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Matsushima A, Teramoto T, Kakuta Y. Crystal structure of endocrine-disrupting chemical bisphenol A and estrogen-related receptor γ. J Biochem 2021; 171:23-25. [PMID: 34918738 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvab145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human estrogen-related receptor γ (ERRγ) is an orphan nuclear receptor. The ERRγ behaves as a constitutive activator of transcription and plays a key role in controlling mitochondrial energy production and energy metabolism. BPA is used mainly in producing polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, but it is known as an endocrine disruptor and strongly binds to ERRγ. We determined the crystal structure of ERRγ in complex with BPA. Our structure revealed the molecular mechanism of BPA recognition by ERRγ, in which BPA is well anchored to its ligand-binding pocket. Our structure is the first report of the complex between a nuclear receptor and endocrine disruptor BPA. This structural analysis had a profound impact on subsequent studies of endocrine disruptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayami Matsushima
- Laboratory of Structure-Function Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science
| | - Takamasa Teramoto
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Kakuta
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Kim SE, Ji SB, Kim E, Jeong M, Kim J, Lee GM, Seo HJ, Bae S, Jeong Y, Lee S, Kim S, Lee T, Cho SJ, Liu KH. Nontargeted Metabolomics by High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry to Study the In Vitro Metabolism of a Dual Inverse Agonist of Estrogen-Related Receptors β and γ, DN203368. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13060776. [PMID: 34072800 PMCID: PMC8230175 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
DN203368 ((E)-3-[1-(4-[4-isopropylpiperazine-1-yl]phenyl) 3-methyl-2-phenylbut-1-en-1-yl] phenol) is a 4-hydroxy tamoxifen analog that is a dual inverse agonist of estrogen-related receptor β/γ (ERRβ/γ). ERRγ is an orphan nuclear receptor that plays an important role in development and homeostasis and holds potential as a novel therapeutic target in metabolic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, and cancer. ERRβ is also one of the orphan nuclear receptors critical for many biological processes, such as development. We investigated the in vitro metabolism of DN203368 by conventional and metabolomic approaches using high-resolution mass spectrometry. The compound (100 μM) was incubated with rat and human liver microsomes in the presence of NADPH. In the metabolomic approach, the m/z value and retention time information obtained from the sample and heat-inactivated control group were statistically evaluated using principal component analysis and orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis. Significant features responsible for group separation were then identified using tandem mass spectra. Seven metabolites of DN203368 were identified in rat liver microsomes and the metabolic pathways include hydroxylation (M1-3), N-oxidation (M4), N-deisopropylation (M5), N,N-dealkylation (M6), and oxidation and dehydrogenation (M7). Only five metabolites (M2, M3, and M5-M7) were detected in human liver microsomes. In the conventional approach using extracted ion monitoring for values of mass increase or decrease by known metabolic reactions, only five metabolites (M1-M5) were found in rat liver microsomes, whereas three metabolites (M2, M3, and M5) were found in human liver microsomes. This study revealed that nontargeted metabolomics combined with high-resolution mass spectrometry and multivariate analysis could be a more efficient tool for drug metabolite identification than the conventional approach. These results might also be useful for understanding the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of DN203368 in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin-Eun Kim
- BK21 FOUR KNU Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (S.-E.K.); (S.-B.J.); (E.K.); (G.-M.L.); (H.-J.S.); (S.B.); (Y.J.); (S.L.); (T.L.)
| | - Seung-Bae Ji
- BK21 FOUR KNU Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (S.-E.K.); (S.-B.J.); (E.K.); (G.-M.L.); (H.-J.S.); (S.B.); (Y.J.); (S.L.); (T.L.)
| | - Euihyeon Kim
- BK21 FOUR KNU Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (S.-E.K.); (S.-B.J.); (E.K.); (G.-M.L.); (H.-J.S.); (S.B.); (Y.J.); (S.L.); (T.L.)
| | - Minseon Jeong
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Korea; (M.J.); (J.K.)
| | - Jina Kim
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Korea; (M.J.); (J.K.)
| | - Gyung-Min Lee
- BK21 FOUR KNU Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (S.-E.K.); (S.-B.J.); (E.K.); (G.-M.L.); (H.-J.S.); (S.B.); (Y.J.); (S.L.); (T.L.)
| | - Hyung-Ju Seo
- BK21 FOUR KNU Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (S.-E.K.); (S.-B.J.); (E.K.); (G.-M.L.); (H.-J.S.); (S.B.); (Y.J.); (S.L.); (T.L.)
| | - Subin Bae
- BK21 FOUR KNU Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (S.-E.K.); (S.-B.J.); (E.K.); (G.-M.L.); (H.-J.S.); (S.B.); (Y.J.); (S.L.); (T.L.)
| | - Yeojin Jeong
- BK21 FOUR KNU Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (S.-E.K.); (S.-B.J.); (E.K.); (G.-M.L.); (H.-J.S.); (S.B.); (Y.J.); (S.L.); (T.L.)
| | - Sangkyu Lee
- BK21 FOUR KNU Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (S.-E.K.); (S.-B.J.); (E.K.); (G.-M.L.); (H.-J.S.); (S.B.); (Y.J.); (S.L.); (T.L.)
- Mass Spectrometry Based Convergence Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea;
| | - Sunghwan Kim
- Mass Spectrometry Based Convergence Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea;
- Department of Chemistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Taeho Lee
- BK21 FOUR KNU Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (S.-E.K.); (S.-B.J.); (E.K.); (G.-M.L.); (H.-J.S.); (S.B.); (Y.J.); (S.L.); (T.L.)
| | - Sung Jin Cho
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.J.C.); (K.-H.L.); Tel.: +82-2-958-5137 (S.-J.C.); +82-53-950-8567 (K.-H.L.); Fax: +82-2-958-5137 (S.J.C.); +82-53-950-8557 (K.-H.L.)
| | - Kwang-Hyeon Liu
- BK21 FOUR KNU Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (S.-E.K.); (S.-B.J.); (E.K.); (G.-M.L.); (H.-J.S.); (S.B.); (Y.J.); (S.L.); (T.L.)
- Mass Spectrometry Based Convergence Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea;
- Correspondence: (S.J.C.); (K.-H.L.); Tel.: +82-2-958-5137 (S.-J.C.); +82-53-950-8567 (K.-H.L.); Fax: +82-2-958-5137 (S.J.C.); +82-53-950-8557 (K.-H.L.)
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Kim KS, Kim DK, Na SY, Jung YS, Cho SJ, Kim J, Lee IK, Kim YH, Lee CH, Jeong WI, Jo EK, Choi HS. Frontline Science: Estrogen-related receptor γ increases poly(I:C)-mediated type I IFN expression in mouse macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 109:865-875. [PMID: 33615540 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2hi1219-762r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although type I IFNs (IFN-I) are important for the innate and adaptive immune responses to suppress viral replication, prolonged IFN-I signaling in macrophages suppresses the immune response. Nuclear receptor estrogen-related receptor γ (ERRγ) regulates the transcription of genes involved in endocrine and metabolic functions. However, the role of ERRγ in macrophage immune responses to viruses remains largely unknown. ERRγ expression was significantly induced in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) treated with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)). Our results indicated that the induction of ERRγ expression by poly(I:C) is mediated through activation of the cytoplasmic dsRNA receptors, retinoic acid-inducible gene I and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5. In BMDMs, overexpression of ERRγ significantly increased gene expression and secretion of the IFN-I genes, IFN-α and IFN-β, whereas abolition of ERRγ significantly attenuated poly(I:C)-mediated IFN-I secretion. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays and mutation analyses of the IFN-I promoters revealed that ERRγ regulates the transcription of IFN-α and IFN-β by binding to a conserved ERR response element in each promoter region. Finally, GSK5182 significantly suppressed poly(I:C)-mediated induction of IFN-I gene expression and secretion in BMDMs. Taken together, these findings reveal a previously unrecognized role for ERRγ in the transcriptional control of innate and adaptive immune response to dsRNA virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Sun Kim
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Nuclear Receptor Signals, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Don-Kyu Kim
- Department of Integrative Food, Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Young Na
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Nuclear Receptor Signals, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Seok Jung
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Nuclear Receptor Signals, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jin Cho
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Leading-edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jina Kim
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Leading-edge Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development for Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Kim
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Lee
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Il Jeong
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hueng-Sik Choi
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Nuclear Receptor Signals, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Yu G, Zilundu PLM, Liu L, Zhong K, Tang Y, Ling Z, Zhou LH. ERRγ is downregulated in injured motor neuron subpopulations following brachial plexus root avulsion. Exp Ther Med 2019; 19:205-213. [PMID: 31853291 PMCID: PMC6909709 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen-related receptor γ (ERRγ) is a member of a small group of orphan nuclear receptor transcription factors that have been implicated in several physiological and pathological processes, including placental development, regulation of metabolic genes or disease. The pattern of expression of ERRγ, its role in neuronal injury and its co-localization with other transcription factors in the spinal cord of rats with brachial plexus injury has not been determined. The expression profile of ERRγ and its co-localization with RNA binding protein fox-1 homolog 3 (NeuN) or cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor 3 (ATF-3) in the motor neurons of rats that underwent brachial plexus root avulsion were assessed using western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Fluorogold (FG) was used to mark neurons whose axons were severed. ATF-3 was expressed in the nuclei of motor neurons whose axons were severed by root avulsion. On day 3 post-avulsion, FG and ATF-3 were all co-localized in the injured motor neurons. The level of ERRγ protein in the ipsilateral half of injured spinal cords was significantly decreased compared with that in the contralateral half on days 3, 14 and 28 post-avulsion (all P<0.05). The numbers of ERRγ-positive motor neurons (ERRγon) were also notably decreased in the ipsilateral side compared with that in the contralateral side on days 14 and 28 post-avulsion, implying that the expression occurred in α motor neurons that were progressively being lost, a phenomenon that was expected post-brachial plexus avulsion. Almost all large and small ERRγ-positive motor neurons were also NeuN-positive (NeuNon). However, a few of these were ERRγon/NeuNoff (no NeuN signal). Therefore, these results suggested that ERRγ is a non-specific marker of γ motor neurons in rats, and therefore, this specific transcriptional program cannot be used to define functionally distinct motor neuron sub-populations. However, its downregulation on the injured side suggests that it is an important component of the response to injury in motor neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyin Yu
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Prince Last Mudenda Zilundu
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Linlin Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Ke Zhong
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Ying Tang
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Zemin Ling
- Department of Anatomy, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Li-Hua Zhou
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
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Anelli GM, Mandò C, Letizia T, Mazzocco MI, Novielli C, Lisso F, Personeni C, Vago T, Cetin I. Placental ESRRG-CYP19A1 Expressions and Circulating 17-Beta Estradiol in IUGR Pregnancies. Front Pediatr 2019; 7:154. [PMID: 31069202 PMCID: PMC6491753 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Sex steroids are regulating factors for intrauterine growth. 17-β Estradiol (E2) is particularly critical to a physiological pregnancy, as increased maternal E2 was correlated to lower fetal weight at delivery. The placenta itself is a primary source of estrogens, synthetized from cholesterol precursors. Cytochrome P450 aromatase (encoded by CYP19A1 gene) is a rate-limiting enzyme for E2 biosynthesis. CYP19A1 transcription is supported by Estrogen Related-Receptor Gamma (ERRγ- ESRRG gene), which thus has an indirect role in placental steroidogenesis. Here we investigated maternal E2 levels and placental CYP19A1 and ESRRG expressions in pregnancies with IntraUterine Growth Restriction (IUGR). Methods: Singleton pregnancies were studied. E2 was measured in maternal plasma by electrochemiluminescence in 16 term controls and 11 IUGR (classified by umbilical artery doppler pulsatility index) at elective cesarean section, and also in 13 controls during pregnancy at a gestational age comparable to IUGR. CYP19A1 and ESRRG expressions were analyzed in placental tissue. Maternal/fetal characteristics, placental and molecular data were compared among study groups and tested for correlations. Results: Maternal E2 plasma concentrations were significantly decreased in IUGR compared to controls at delivery. When analyzing normal pregnancies at a gestational age similar to IUGR, E2 levels were not different to pathological cases. However, E2 levels at delivery positively correlated with placental efficiency. Placental CYP19A1 levels were significantly higher in IUGR placental tissue vs. controls, and specifically increased in female IUGR placentas. ESRRG expression was not different among groups. Discussion: We report a positive correlation between 17-β Estradiol levels and placental efficiency, that might indicate a disrupted steroidogenesis in IUGR pregnancies. Moreover, we show alterations of CYP19A1 expression in IUGR placentas, possibly indicating a compensatory effect to the adverse IUGR intrauterine environment, also depending on fetal sex. Further studies are needed to deeper investigate IUGR alterations in the complex interaction among molecules involved in placental steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Maria Anelli
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco University Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Mandò
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco University Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Teresa Letizia
- Endocrinology Laboratory, Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Ilaria Mazzocco
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco University Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Novielli
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco University Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Lisso
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco University Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Personeni
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco University Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Tarcisio Vago
- Endocrinology Laboratory, Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Irene Cetin
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco University Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Buzzi University Hospital, Milan, Italy
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Abstract
Estrogen-related receptor (ERR)γ is an orphan nuclear hormone receptor that belongs to the ERR subfamily of transcription factors. No endogenous ligand has been identified to date. ERRγ possesses ligand-independent transcriptional activity that is regulated by co-regulator interactions, and post-translational modifications (PTMs). Recent data from animal models have established ERRγ as a crucial mediator of multiple endocrine and metabolic signals. ERRγ plays important roles in pathological conditions such as insulin resistance, alcoholic liver injury, and cardiac hypertrophy, and controls energy metabolism in the heart, skeletal muscle, and pancreatic β cells. These findings corroborate the importance of ERRγ in metabolic homeostasis, and suggest that ERRγ is a good target for the treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagannath Misra
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Nuclear Receptor Signals and Hormone Research Center, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Don-Kyu Kim
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hueng-Sik Choi
- National Creative Research Initiatives Center for Nuclear Receptor Signals and Hormone Research Center, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
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Liu X, Nishimura H, Fujiyama A, Matsushima A, Shimohigashi M, Shimohigashi Y. α-Helix-peptides comprising the human nuclear receptor ERRγ competitively provoke inhibition of functional homomeric dimerization. Biopolymers 2017; 106:547-54. [PMID: 26662629 DOI: 10.1002/bip.22795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen-related receptor γ (ERRγ) is a constitutively active nuclear receptor functioning as a transcription factor. ERRγ binds to a single half site designated as ERRE that has only a single DNA-binding motif. However, with regard to the subunit structure, it remains a matter of controversy whether ERRγ binds as a monomer or dimer. Because the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of ERRγ was in a homodimer form in its X-ray crystal structure, the peptide fragments present in the dimer interfaces would perturb or destabilize the dimer structure by inhibiting the mutual interaction among ERRγ molecules. Thus, to demonstrate the essential homodimer structure of ERRγ, we utilized the peptides corresponding to the α-helix peptides 7 (H7), H9, and H10/11 in order to test such inhibitor activity. These selections were done based on a structural analysis of the X-ray crystal structures of ERRγ-LBD, which forms a head-to-head dimer structure. Peptides were evaluated by means of a luciferase reporter gene assay, in which ERRγ exhibited a high constitutive activity with no ligand. When the peptide was expressed in the HeLa cells together with ERRγ, these peptides clearly showed a concentration-dependent activity inhibition, indicating that ERRγ is indeed homodimerized as required for DNA transcription activity. The present results strongly suggest that human nuclear receptor ERRγ functions as a genuine homomeric dimer with symmetrical dimeric interface regions. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 106: 547-554, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Liu
- Laboratory of Structure-Function Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science, and the Research-Education Centre of Risk Science, , Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Nishimura
- Laboratory of Structure-Function Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science, and the Research-Education Centre of Risk Science, , Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Akina Fujiyama
- Laboratory of Structure-Function Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science, and the Research-Education Centre of Risk Science, , Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ayami Matsushima
- Laboratory of Structure-Function Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science, and the Research-Education Centre of Risk Science, , Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Miki Shimohigashi
- Division of Biology, Department of Earth System of Science, Faculty of Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Shimohigashi
- Laboratory of Structure-Function Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty and Graduate School of Science, and the Research-Education Centre of Risk Science, , Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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