. We demonstrate the existence of a Gaussian wave packet solution, for which the position and momentum uncertainties are unaffected by the uniform force field. This implies that, similar to in the case of a force-free motion, the uncertainty product is unaffected by acceleration. In addition, according to the Ehrenfest theorem, the wave packet centroid moves according to classic Newton's law of a particle experiencing the effects of uniform acceleration. Furthermore, as in free motion, the wave packet exhibits a diffraction spread in the configuration space but not in momentum space. Then, using Radon transform, we determine the quantum tomogram of the Gaussian state evolution in the accelerated frame. Finally, we characterize the wave packet evolution in the accelerated frame in terms of optical and simplectic tomogram evolution in the related tomographic space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio De Nicola
- Dipartimento di Fisica “E. Pancini”, Universitá di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo, 80126 Napoli, Italy;
- CNR-SPIN Unitá di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Renato Fedele
- Dipartimento di Fisica “E. Pancini”, Universitá di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo, 80126 Napoli, Italy;
- INFN Sezione di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di M.S. Angelo, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Dušan Jovanović
- Institute of Physics, University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | | | - Vladimir I. Man’ko
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.M.); (V.I.M.)
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Bormashenko E. Informational Reinterpretation of the Mechanics Notions and Laws. Entropy (Basel) 2020; 22:E631. [PMID: 33286403 DOI: 10.3390/e22060631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The informational re-interpretation of the basic laws of the mechanics exploiting the Landauer principle is suggested. When a physical body is in rest or it moves rectilinearly with the constant speed, zero information is transferred; thus, the informational affinity of the rest state and the rectilinear motion with a constant speed is established. Inertial forces may be involved in the erasure/recording of information. The analysis of the minimal Szilard thermal engine as seen from the noninertial frame of references is carried out. The Szilard single-particle minimal thermal engine undergoes isobaric expansion relative to accelerated frame of references, enabling the erasure of 1 bit of information. The energy ΔQ spent by the inertial force for the erasure of 1 bit of information is estimated as ΔQ≅53kBT¯, which is larger than the Landauer bound but qualitatively is close to it. The informational interpretation of the equivalence principle is proposed: the informational content of the inertial and gravitational masses is the same.
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Scully MO, Fulling S, Lee DM, Page DN, Schleich WP, Svidzinsky AA. Quantum optics approach to radiation from atoms falling into a black hole. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:8131-8136. [PMID: 30030285 PMCID: PMC6094103 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1807703115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that atoms falling into a black hole (BH) emit acceleration radiation which, under appropriate initial conditions, looks to a distant observer much like (but is different from) Hawking BH radiation. In particular, we find the entropy of the acceleration radiation via a simple laser-like analysis. We call this entropy horizon brightened acceleration radiation (HBAR) entropy to distinguish it from the BH entropy of Bekenstein and Hawking. This analysis also provides insight into the Einstein principle of equivalence between acceleration and gravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlan O Scully
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843;
- Department of Physics, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Stephen Fulling
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
- Department of Mathematics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - David M Lee
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Don N Page
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Wolfgang P Schleich
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
- Institut für Quantenphysik and Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology, Universität Ulm, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Anatoly A Svidzinsky
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
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Abstract
A major challenge for our understanding of the mathematical basis of particle dynamics is the formulation of N-body and N-vortex dynamics on Riemann surfaces. In this paper, we show how the two problems are, in fact, closely related when considering the role played by the intrinsic geometry of the surface. This enables a straightforward deduction of the dynamics of point masses, using recently derived results for point vortices on general closed differentiable surfaces M endowed with a metric g. We find, generally, that Kepler's Laws do not hold. What is more, even Newton's First Law (the law of inertia) fails on closed surfaces with variable curvature (e.g. the ellipsoid).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanella Boatto
- Departamento de Matemática Aplicada , Instituto de Matemática, Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21941-909, Brazil
| | - David G Dritschel
- School of Mathematics and Statistics , University of St Andrews , North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Rodrigo G Schaefer
- Department de Matemàtica Aplicada , Facultat de Matemàtiques i Estadística, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya Pau Gargallo , 5. Barcelona 08028, Spain
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Han F, Liu T, Li L, Wu Q. Design and Fabrication of a Differential Electrostatic Accelerometer for Space-Station Testing of the Equivalence Principle. Sensors (Basel) 2016; 16:E1262. [PMID: 27517927 DOI: 10.3390/s16081262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The differential electrostatic space accelerometer is an equivalence principle (EP) experiment instrument proposed to operate onboard China’s space station in the 2020s. It is designed to compare the spin-spin interaction between two rotating extended bodies and the Earth to a precision of 10−12, which is five orders of magnitude better than terrestrial experiment results to date. To achieve the targeted test accuracy, the sensitive space accelerometer will use the very soft space environment provided by a quasi-drag-free floating capsule and long-time observation of the free-fall mass motion for integration of the measurements over 20 orbits. In this work, we describe the design and capability of the differential accelerometer to test weak space acceleration. Modeling and simulation results of the electrostatic suspension and electrostatic motor are presented based on attainable space microgravity condition. Noise evaluation shows that the electrostatic actuation and residual non-gravitational acceleration are two major noise sources. The evaluated differential acceleration noise is 1.01 × 10−9 m/s2/Hz1/2 at the NEP signal frequency of 0.182 mHz, by neglecting small acceleration disturbances. The preliminary work on development of the first instrument prototype is introduced for on-ground technological assessments. This development has already confirmed several crucial fabrication processes and measurement techniques and it will open the way to the construction of the final differential space accelerometer.
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Mohammadi Estakhri N, Argyropoulos C, Alù A. Graded metascreens to enable a new degree of nanoscale light management. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2015; 373:rsta.2014.0351. [PMID: 26217059 PMCID: PMC4528829 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2014.0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Optical metasurfaces, typically referred to as two-dimensional metamaterials, are arrays of engineered subwavelength inclusions suitably designed to tailor the light properties, including amplitude, phase and polarization state, over deeply subwavelength scales. By exploiting anomalous localized interactions of surface elements with optical waves, metasurfaces can go beyond the functionalities offered by conventional diffractive optical gratings. The innate simplicity of implementation and the distinct underlying physics of their wave-matter interaction distinguish metasurfaces from three-dimensional metamaterials and provide a valuable means of moulding optical waves in the desired manner. Here, we introduce a general approach based on the electromagnetic equivalence principle to develop and synthesize graded, non-periodic metasurfaces to generate arbitrarily prescribed distributions of electromagnetic waves. Graded metasurfaces are realized with a single layer of spatially modulated, electrically polarizable nanoparticles, tailoring the scattering response of the surface with nanoscale resolutions. We discuss promising applications based on the proposed local wave management technique, including the design of ultrathin optical carpet cloaks, alignment-free polarization beam splitters and a novel approach to enable broadband light absorption enhancement in thin-film solar cells. This concept opens up a practical route towards efficient planarized optical structures with potential impact on the integrated nanophotonic technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Mohammadi Estakhri
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Christos Argyropoulos
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Andrea Alù
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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