Quantification and visualization of the tooth extraction effects on face with spatially-dense geometric morphometrics

PURPOSE

To apply geometric morphometrics and multivariate statistics to evaluate changes of the face for female Chinese patients who underwent orthodontic treatment with different type of anchorage control.

METHODS

Forty-six adult female patients were enrolled including 33 four first premolars extraction cases (17 patients with mini-implants for maximum anchorage control and 16 patients without mini-implants) and 13 non-extraction cases with minimum treatment duration of 15 months. Spatially-dense correspondence were established among all the images The pre-and post-treatment average faces of the two extraction groups and the non-extraction group were generated. Partial least squares regression was used to test the statistical significance of the effects of treatment for different anchorage choice.

RESULTS

The upper and lower lips were retruded significantly after treatment in the extraction groups. In the maximum anchorage control group, the temple and cheek were depressed by approximately 1mm and the zygomatic regions were increased in the mid-face. However, these changes were not statistically significant. In comparison, no statistically significant facial changes occurred in the non-extraction group.

CONCLUSIONS

The anchorage choice and the removal of four first premolars extraction influence lip shape as well as the perioral regions. However, extraction treatment does not impact the appearance of the cheeks and temples on a statistically level, as compared to orthodontic treatment without premolar extractions. Spatially-dense geometric morphometric facilitates comprehensive treatment effects quantification and visualization on the full facial changes for improving orthodontic outcome evaluation.