1
|
Schutte H, Muradin MSM, Bielevelt F, ten Harkel TC, Speksnijder CM, Rosenberg AJWP. Creating Three-Dimensional Templates of Smiling and Pouting Faces for Different Sex- and Age Groups. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11247257. [PMID: 36555875 PMCID: PMC9787849 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11247257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Smile appearance has a major psychological impact. Orthognathic surgery, which has harmonizing results on skeletal structures, can negatively influence the smile appearance due to soft tissue effects. To enhance the aesthetic effects of orthognathic surgery on soft tissues, reference models for large parts of the hospital’s adherent area are called for. This study aims to create average facial models for different sex and age groups in two facial exercises: maximum closed smile, and pouting. These models were created using coherent point drift and Procrustes algorithms in MATLAB. Principal component analysis was performed, and of 20 surgical landmarks, the in-group variation using standard deviation was calculated. Three distances were analyzed: nasal width, philtral width, and mouth width. To correct for facial size, these distances were analyzed as a ratio of intercanthal width. In total, 328 healthy subjects were included in the study. Subjects were grouped by sex, and in age categories spanning four years each, with an adult group with all ages >16 years. For both smiling and pouting faces, all ratios increased with ageing. These templates and data can benefit facial surgeons, to obtain an expected outcome according to the age of the patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Schutte
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| | - Marvick S. M. Muradin
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Freek Bielevelt
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- 3D Lab Radboudumc, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Timen C. ten Harkel
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- 3D Lab Radboudumc, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline M. Speksnijder
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Antoine J. W. P. Rosenberg
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Galambos Á, Turcsán B, Oláh K, Elekes F, Gergely A, Király I, Topál J. Visual Fixation Patterns During Viewing of Half-Face Stimuli in Adults: An Eye-Tracking Study. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2478. [PMID: 30618923 PMCID: PMC6297881 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human faces play a special role in social cognition, since as a core signal of interpersonal communication, they convey various kinds of information (e.g., about sex, age, race, emotions, intentions). Study 1 aimed to explore how this specialization manifests itself in eye movements when looking at neutral, static, female faces. We monitored the gaze pattern of 23 adult participants using eye-tracking method. To test if template-driven processes are involved in face perception, and to see how inversion affects fixations on special facial stimuli, we presented vertically cut half-faces in upright and inverted positions (so half of each stimulus represented a half-face, whereas the other half was left blank). Our results corroborate prior findings consistently demonstrating the dominance of the triangular area marked by the eyes and the mouth, measured by the number and duration of fixations. In addition, we found evidence for so-called complementary fixations, targeted at the non-informative parts (i.e., the half that does not contain any facial information) of the pictures, suggesting that other mechanisms beyond purely stimulus-driven ones might drive looking behavior when scanning faces. Study 2 was intended to test if these systematic eye movements are face-specific or occur in case of other visual objects as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ágoston Galambos
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Cognitive Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Borbála Turcsán
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Oláh
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Cognitive Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Fruzsina Elekes
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Cognitive Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Gergely
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Király
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Cognitive Science, Central European University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - József Topál
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|