Multifactorial Exercise Intervention Decreases Falls Risk in High-risk and Low-risk Older Adults

BACKGROUND

Each year, 1 in 4 people over the age of 65 years of age will experience a fall. It is important to identify and address modifiable risk factors that are associated with falls in adults at high and low risk for falls.

HYPOTHESIS

Falls risk improves in both high-risk and low-risk participants with the implementation of Stay Active and Independent for Life (SAIL).

STUDY DESIGN

Cohort study.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level 3.

METHODS

Seventy-eight older adults (age, 70.9 ± 5.1 years) were included in this study and categorized into high risk and low risk for falling based on the falls risk score from the Physiological Profile Assessment. High risk was defined as having a preintervention falls risk score >1, whereas low risk was defined as having a preintervention falls risk score <1. Both groups had the same 10-week intervention. A multivariate analysis of covariance was used to compare differences pre- and postintervention, using preintervention falls risk score as covariate.

RESULTS

Results showed that regardless of preintervention falls risk, participants showed significant improvements in right and left knee extensor strength and sit-to-stand after participation in the 10-week SAIL program. Also, noteworthy is that 15 participants who were considered at high risk for falling preintervention were considered low risk for falling postintervention.

CONCLUSION

The positive outcomes noted on modifiable risk factors suggest SAIL can be beneficial for decreasing falls risk in older adults, regardless of risk of falling, using a multifactorial exercise intervention. Our results also showed that it was possible for participants not only to improve falls risk but to improve to such a degree that they change from high risk to low risk of falling.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Our results demonstrated that SAIL was effective in improving overall fall risk after a 10-week intervention. Targeted community-based interventions for the aging population can bring physical health benefits that can decrease falls risk.

Process management program to prevent falls in hospitalized patients with neuropsychiatric disorders: a quality improvement program

BACKGROUND

Falls were among the most common adverse nursing events. The incidence of falls in patients with neuropsychiatric disorders was high, and the occurrence of falls not only caused physical and psychological harm to patients but also led to medical disputes. Therefore, interventions for falls prevention were essential, but evaluations of the intervention process were lacking.

METHODS

In this study, a process management program to prevent falls based on the "structure-process-outcome" quality evaluation model was designed and applied to the clinical practice of falls prevention in hospitalized patients with neuropsychiatric disorders. The process quality evaluation checklist to prevent falls was used to supervise the implementation effect of intervention measures to prevent falls, identify the problems in the intervention measures, and make continuous improvements, to reduce the incidence of falls in such hospitalized patients as the final index.

RESULTS

The incidence of inpatient falls decreased from 0.199‰ (0.199 per 1000 patient-days) to 0.101‰ (0.101 per 1000 patient-days) before and after the implementation of the process management program for 12 months, 24 months, and 36 months, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (P < .05). The probability of falls was reduced by 49% after 36 months of monitoring. Furthermore, the proportion of patients at high risk of falls exhibited a downward trend.

CONCLUSION

This quality improvement program was feasible and effective at reducing falls in hospitalized patients with neuropsychiatric disorders. Therefore, attention should be given to monitoring process quality in the management of falls.

Developing Community-Level Implementation Networks to Connect Older Adults to Evidence-Based Falls Prevention Programs

Background: Evidence-based falls prevention programs are available in many communities, but participation in such programs remains low. This study aimed to develop community-based referral networks of organizations to facilitate the uptake of evidence-based falls prevention programs through engaging older adults at risk for falls with the RememberingWhen™ program and connecting them to evidence-based programs in Midwestern communities. Methods: Guided by the Practical, Robust Implementation and Sustainability Model (PRISM), referral networks were developed in two Midwestern communities (urban and micropolitan) through a seven-step community engagement plan: establishing and operationalizing the State-level Advisory Board (SAB), identifying falls prevention resources, conducting community assessments, developing Local Advisory Groups (LAG), operationalizing the LAG, developing referral network and protocols, and implementing the network. Semistructured interviews guided by the RE-AIM framework were conducted with members of the SAB, LAG, administrators and staff from organizations that participated in networks, and older adult participants. Results: After participating in the development of referral networks, participants felt they learned important skills that they can use to develop additional collaborations and networks in the future, emphasized the benefits of building community capacity among organizations with common missions. Interview data yielded strategies on enhancing the referral network's reach, impact, adoption, implementation efficiency, and maintenance. Conclusion: Future sustainability studies of such networks should explore identified challenges and strategies to sustain efforts. Results highlight the importance of ongoing funds to support the efforts of organizational networks in communities.

The Balance Recovery Confidence (BRC) Scale

BACKGROUND

Falls efficacy posits an understanding of the perceived ability to prevent and manage falls. There have been no validated self-reported instruments to measure the perceived ability to recover balance in response to destabilizing perturbations.

PURPOSE

To develop a scale of balance recovery confidence.

METHODS

Stage one had candidate items generated by 12 community-dwelling adults aged 65 and older using the nominal group technique. Stage two had the scale's name, instructions, response options, recall period and the items validated for appropriateness with 28 healthcare professionals and 10 older adults using an e-Delphi technique. Stage three had the scale's psychometric properties evaluated with 84 older adults who had completed self-reported and performance measures. Factor analysis was applied to confirm unidimensionality. The internal structure, reliability and validity of the scale were evaluated using the classical test theory and Rasch measurement theory.

RESULTS

The 19-item scale was developed and validated with experts' consensus. The scale is unidimensional with excellent internal structure (Cronbach's α = 0.975) and test-retest reliability with Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC3,1) = 0.944. Construct validity of the scale was supported by its relationships with the other measures (Activities-specific Balance Confidence scale, Falls Efficacy Scale-International, Late-Life Function and Disability International-Function, handgrip strength dynamometry, 30-second chair stand test, and mini-BESTest).

CONCLUSION

The balance recovery confidence scale is a distinct instrument that measures perceived reactive balance recovery. The scale has good psychometric properties and can be used to complement other measurement instruments to help older adults cope with challenges to balance.

The experiences of older adults with cognitive impairment in using falls prevention alarms in hospital: A qualitative descriptive study

INTRODUCTION

Bed and chair sensor alarms are commonly used for falls prevention in hospitals, despite questionable efficacy. Research analysing older adults' experiences of alarms is scarce, and adults with cognitive impairment are consistently excluded.

AIM

The aim of this study was to explore how older adults with cognitive impairment perceive and experience falls prevention alarms in hospital.

METHOD

A qualitative descriptive design investigated older adults' experiences of alarms in a Geriatric Evaluation and Management ward in Melbourne. Patients were included if they had been provided an alarm. Semi-structured interviews were the primary method of data collection with two observation sessions and medical record analyses completed to enable triangulation of findings. Data were subjected to thematic analysis, and the Person-Environment-Occupation framework was chosen to add insight into the complexities of older adults' experiences of alarms.

FINDINGS

All 11 participants had a level of cognitive impairment with delirium, confusion, or impulsiveness recorded in their medical file. Two overarching themes were identified: communication and collaboration with staff and rationalisation of alarm use. Participants' perceived staff were focussed on falls prevention but experienced a lack of communication about the purpose of alarms. Participants wanted an individualised approach to alarms. Some were comforted with the thought of alarms alerting staff, making them feel well cared for and believed alarms were a useful 'back-up'. Others found alarms uncomfortable, frustrating, and restricting. Application of the Person-Environment-Occupation framework provided insight into how enabling and restrictive factors can impact whether the alarm is experienced positively or negatively. Seven unwitnessed falls occurred during the participants' admissions. Thirty-four per cent of alarm triggers observed were considered false alerts.

CONCLUSION

Older adults commonly reported negative experiences using bed/chair sensor alarms. Occupational therapists have the training to collaborate with people with cognitive impairment and assess the usefulness of alarms in reducing falls, based on how they interact with the older adult's unique person, environment, and occupation domains.

Towards human-centered AI and robotics to reduce hospital falls: finding opportunities to enhance patient-nurse interactions during toileting

Introduction: Patients who are hospitalized may be at a higher risk for falling, which can result in additional injuries, longer hospitalizations, and extra cost for healthcare organizations. A frequent context for these falls is when a hospitalized patient needs to use the bathroom. While it is possible that "high-tech" tools like robots and AI applications can help, adopting a human-centered approach and engaging users and other affected stakeholders in the design process can help to maximize benefits and avoid unintended consequences. Methods: Here, we detail our findings from a human-centered design research effort to investigate how the process of toileting a patient can be ameliorated through the application of advanced tools like robots and AI. We engaged healthcare professionals in interviews, focus groups, and a co-creation session in order to recognize common barriers in the toileting process and find opportunities for improvement. Results: In our conversations with participants, who were primarily nurses, we learned that toileting is more than a nuisance for technology to remove through automation. Nurses seem keenly aware and responsive to the physical and emotional pains experienced by patients during the toileting process, and did not see technology as a feasible or welcomed substitute. Instead, nurses wanted tools which supported them in providing this care to their patients. Participants envisioned tools which helped them anticipate and understand patient toileting assistance needs so they could plan to assist at convenient times during their existing workflows. Participants also expressed favorability towards mechanical assistive features which were incorporated into existing equipment to ensure ubiquitous availability when needed without adding additional mass to an already cramped and awkward environment. Discussion: We discovered that the act of toileting served more than one function, and can be viewed as a valuable touchpoint in which nurses can assess, support, and encourage their patients to engage in their own recovery process as they perform a necessary and normal function of life. While we found opportunities for technology to make the process safer and less burdensome for patients and clinical staff alike, we believe that designers should preserve and enhance the therapeutic elements of the nurse-patient interaction rather than eliminate it through automation.

'I don't want to impose on anybody': Older people and their families discuss their perceptions of risk, cause and care in the context of falls

BACKGROUND

Falls in hospitalised patients remain an ongoing challenge for healthcare systems internationally. Limited research exists on the perspectives of older people on falls risk, cause and care.

OBJECTIVES

This study explored the experiences of patients and their families after a fall in a healthcare facility.

METHODS

Semi-structured interviews were conducted with patients and families to explore the experience of having a fall. Data were analysed thematically.

RESULTS

The themes that emerged from the 14 interviews included the following: explanations; physical environment; communication; experiences of care; perceptions of risk; ageism; feelings towards the fall; and independence and dignity.

CONCLUSIONS

This research emphasises the diversity in older people's experiences after experiencing a fall. Falls prevention should be incorporated as one part of healthy, dignified ageing.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

Falls prevention and management strategies should be multifactorial, including enhanced communication with the patient and their families. When engaging in education and awareness, falls prevention should be positioned as one component of independent and dignified healthy ageing.

Nurses' perspectives on inpatient falls in a large academic hospital in South Africa

BACKGROUND

Falls risk assessment tools, including the Morse Falls Scale, have been used for years, and yet falls remain key adverse events in hospitals. Nurses are key role players in falls prevention and can champion patient safety.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of the study was to explore ward nurses' attitudes, knowledge and practices regarding the use of falls risk assessment tools, institutional falls policy and falls prevention.

METHODS

A survey design was used. All permanent ward nurses were eligible to participate, and a convenience sample was used.

RESULTS

Nurses endorsed the Morse Falls Scale, recommended by institutional policy, as effective in reducing falls and indicated that incident reporting measured progress on monitoring fall events. Falls prevention training was scanty; however, nurses were keen for further education of falls.

CONCLUSION

Effective falls risk management needs to extend beyond promulgating policy and actively address nursing and patient education.Contribution: This study adds to the sparse literature regarding nursing practice and falls prevention in a developing country. Recommendations for change have been made.

Rehabilitation in Older Adults Affected by Immobility Syndrome, Aided by Virtual Reality Technology: A Narrative Review

Individual mobility deficit in older adults induces a variety of medical conditions, diminishing their functional capacity in pursuing activities of daily living. In immobility syndrome patients, such conditions are prone further deterioration through a drastically reduced scope of physical activity, owing mostly to poor self-motivation and the monotonous character of conventional rehabilitation regimens. As evidenced by published research, virtual reality technology solutions in rehabilitation management actually add significantly to patients' self-motivation, while promoting their active involvement in therapy through visual, auditory, and kinaesthetic stimuli. Effective rehabilitation training aided by virtual reality solutions helps patients acquire specific physical and cognitive skills to be subsequently emulated in the real-world environment. The extra added advantage lies in facilitating such training within patients' own home environments, combined with online monitoring of their progress, when not personally supervised by a physiotherapist, which also boosts the overall cost effectiveness of the therapeutic management itself. This narrative review appears to be the very first one principally focused on critically comparing individual immobilisation with immobility syndrome, especially through the application of the Authors' own substantial hands-on therapeutic experience in managing various rehabilitation schemes, specifically aided by diverse virtual reality technology solutions.

Fall Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors in the Hospitalised Adult Population: A Crucial Step Towards Improved Hospital Care

Background Falls among the adult population are a major global health concern with severe repercussions for individuals and healthcare systems. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and associated risk factors of falls in hospitalized patients in order to improve hospital care for elderly adults. Materials and methods The research was conducted at two institutions of tertiary care in Abbottabad, Pakistan. After extensive screening and obtaining informed consent, a total of 210 participants aged 50 and older were enrolled in the study. Mental status, history of falls, ambulation/elimination status, vision, gait/balance, systolic blood pressure, medication use, and predisposing diseases were evaluated using the Long Term Care Fall Risk Assessment Form. Additionally, the Dynamic Gait Index was utilized to evaluate various aspects of gait. Results 58.6% of participants reported a history of falls in the previous year, according to the findings. BMI, imbalance, vertigo, and fear of falling were significantly associated with an increased risk of falls in older individuals. The Long-Term Care Fall Risk Assessment, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), the Dynamic Gait Index (DGI), and the Mini-BESTest scores revealed that patients with a history of falls had inferior functional and cognitive outcomes. Falls were more common among individuals with a robust BMI, especially men. Conclusions The study results highlight the multifactorial nature of falls in the adult population and the need for targeted interventions to address modifiable risk factors. To enhance hospital care for high-risk patients, proactive fall prevention strategies, including regular risk assessments and individualized interventions, should be implemented. This study provides important insights into the prevalence and causes of accidents among hospitalized patients, particularly in developing nations such as Pakistan. ​​​​​​.

A Cross-Sectional Study Investigating Lumbar Proprioception Impairments in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Correlations with Glycated Hemoglobin Levels

Impaired proprioception is a recognized complication in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), contributing to balance deficits and increased risk of falls. However, limited research has focused on lumbar proprioception in this population. This study aimed to investigate lumbar proprioception in individuals with T2DM, as well as healthy individuals. Additionally, this study aimed to examine the correlation between lumbar proprioception and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, which is a marker of long-term glycemic control in T2DM. A cross-sectional study was conducted, comparing lumbar joint reposition errors (JRE) between a T2DM group (n = 85) and a healthy group (n = 85). Lumbar JRE was assessed in flexion, extension, lateral bending left, and lateral bending right using a dual inclinometer device. HbA1c levels were measured as an indicator of glycemic control. Significant differences in lumbar JRE were found between the T2DM and healthy groups, with individuals with T2DM exhibiting larger JRE values, indicating impaired lumbar proprioception (p < 0.001). The correlation analysis revealed significant positive associations between HbA1c levels and lumbar JRE. Higher HbA1c levels were correlated with greater joint JRE in flexion (r = 0.49, p < 0.001), extension (r = 0.51, p < 0.001), left lateral bending (r = 0.45, p < 0.001), and right lateral bending (r = 0.48, p < 0.001) in the T2DM group. This study provides evidence of impaired lumbar proprioception in individuals with T2DM, as evidenced by larger lumbar JRE compared to the healthy group.

Why should clinical practitioners ask about their patients' concerns about falling?

Concerns (or 'fears') about falling (CaF) are common in older adults. As part of the 'World Falls Guidelines Working Group on Concerns about Falling', we recommended that clinicians working in falls prevention services should regularly assess CaF. Here, we expand upon these recommendations and argue that CaF can be both 'adaptive' and 'maladaptive' with respect to falls risk. On the one hand, high CaF can lead to overly cautious or hypervigilant behaviours that increase the risk of falling, and may also cause undue activity restriction ('maladaptive CaF'). But concerns can also encourage individuals to make appropriate modifications to their behaviour to maximise safety ('adaptive CaF'). We discuss this paradox and argue that high CaF-irrespective of whether 'adaptive' or 'maladaptive'-should be considered an indication that 'something is not right', and that is represents an opportunity for clinical engagement. We also highlight how CaF can be maladaptive in terms of inappropriately high confidence about one's balance. We present different routes for clinical intervention based on the types of concerns disclosed.

Economic model of community-based falls prevention: seeking methodological solutions in evaluating the efficiency and equity of UK guideline recommendations

Background

Falls significantly harm geriatric health and impose substantial costs on care systems and wider society. Decision modelling can inform the commissioning of falls prevention but face methodological challenges, including: (1) capturing non-health outcomes and societal intervention costs; (2) considering heterogeneity and dynamic complexity; (3) considering theories of human behaviour and implementation; and (4) considering issues of equity. This study seeks methodological solutions in developing a credible economic model of community-based falls prevention for older persons (aged 60 +) to inform local falls prevention commissioning as recommended by UK guidelines.

Methods

A framework for conceptualising public health economic models was followed. Conceptualisation was conducted in Sheffield as a representative local health economy. Model parameterisation used publicly available data including English Longitudinal Study of Ageing and UK-based falls prevention trials. Key methodological developments in operationalising a discrete individual simulation model included: (1) incorporating societal outcomes including productivity, informal caregiving cost, and private care expenditure; (2) parameterising dynamic falls-frailty feedback loop whereby falls influence long-term outcomes via frailty progression; (3) incorporating three parallel prevention pathways with unique eligibility and implementation conditions; and (4) assessing equity impacts through distributional cost-effectiveness analysis (DCEA) and individual-level lifetime outcomes (e.g., number reaching ‘fair innings’). Guideline-recommended strategy (RC) was compared against usual care (UC). Probabilistic sensitivity, subgroup, and scenario analyses were conducted.

Results

RC had 93.4% probability of being cost-effective versus UC at cost-effectiveness threshold of £20,000 per QALY gained under 40-year societal cost-utility analysis. It increased productivity and reduced private expenditure and informal caregiving cost, but productivity gain and private expenditure reduction were outstripped by increases in intervention time opportunity costs and co-payments, respectively. RC reduced inequality delineated by socioeconomic status quartile. Gains in individual-level lifetime outcomes were small. Younger geriatric age groups can cross-subsidise their older peers for whom RC is cost-ineffective. Removing the falls-frailty feedback made RC no longer efficient or equitable versus UC.

Conclusion

Methodological advances addressed several key challenges associated with falls prevention modelling. RC appears cost-effective and equitable versus UC. However, further analyses should confirm whether RC is optimal versus other potential strategies and investigate feasibility issues including capacity implications.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12877-023-03916-z.

Falls prevention and osteoarthritis: time for awareness and action

Osteoarthritis (OA) and falls both commonly affect older people. While high-level evidence exists to prevent falls in older people, falls prevention is rarely considered within contemporary OA management. OA care and falls prevention have for too long been considered as separate clinical constructs. In the context of ageing populations and growing numbers of people with OA, the time to raise awareness and enact appropriate action is now. This Perspectives on Rehabilitation article draws on the findings from a comprehensive mixed-methods falls and OA research program (which uniquely spanned population, clinician, and consumer perspectives) to better understand existing evidence-practice gaps and identify key opportunities for improvements in clinical care.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONWhile high-level evidence exists to prevent falls in older people, falls prevention is rarely considered within contemporary OA management and this represents a concerning knowledge-to-practice gap.Given ageing populations and growth in the number of people with OA, it is time for falls prevention to be incorporated within routine OA care for older people.To achieve this, we need to re-shape current messaging around falls prevention and develop targeted resources to optimise clinician knowledge and skills in this area.

A realist evaluation of a multifactorial falls prevention programme in care homes

BACKGROUND

falls in care homes are common, costly and hard to prevent.Multifactorial falls programmes demonstrate clinical and cost-effectiveness, but the heterogeneity of the care home sector is a barrier to their implementation. A fuller appreciation of the relationship between care home context and falls programme delivery will guide development and support implementation.

METHODS

this is a multi-method process evaluation informed by a realist approach.Data include fidelity observations, stakeholder interviews, focus groups, documentary review and falls-rate data. Thematic analysis of qualitative data and descriptive statistics are synthesised to generate care home case studies.

RESULTS

data were collected in six care homes where a falls programme was trialled. Forty-four interviews and 11 focus groups complemented observations and document review.The impact of the programme varied. Five factors were identified: (i) prior practice and (ii) training may inhibit new ways of working; (iii) some staff may be reluctant to take responsibility for falls; (iv) some may feel that residents living with dementia cannot be prevented from falling; and, (v) changes to management may disturb local innovation.In some care homes, training and improved awareness generated a reduction in falls without formal assessments being carried out.

CONCLUSIONS

different aspects of the falls programme sparked different mechanisms in different settings, with differing impact upon falls.The evaluation has shown that elements of a multifactorial falls programme can work independently of each other and that it is the local context (and local challenges faced), which should shape how a falls programme is implemented.

Preventing Patient Falls Overnight Using Video Monitoring: A Clinical Evaluation

Inpatient falls are devastating for patients and their families and an ongoing problem for healthcare providers worldwide. Inpatient falls overnight are particularly difficult to predict and prevent. The aim of this cohort study was to evaluate effectiveness of overnight portable video monitoring as an adjunct falls prevention strategy for high falls risk patients in inpatient clinical units. Over three months, three clinical inpatient wards were provided with baby monitor equipment to facilitate portable video monitoring. Portable video monitoring registers were completed nightly and nursing staff were invited to complete surveys (n = 31) to assess their experiences of using portable video monitoring. A total of 494 episodes of portable video monitoring were recorded over the three-month period, with clinical areas reporting a total of four inpatient falls from monitoring participants (0.8% of total portable video monitoring episodes). Overall, there was a statistically significant reduction in total inpatient falls overnight on the target wards. Surveyed nursing staff reported feeling better equipped to prevent falls and indicated they would like to continue using portable monitoring as a falls prevention strategy. This study provides evidence to support the use of portable video monitoring as an effective falls prevention strategy in the hospital environment.

Is telehealth an effective and feasible option for improving falls-related outcomes in community-dwelling adults with neurological conditions? A systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

To determine the effectiveness of telehealth interventions in reducing community falls risk or rates compared to equivalent in-person interventions in adults with neurological conditions.

DATA SOURCES

Eight electronic databases, trial registries and search engines were searched for the concepts 'falls', 'neurological conditions', and 'telehealth', limited to English language, from inception until August 2022.

REVIEW METHODS

Search for original research where the intervention was delivered via synchronous videoconferencing with the aim of reducing falls and falls-related outcomes. Screening and risk of bias assessment were completed by two independent researchers. Outcome data included falls rates, falls-related outcomes, safety, feasibility, and acceptability. Risk of bias was assessed using the ROB-2 and ROBINS-I tools. Quality of evidence was rated with the grading of recommendations, assessment, development and evaluation (GRADE) approach.

RESULTS

Seventeen studies with 581 participants were included; six were randomised controlled trials. Risk of bias ranged from low to high. Only one study (n = 76) reported falls and did not find differences between telehealth and in-person physiotherapy. There was low-quality evidence that telehealth interventions improve balance outcomes more than face-to-face interventions (pooled between-group mean difference 2.48 Berg Balance Scale units, 95%CI 0.77 to 4.20). Fear of falling was not different between intervention delivery modes.

CONCLUSION

Findings suggest that telehealth delivered falls prevention interventions are safe, feasible and acceptable in community-dwelling adults with neurological conditions, however, data related to effectiveness in reducing falls is limited. Low-quality evidence suggests that telehealth may deliver similar or better outcomes for standing balance in this population.PROSPERO Registration: (CRD42021240167).

Using Deep Learning to Predict Minimum Foot-Ground Clearance Event from Toe-Off Kinematics

Efficient, adaptive, locomotor function is critically important for maintaining our health and independence, but falls-related injuries when walking are a significant risk factor, particularly for more vulnerable populations such as older people and post-stroke individuals. Tripping is the leading cause of falls, and the swing-phase event Minimum Foot Clearance (MFC) is recognised as the key biomechanical determinant of tripping probability. MFC is defined as the minimum swing foot clearance, which is seen approximately mid-swing, and it is routinely measured in gait biomechanics laboratories using precise, high-speed, camera-based 3D motion capture systems. For practical intervention strategies designed to predict, and possibly assist, swing foot trajectory to prevent tripping, identification of the MFC event is essential; however, no technique is currently available to determine MFC timing in real-life settings outside the laboratory. One strategy has been to use wearable sensors, such as Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs), but these data are limited to primarily providing only tri-axial linear acceleration and angular velocity. The aim of this study was to develop Machine Learning (ML) algorithms to predict MFC timing based on the preceding toe-off gait event. The ML algorithms were trained using 13 young adults' foot trajectory data recorded from an Optotrak 3D motion capture system. A Deep Learning configuration was developed based on a Recurrent Neural Network with a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) architecture and Huber loss-functions to minimise MFC-timing prediction error. We succeeded in predicting MFC timing from toe-off characteristics with a mean absolute error of 0.07 s. Although further algorithm training using population-specific inputs are needed. The ML algorithms designed here can be used for real-time actuation of wearable active devices to increase foot clearance at critical MFC and reduce devastating tripping falls. Further developments in ML-guided actuation for active exoskeletons could prove highly effective in developing technologies to reduce tripping-related falls across a range of gait impaired populations.

Feasibility, Psychosocial Effects, Influence, and Perception of Elastic Band Resistance Balance Training in Older Adults

This study utilised feedback from older adults during balance-challenging, elastic band resistance exercises to design a physical activity (PA) intervention.

METHODS

Twenty-three active participants, aged 51-81 years, volunteered to perform a mini balance evaluation test and falls efficacy scale, and completed a daily living questionnaire. Following a 10 min warm-up, participants performed eight pre-selected exercises (1 × set, 8-12 repetitions) using elastic bands placed over the hip or chest regions in a randomised, counterbalanced order with 15 min seated rests between interventions. Heart rate (HR) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured throughout. Participant interview responses were used to qualify the experiences and opinions of the interventions including likes, dislikes, comfort, and exercise difficulty.

RESULTS

Similar significant (p < 0.01) increases in HR (pre- = 83-85 bpm, mid- = 85-88 bpm, post-intervention = 88-89 bpm; 5-6%) and RPE (pre- = 8-9, mid- = 10, post-intervention = 10-11) were detected during the PA interventions (hip and chest regions). Interview data revealed that participants thought the PA interventions challenged balance, that the exercises would be beneficial for balance, and that the exercises were suitable for themselves and others. Participants reported a positive experience when using the PA interventions with an elastic band placed at the hip or chest and would perform the exercises again, preferably in a group, and that individual preference and comfort would determine the placement of the elastic band at either the hip or chest.

CONCLUSION

These positive outcomes confirm the feasibility of a resistance band balance program and will inform intervention design and delivery in future studies.

Exploring Changes in Patient Safety Incidents During the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Canadian Regional Hospital System: A Retrospective Time Series Analysis

OBJECTIVES

The COVID-19 pandemic has placed unprecedented strain on healthcare systems and may have consequential impacts on patient safety incidents (PSIs). The primary objective of this study was to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on PSIs reported in Niagara Health.

METHODS

Flexible Farrington models were used to retrospectively detect weeks from January to September 2020 where PSI counts were significantly above expected counts. Incident counts were adjusted to weekly inpatient-days. Outcomes included overall incident numbers, incidents by category, and incidents by ward type.

RESULTS

The overall number of PSIs across Niagara Health did not increase during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, significant increases in falls were observed, suggesting that other types of incidents decreased. Falls increased by 75% from February to March 2020, coinciding with the onset of the first wave of the pandemic. Further investigation by unit type revealed that the number of falls increased specifically on internal medicine and complex continuing care wards.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite no observed changes in overall number, significant composition shifts in PSIs occurred during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, with increased falls on internal medicine and complex continuing care wards. Possible explanations include restrictions on patient visitation, reduced patient contact/supervision, and/or personal protective equipment requirements. Providers should maintain a particularly high vigilance for patient falls during pandemic outbreaks, and hospitals should consider targeting resources to higher-risk locations. The results of this study reinforce the need for ongoing pandemic PSI monitoring and rapidly adaptive responses to new patient safety concerns.

Impact of Upgraded Lighting on Falls in Care Home Residents

OBJECTIVES

Falls in care home residents have major health and economic implications. Given the impact of lighting on visual acuity, alertness, and sleep and their potential influence on falls, we aimed to assess the impact of upgraded lighting on the rate of falls in long-term care home residents.

DESIGN

An observational study of 2 pairs of care homes (4 sites total). One site from each pair was selected for solid-state lighting upgrade, and the other site served as a control.

SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS

Two pairs of care homes with 758 residents (126,479 resident-days; mean age (±SD) 81.0 ± 11.7 years; 57% female; 31% with dementia).

METHODS

One "experimental" site from each pair had solid-state lighting installed throughout the facility that changed in intensity and spectrum to increase short-wavelength (blue light) exposure during the day (6 am-6 pm) and decrease it overnight (6 pm-6 am). The control sites retained standard lighting with no change in intensity or spectrum throughout the day. The number of falls aggregated from medical records were assessed over an approximately 24-month interval. The primary comparison between the sites was the rate of falls per 1000 resident-days.

RESULTS

Before the lighting upgrade, the rate of falls was similar between experimental and control sites (6.94 vs 6.62 falls per 1000 resident-days, respectively; rate ratio [RR] 1.05; 95% CI 0.70-1.58; P = .82). Following the upgrade, falls were reduced by 43% at experimental sites compared with control sites (4.82 vs 8.44 falls per 1000 resident-days, respectively; RR 0.57; 95% CI 0.39-0.84; P = .004).

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

Upgrading ambient lighting to incorporate higher intensity blue-enriched white light during the daytime and lower intensity overnight represents an effective, passive, low-cost, low-burden addition to current preventive strategies to reduce fall risk in long-term care settings.

Effect of Ankle Weights as a Frailty Prevention Strategy in the Community-Dwelling Elderly: A Preliminary Report

Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, many healthy older adults have been less willing to engage in group exercise for fear of contracting this illness. Therefore, there is a need for an effective home-based exercise program to prevent frailty in the elderly. In this study, we assessed the effectiveness of ankle weights as a frailty prevention device for older adults. The study participants were aged 50−90 years and were screened for falls using the Motor Fitness Scale. Participants were divided into two age groups (≤70 and >70 years) for analysis. Older community-dwelling adults were invited to use ankle weights for 3 months. Seventy-four people responded to the invitation. Physical and cognitive status and performance (body composition, grip strength, standing on one leg with eyes open, the 30 s chair stand test (CS-30), Timed Up and Go test, walking speed, body sway, Japanese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment) were assessed before and after 3 months of intervention. CS-30 performance improved during the study. CS-30 reflects lower limb/trunk muscle strength and can be used to indicate the risk of falls. Wearing ankle weights can be recommended for strengthening the muscles of the lower limb and trunk in the elderly.

Implementing Falls Prevention in Primary Care: Barriers and Facilitators

Purpose

Limited information is available concerning primary care providers’ encountered barriers and facilitators when implementing falls prevention and providing interventions in a real-life setting. This study aimed to identify barriers and facilitators when i) implementing a falls risk assessment strategy at GP practices and among community nurses and ii) providing evidence-based falls prevention interventions in a real-life setting to independently living, frail older people.

Methods

A researcher’s journal was maintained during the implementation of a falls risk assessment strategy, which entailed notes from informal conversations with GPs, practice nurses and community nurses. After implementation, two online focus groups with GPs, practice and community nurses, physio- and exercise therapists were conducted. Data were thematically analyzed.

Results

Data were collected from 32 GPs, 13 practice nurses, eight community nurses, nine physiotherapists, and two exercise therapists. The GPs and nurses acknowledged that falls prevention is part of their job, meaningful, and that they have sufficient knowledge and skills to offer falls prevention. Collaboration, a previously implemented care program for older people, resources, reimbursement for interventions, and patients’ motivation, awareness and health issues were considered to be important factors for the implementation of falls prevention. Physio- and exercise therapists described collaboration with different disciplines, receiving sufficient referrals, reimbursements, intensity and set-up of the interventions, and patients’ motivation, expectations, goals, self-confidence, awareness, and health issues as important factors when providing falls prevention interventions.

Conclusion

This study identified care provider-, context-, patient-, and innovation (strategy)-related barriers and facilitators when implementing falls prevention and providing interventions in primary care. Development of a more successful implementation strategy should focus on intensifying collaboration, reimbursement for interventions, availability of resources, and patients’ lack of motivation and health issues. Hence, falls prevention may become more structurally applied, reducing a major threat for the quality of life of independently living older people.

Reducing Falls in Dementia Inpatients Using Vision-Based Technology

OBJECTIVES

Falls have a significant negative impact on the health and well-being of people with dementia and increase service costs related to staff time, paramedic visits, and accident and emergency (A&E) admissions. We examined whether a remote digital vision-based monitoring and management system had an impact on the prevention of falls.

METHODS

Our study was conducted within the Manor dementia inpatient wards at the Coventry and Warwickshire Partnership Trust. Data were retrieved from incident reports before and 22 months after installation of the system. We examined number of night time falls, severity of fall, number of paramedic visits and A&E admissions, and the number of enhanced observations during both time periods.

RESULTS

There was a significant 48% reduction in the number of nighttime falls (P < 0.01), a 49% reduction in visits from paramedics (P < 0.2), and a 68% reduction in A&E admissions (P < 0.02). In addition, the data indicated an 82% reduction in the number of moderate severity falls and that enhanced one-to-one observation hours were reduced by 71%.

CONCLUSIONS

The study demonstrated that a contact-free, remote digital vision-based monitoring and management system reduced falls, fall-related injuries, emergency services time, clinician time, and disruptive night time observations. This benefits the clinicians by allowing them to undertake other clinical duties and promotes the health and safety of patients who might normally experience injury-related stress and disruption to sleep.

Gap between risk factors and prevention strategies? A nationwide survey of fall prevention among medical and surgical patients

Aims

This study aimed to determine the extent to which nurses report assessing evidence‐based falls risk factors and implementing targeted prevention for medical and surgical patients in China.

Design

This study was a national online survey.

Methods

The respondents were registered nurses working in medical and surgical units in 662 Chinese hospitals. The data concerning the falls risk factor assessments and targeted interventions implemented by nurses were collected online by the Nursing Management Committee of the Chinese Nursing Association in China in 2019.

Results

In total, 68 527 valid questionnaires were returned (95.0%). In medical and surgical units, nurses were most likely to report assessing balance, mobility and strength (81.6%) and orthostatic hypotension (76.4%) in falls patients and least likely to report assessing continence (61.3%) and feet and footwear (55.8%). Ensuring the use of appropriate footwear (79.3%) and managing syncope, dizziness and vertigo (73.8%) were the most common multiple interventions, while managing postural hypotension (48.8%) and cognitive impairment (48.4%) was the least common. Nine falls risk factors with clearly matched multifactorial interventions were identified in medical and surgical units (68.2%–97.1%).

Conclusions

The implementation of multifactorial interventions in medical and surgical wards is inconsistent as reported by nurses in medical and surgical wards. Throughout China, nurses are generally concerned about falls risk factors and prevention for their patients; however, limited attention has been focused on continence, feet and footwear assessment and the management of cognitive impairment. Evidence‐based falls prevention should be further tailored to the specific risk factors of each patient.

Impact

Best practice guidelines for falls prevention in hospitals have been developed and published, and it is important for nurses to use these guidelines to guide practice. Our findings identify that in routine care, healthcare providers and hospitals can prevent falls.

Balance performance in patients with post-acute COVID-19 compared to patients with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and healthy subjects

COVID-19 leaves important sequelae in patients, not only in those who had the experience of a critical illness but also in patients with severe form. Understanding the impairments allows us to target rehabilitation to patients' real needs; balance impairments are an assumed sequela of COVID-19, but no study has specifically evaluated balance performance in these patients. Their performance was compared to that of patients with a pulmonary disease that leads to systemic diseases, such as patients with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (PwAECOPD), and of healthy subjects. A total of 75 subjects were assessed: 25 patients with COVID-19 (PwCOVID) with a severe form in the acute phase, 25 PwAECOPD and 25 healthy subjects sex- and age-matched. A stabilometric platform was used to evaluate static balance, both with eyes open and closed, while the dynamic balance was assessed with the Mini-BESTest and the Timed Up and Go test. When compared to healthy subjects, results showed that PwCOVID had worse performance in both static (P < 0.005) and dynamic (P < 0.0001) balance, with a large effect size in all measures (>0.8). Moreover, PwCOVID showed similar results to those of PwAECOPD. In conclusion, PwCOVID showed a balance deficit in both dynamic and static conditions. Therefore, as for PwAECOPD, they should require not only respiratory rehabilitation but also balance and mobility physiotherapy to prevent today's PwCOVID from becoming tomorrow's fallers.

Do home adaptation interventions help to reduce emergency fall admissions? A national longitudinal data-linkage study of 657,536 older adults living in Wales (UK) between 2010 and 2017

Background

falls are common in older people, but evidence for the effectiveness of preventative home adaptations is limited.

Aim

determine whether a national home adaptation service, Care&Repair Cymru (C&RC), identified individuals at risk of falls occurring at home and reduced the likelihood of falls.

Study Design

retrospective longitudinal controlled non-randomised intervention cohort study.

Setting

our cohort consisted of 657,536 individuals aged 60+ living in Wales (UK) between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2017. About 123,729 individuals received a home adaptation service.

Methods

we created a dataset with up to 41 quarterly observations per person. For each quarter, we observed if a fall occurred at home that resulted in either an emergency department or an emergency hospital admission. We analysed the data using multilevel logistic regression.

Results

compared to the control group, C&RC clients had higher odds of falling, with an odds ratio (OR [95% confidence interval]) of 1.93 [1.87, 2.00]. Falls odds was higher for females (1.44 [1.42, 1.46]), older age (1.07 [1.07, 1.07]), increased frailty (mild 1.57 [1.55, 1.60], moderate 2.31 [2.26, 2.35], severe 3.05 [2.96, 3.13]), and deprivation (most deprived compared to least: 1.16 [1.13, 1.19]). Client fall odds decreased post-intervention; OR 0.97 [0.96, 0.97] per quarter. Regional variation existed for falls (5.8%), with most variation at the individual level (31.3%).

Conclusions

C&RC identified people more likely to have an emergency fall admission occurring at home, and their service reduced the odds of falling post-intervention. Service provisioning should meet the needs of an individual and need varies by personal and regional circumstance.

Postural Balance Ability and the Effect of Visual Restriction on Older Dancers and Non-Dancers

Dance has been suggested to be an advantageous exercise modality for improving postural balance performance and reducing the risk of falls in the older population. The main purpose of this study was to investigate whether visual restriction impacts older dancers and non-dancers differently during a quiet stance balance performance test. We hypothesized higher balance performance and greater balance deterioration due to visual restriction in dancers compared with non-dancers, indicating the superior contribution of the visual channel in the expected higher balance performances of dancers. Sixty-nine (38 men, 31 women, 74 ± 6 years) healthy older adults participated and were grouped into a Greek traditional dance group (n = 31, two to three times/week for 1.5 h/session, minimum of 3 years) and a non-dancer control group (n = 38, no systematic exercise history). The participants completed an assessment of one-legged quiet stance trials using both left and right legs and with eyes open while standing barefoot on a force plate (Wii, A/D converter, 1,000 Hz; Biovision) and two-legged trials with both eyes open and closed. The possible differences in the anthropometric and one-legged balance parameters were examined by a univariate ANOVA with group and sex as fixed factors. This ANOVA was performed using the same fixed factors and vision as the repeated measures factor for the two-legged balance parameters. In the one-legged task, the dance group showed significantly lower values in anteroposterior and mediolateral sway amplitudes (p = 0.001 and p = 0.035) and path length measured in both directions (p = 0.001) compared with the non-dancers. In the two-legged stance, we found a significant vision effect on path length (p < 0.001) and anteroposterior amplitude (p < 0.001), whereas mediolateral amplitude did not differ significantly (p = 0.439) between closed and open eyes. The dance group had a significantly lower CoP path length (p = 0.006) and anteroposterior (p = 0.001) and mediolateral sway amplitudes (p = 0.003) both in the eyes-open and eyes-closed trials compared with the control group. The superior balance performance in the two postural tasks found in the dancers is possibly the result of the coordinated, aesthetically oriented intersegmental movements, including alternations between one- and two-legged stance phases, that comes with dance. Visual restriction resulted in a similar deterioration of balance performance in both groups, thus suggesting that the contribution of the visual channel alone cannot explain the superior balance performance of dancers.

A shoe-insole to improve ankle joint mechanics for injury prevention among older adults

Technologies to assist senior individuals with active walking are important. This experiment aimed to investigate whether a customised insole geometry would reduce the risk of falls and locomotive injuries. The tested insole incorporated a built-in inclination to assist ankle dorsiflexion (2.2°) and eversion (4.5°). Twenty-six older adults and 30 younger counterparts undertook gait assessment with and without the experimental insole while 3 D motion capture and force plates recorded gait. The insole increased swing foot-ground clearance, with.43 cm for the older adults' dominant foot. The insole also prevented excessive lateral centre of pressure movement. The main insole effects on foot contact mechanics were (i) prolonged time to foot-flat (.015 s) and (ii) improved energy efficiency (2%). Reduced knee adduction moment (>15%) was observed in the older group. Shoe insoles to provide dorsiflexion and eversion support may have the potential to reduce the risk of falls and locomotion-related injuries for older adults.Practitioner Summary: Using 3 D gait assessment techniques this research investigated shoe-insoles incorporating ankle dorsiflexion and eversion support features. It was shown that falls risk and locomotive injuries could be reduced by the application of orthotics to support ankle dorsiflexion and eversion. Shoe-orthotics may provide practical low-cost solutions to correcting gait impairments.Abbreviations: MFC: minimum foot clearance; CoP: centre of pressure; OA: osteoarthritis; GRF: ground reaction forces; IREDS: infra-red light emitting diodes; PE: potential energy; KE: kinetic energy; IQR: interquartile range; ANOVA: analysis of variance.

Pilates Reducing Falls Risk Factors in Healthy Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: The main theme of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to synthesize the evidence of randomized controlled trial of evidence of Pilates intervention, in comparison to control groups and other forms of exercise, for falls prevention in healthy older adults. Methods: The following electronic databases were searched up to October 2020; EMBASE, Scopus, Google Scholar, MEDLINE (Ovid), Science Direct, Cochrane, and CINAHL. The recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses were followed. A PICOS approach was adopted as a framework to formulate the research question and set the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Participants were healthy older adults, defined as older adults who have maintained functional ability, including participants of both genders, those with a falls history, non-fallers, and individuals who were considered to be sedentary or active. Randomized controlled trials studies, written in the English language, from the decade, were included if they focused on specific outcome measures to decrease falls risk; functional mobility, mobility, fear of falling, gait, and postural stability. The PEDro scale was used to assess risk of bias. Results: There were included 12 studies. In total, 702 healthy older adults' participants were included. Pilates showed an effect in mediolateral directions in comparison to control groups (MD = -1.77, 95% CI, -2.84 to -0.70, p = 0.001, heterogeneity: I ² = 3%), mobility (MD = 9.23, 95% CI, 5.74 to 12.73, p < 0.00001, heterogeneity: I ² = 75%) and fear of falling (MD = -8.61, 95% CI, -10.16 to -7.07, p < 0.00001, heterogeneity: I ² = 88%). In relation to other exercises group, Pilates showed positive effects in functional mobility (MD = -1.21, 95% CI, -2.30 to -0.11, p = 0.03, heterogeneity: I ² = 80%), mobility (MD = 3.25, 95% CI, 1.46 to 5.04, p < 0.0004, heterogeneity: I ² = 0%). No evidence of an improvement was found between the groups for dynamic gait index (MD = 2.26, 95% CI, -0.05 to 4.56, p = 0.06, heterogeneity: I ² = 86%), anteroposterior directions of balance (MD = -1.58, 95% CI, -3.74 to -0.59, p = 0.15, heterogeneity: I ² = 51%) and functional mobility when compared to control groups (no exercise) (MD = -1.24, 95% CI, -2.48 to -0.00, p = 0.05, heterogeneity: I ² = 87%). Discussion: Pilates may be effective in decreasing the risk of falls in older adults. Pilates intervention was found to improve functional mobility, mobility, gait, fear of falling and postural stability and therefore there is some evidence to suggest that Pilates reduces certain risk factors for falls in healthy older adults. However, there is an absence of high-quality evidence in regards to the impact of Pilates on reducing falls and further robust RCTs are needed. Systematic Review Registration: [PROSPERO], identifier [CRD42021206134].

Recruitment and retention of older adults in Assisted Living Facilities to a clinical trial using technology for falls prevention: A qualitative case study of barriers and facilitators

Older adults often have health complexities and higher levels of attrition. Even though they are the main users of healthcare, they are often not included in health research because the health research may not be well designed to accommodate their evolving health needs. One research area in which participation of older adults is essential focuses on improving physical function. In this field, there are many innovations and new technologies developed. Barriers and facilitators to recruit older adults to research that improves physical function by using technology are not well explored yet. This study aims to explore barriers and facilitators regarding recruitment and retention of older adults living in Assisted Living Facilities to a randomised controlled trial study that aimed to improve physical function by using technology. Nine semi-structured interviews were conducted with four Scheme Managers, three therapists and two researchers. The interviews were transcribed. After open, axial and selective coding, the codes were thematic analysed in ATLAS.ti. Scheme Managers, therapists, researchers and older adults' peers appear to play an important role in the recruitment and retention of older adults living in Assisted Living Facilities. Additionally, the technology itself and the presentation of the research appear to influence recruitment. Creating a social setting, inviting people face-to-face, demonstrating the technology, showing the benefits by presenting results from a pilot study and alleviating people's fears were experienced as important factors for recruitment. The results from this study can help other researcher to improve recruitment and retention strategies so evidence-based practice in care for older adults can be improved to enhance quality of life of older adults.

Feasibility of a 6-Month Home-Based Fall Prevention Exercise Program in Older Adults with COPD

Purpose

Older adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have a high risk and rate of falls. Home-based fall prevention exercise programs reduce falls in older adults and may be an alternative approach for people with COPD without access to hospital-based rehabilitation. Therefore, we aimed to determine the feasibility of a home-based fall prevention exercise program in older adults with COPD and to examine the effect of the program on fall-related outcomes at baseline, 3 and 6 months.

Patients and Methods

Adults ≥60 years with COPD at risk for falls participated in a single group study. The intervention was a 6-month home-based fall prevention program which included 40 minutes of independent exercise three times per week, four physiotherapist home visits, bimonthly phone calls, and an optional booster session post-exacerbation. An independent assessor collected outcome measures at home at baseline, 3- and 6-months. Primary feasibility criteria were recruitment and retention rates (≥70%) and exercise adherence (≥60%). Functional outcomes included the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), the Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest), the Activities-Specific Balance Confidence (ABC) scale, the repeated chair-stand test, self-reported function, and fall history.

Results

Thirty-six patients (female 63.8%, mean age 74.4 ± 6.1 years; mean FEV₁ 45.0 ± 13.8% predicted) were enrolled. The recruitment rate was 46.8%, participant retention rate was 69.4%, and exercise adherence rate was 73.6%. Repeated measures ANOVA showed improvements at 3- and 6-months compared to baseline in the BBS (p=0.001) and the BESTest total scores and sub-scores (p=0.001).

Conclusion

The home-based fall prevention exercise program met one of the three pre-specified feasibility criteria (exercise adherence), and improved balance-related measures of fall risk in older adults with COPD. Our findings highlight important opportunities for refinement of the study design prior to undertaking a full-scale trial.

Adaptability to Balance Perturbations During Walking as a Potential Marker of Falls History in Older Adults

Given that falls most commonly occur during walking due to unexpected balance perturbations like trips and slips, walking-based balance assessment including walking stability and adaptability to such perturbations could be beneficial for fall risk assessment in older adults. This cross-sectional study reanalyzed data from two larger studies conducted with the same walking protocol. Participants completed unperturbed walking trials at speeds of 0.4 m/s up to 1.8 m/s in 0.2 m/s steps. Ten unannounced treadmill belt acceleration perturbations were then applied while participants walked at equivalent stability, assessed using the margins of stability. Retrospective (12 months) falls incidence was collected to divide participants into people with and without a history of falls. Twenty older adults (mean age 70.2 ± 2.9 years) were included in this analysis; eight people with one or more recent falls and 12 people without, closely matched by sex, age and height. No significant differences were found in unperturbed walking parameters or their variability. Overall perturbation-recovery step behavior differed slightly (not statistically significant) between the groups after the first perturbation and differences became more pronounced and significant after repetition of perturbations. The No-Falls group significantly reduced the number of recovery steps needed across the trials, whereas the Falls group did not show these improvements. People with a previous fall tended to have slightly delayed and more variable recovery responses after perturbation compared to non-fallers. Non-fallers demonstrate more signs of adaptability to repeated perturbations. Adaptability may give a broader indication of the ability of the locomotor system to respond and improve responses to sudden walking perturbations than unperturbed walking variability or recovery to a single novel perturbation. Adaptability may thus be a more useful marker of falls history in older adults and should be considered in further research.

An Exploratory Qualitative Study With Older Malaysian Stroke Survivors, Caregivers, and Healthcare Practitioners About Falls and Rehabilitation for Falls After Stroke

Background: Studies on rehabilitation for falls after a stroke remain limited despite its impact being profound. This scenario justifies a deeper understanding of why falls in stroke rehabilitation received less attention. Current investigations on the perception of falls and stroke also proved inadequate. Therefore, this study aims to explore the perceptions and experiences of older Malaysian stroke survivors, spousal caregivers, and healthcare practitioners on falls in stroke rehabilitation. Method: A qualitative study of three focus groups with 18 individuals from one community-based stroke rehabilitation center was conducted. The discussions were audio-recorded, video-recorded, transcribed, summarized, and analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: Three themes emerged from the analysis: (i) perceived factors and consequences of falls after stroke, (ii) physical-based interventions predominate in rehabilitation for falls after stroke, and (iii) the role of home hazards in fall prevention is taken for granted. Although, awareness of falls is high, they are regarded as a peripheral issue in stroke. Rehabilitation interventions such as improved functionality are believed to be adequate and can indirectly prevent falls. Other interventions for fall prevention such as home hazards management are relatively less known. Conclusion: There is a need for more attention regarding home environment risk assessment and intervention among healthcare professionals, and more education for clients and caregivers is required. Although, other stroke interventions may also benefit stroke survivors, falls prevention should be a central component in stroke rehabilitation. As this study focused on a specific population, the findings should be validated with larger populations, and in diverse settings.

Comparison of Balance Variables Across Active and Retired Athletes and Age Matched Controls

Postural control is a major falls risk factor, therefore identifying protective mechanisms is essential. Physical activity enhances postural stability but effect duration has been minimally researched. The current study investigated if prolonged early life training exposure protected neuromuscular balance processes later in life. Static and dynamic balance variables were assessed in 77 healthy adults. Two age ranges (18 - 35yr, young; > 50yr, retired) were divided into weight bearing athlete and control groups; young athlete (YA), young control (YC), retired athlete (RA) and retired control (RC). Static balance was quantified using force platform derived sway velocity (mm.s^-1) and C90area (mm²) data (stable and unstable surfaces, eyes open and closed) Dynamic balance was assessed using the Y balance test (YBT). Results demonstrated significant age effect across groups. However, an athletic effect was evident only assessing dynamic balance and static time to error variables. Mean time to error data (YA, 27.8 ± 5.8; YC, 20.5 ± 11.1; RA, 9.4 ± 8.5; RC, 8.6 ± 9.1 s) recorded significant age and athletic effects for the most challenging condition completed (single leg stance, eyes closed, stable surface). Mean maximum YBT composite score (YA, 90.0 ± 5.4%; YC, 83.6 ± 6.5%; RA, 80.8 ± 10.7%; RC, 72.4 ± 15.5%) demonstrated an age effect, and also identified a group effect in the retired cohorts. The current study supports research highlighting declined balance with ageing. Overall, former athleticism did not significantly enhance static balance in later life. Dynamic balance incorporates muscle strength possibly inferring a protective role in former athletes.

Home-based, tailored intervention for reducing falls after stroke (FAST): Protocol for a randomized trial

RATIONALE

People with stroke experience falls at more than twice the rate of the general older population resulting in high fall-related injuries. However, there are currently no effective interventions that prevent falls after stroke.

AIMS

To determine the effect and cost-benefit of an innovative, home-based, tailored intervention to reduce falls after stroke.

SAMPLE SIZE ESTIMATE

A total of 370 participants will be recruited in order to be able to detect a clinically important between-group difference of a 30% lower rate of falls with 80% power at a two-tailed significance level of 0.05.

METHODS AND DESIGN

Falls after stroke trial (FAST) is a multistate, Phase III randomized trial with concealed allocation, blinded assessment, and intention-to-treat analysis. Ambulatory stroke survivors within five years of stroke who have been discharged from formal rehabilitation to the community and who have no significant language impairment will be randomly allocated to receive habit-forming exercise, home safety, and community mobility training or usual care.

STUDY OUTCOMES

The primary outcome is the rate of falls over the previous 12 months. Secondary outcomes are the risk of falling (proportion of fallers), community participation, self-efficacy, balance, mobility, physical activity, depression, and health-related quality of life. Health care utilization will be collected retrospectively at baseline and prospectively to 6 and 12 months.

DISCUSSION

The results of FAST are anticipated to directly influence intervention for stroke survivors in the community.Trial Registration: ANZCTR 12619001114134.

Feasibility of Using Foot-Ground Clearance Biofeedback Training in Treadmill Walking for Post-Stroke Gait Rehabilitation

Hemiplegic stroke often impairs gait and increases falls risk during rehabilitation. Tripping is the leading cause of falls, but the risk can be reduced by increasing vertical swing foot clearance, particularly at the mid-swing phase event, minimum foot clearance (MFC). Based on previous reports, real-time biofeedback training may increase MFC. Six post-stroke individuals undertook eight biofeedback training sessions over a month, in which an infrared marker attached to the front part of the shoe was tracked in real-time, showing vertical swing foot motion on a monitor installed in front of the subject during treadmill walking. A target increased MFC range was determined, and participants were instructed to control their MFC within the safe range. Gait assessment was conducted three times: Baseline, Post-training and one month from the final biofeedback training session. In addition to MFC, step length, step width, double support time and foot contact angle were measured. After biofeedback training, increased MFC with a trend of reduced step-to-step variability was observed. Correlation analysis revealed that MFC height of the unaffected limb had interlinks with step length and ankle angle. In contrast, for the affected limb, step width variability and MFC height were positively correlated. The current pilot-study suggested that biofeedback gait training may reduce tripping falls for post-stroke individuals.

Falls risk score removal does not impact inpatient falls: A stepped-wedge, cluster-randomised trial

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

To investigate the impact of removing a falls risk screening tool from an overall falls risk assessment programme on the rate of falls, injurious falls and completion of falls prevention activities by staff.

BACKGROUND

Falls in older patients are common adverse events in hospital settings. Screening and assessing individual patients for risk of falls are a common, but controversial element of falls prevention strategies in hospitals.

DESIGN

A stepped-wedge, cluster-randomised controlled trial using a disinvestment approach.

METHODS

This trial was carried out according to the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT). All patients were admitted to 20 health service wards (9 units) over the 10-month study period. The control condition contained a falls risk screening tool element, a full falls risk factor assessment and intervention provision section. In the intervention condition, only the full falls risk factor assessment and intervention provision section was applied, and the falls risk screening tool element was removed. Fall rates were extracted from hospital level data, files were audited for tool completion, and nurses surveyed about tool use.

RESULTS

There did not appear to be an impact on the falls rate per month when the risk screening tool component was removed (incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 0.84-favours intervention, 95%CI = 0.67 to 1.05, p = .14) nor on the falls rate with serious injury (IRR = 0.90, 95%CI = 0.26 to 3.09, p = .87). There was a thirty-six second reduction of time per patient reported by staff to complete paperwork (p < .001). There was no difference in the proportion of patients for whom the tool was completed, nor the number of falls prevention interventions identified for implementation.

CONCLUSION

Removing the falls risk screening tool section did not negatively impact falls and reduced time spent completing falls prevention paperwork.

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE

Falls prevention is an important issue in health services. Removal of a screening risk tool is unlikely to impact falls. This has the potential to reduce nursing administration time that may be otherwise redirected to individual approaches to falls prevention.

Evaluating a Two-Level vs. Three-Level Fall Risk Screening Algorithm for Predicting Falls Among Older Adults

Background and Objectives: Falls account for the highest proportion of preventable injury among older adults. Thus, the United States' Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed the Stopping Elderly Accidents, Deaths, and Injuries (STEADI) algorithm to screen for fall risk. We referred to our STEADI algorithm adaptation as “Quick-STEADI” and compared the predictive abilities of the three-level (low, moderate, and high risk) and two-level (at-risk and not at-risk) Quick-STEADI algorithms. We additionally assessed the qualitative implementation of the Quick-STEADI algorithm in clinical settings.

Research Design and Methods: We followed a prospective cohort (N = 200) of adults (65+ years) in the Bassett Healthcare Network (Cooperstown, NY) for 6 months in 2019. We conducted a generalized linear mixed model, adjusting for sociodemographic variables, to determine how baseline fall risk predicted subsequent daily falls. We plotted receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and measured the area under the curve (AUC) to determine the predictive ability of the Quick-STEADI algorithm. We identified a participant sample (N = 8) to gauge the experience of the screening process and a screener sample (N = 3) to evaluate the screening implementation.

Results: For the three-level Quick-STEADI algorithm, participants at low and moderate risk for falls had a reduced likelihood of daily falls compared to those at high risk (−1.09, p = 0.04; −0.99, p = 0.04). For the two-level Quick-STEADI algorithm, participants not at risk for falls were not associated with a reduced likelihood of daily falls compared to those at risk (−0.89, p = 0.13). The discriminatory ability of the three-level and two-level Quick-STEADI algorithm demonstrated similar predictability of daily falls, based on AUC (0.653; 0.6570). Furthermore, participants and screeners found the Quick-STEADI algorithm to be efficient and viable.

Discussion and Implications: The Quick-STEADI is a suitable, alternative fall risk screening algorithm. Qualitative assessments of the Quick-STEADI algorithm demonstrated feasibility in integrating a falls screening program in a clinical setting. Future research should address the validation and the implementation of the Quick-STEADI algorithm in community health settings to determine if falls screening and prevention can be streamlined in these settings. This may increase engagement in fall prevention programs and decrease overall fall risk among older adults.

Perceptions of falls risk and falls prevention among people with osteoarthritis

PURPOSE

To understand the perceptions of falls risk and falls prevention, and the perceived enablers and barriers to engaging in falls prevention strategies/activities among people with doctor-diagnosed hip and/or knee osteoarthritis.

METHODS

A qualitative study utilising semi-structured telephone interviews. Researchers independently analysed qualitative data using an inductive method guided by the COM-B framework. Interviews were analysed thematically using open, axial, and selective coding. Recruitment ceased at 20 interviews, once data saturation was evident.

RESULTS

Participants were 18 women and two men aged 52-84 years and half had fallen in the last 12 months. Main themes were the absence of recommendations to access activities after having a fall, inconsistencies between perceptions of the relationship between OA and falls, and individual beliefs of not being at risk of falling because of taking precautions. Knowledge about falls prevention programs was limited, the term "falls prevention" was considered stigmatising and only applicable to older frail people. Home modifications were perceived as broadcasting negativity; participants felt falls terminology should be changed from a negative to a positive focus.

CONCLUSIONS

Falls were often seen as inevitable consequence of keeping active. Re-framing the language used to discuss falls is recommended to promote uptake of falls prevention activities.Implications for rehabilitationDespite growing evidence that osteoarthritis (OA) is an independent risk factor for falls, people with OA do not perceive themselves to be at risk and falls prevention is for those who are "old and frail".Re-framing the language used to discuss falls and falls prevention to focus on positive messages may promote the uptake of falls prevention activities in this population.Improving the awareness of falls and falls risk among people with OA through effective health education is needed in order to foster the uptake of, and engagement with, falls prevention activities.

Association Between Arterial Stiffness, Frailty and Fall-Related Injuries in Older Adults

Purpose

This study was conducted to investigate the relationships between arterial stiffness, frailty and fall-related injuries among community-dwelling older adults.

Materials and Methods

A cross-sectional study of a random sample of older adults aged 60 years and older was conducted. Main study parameters: arterial stiffness was measured by the determining the cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI); Frailty status was defined using a 7-item frailty screening scale, developed in Russia. This questionnaire included question about falls and fall-related injuries. Orthostatic test and anthropometric tests were done. Medical history (comorbidity, medications), the Osteoporosis Self-assessment Tool (OST), nutritional, physical, cognitive and functional status were evaluated.

Results

The study population included 163 people aged 60–89 years. The average predicted value of CAVI in women aged 60–69 was 9.13 ± 0.13, in men, 9.49 ± 0.05; in women aged 70–79, it was 9.49 ± 0.16, in men, 9.73 ±0.11; in women aged 80 and older it was 10.04 ±0.18, in men, 10.24 ±0.10 units. The CAVI above the predicted value was associated with fall-related injuries even after adjustment for age, sex, use of β-blockers (BBs), history of stroke, and region of residence with the odds ratio 3.52 (95% CI: 1.03 −12.04).

Conclusion

Our study revealed an independent association between arterial stiffness and fall-related injuries in older adults over 60 years. The findings suggest that clinicians, especially geriatricians, should pay attention to arterial stiffness of patients with fall-related injuries. Similarly, the patients with CAVI above age-predicted value should be evaluated for risk of falls for prevention of fall-related injuries.

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Combined group and home exercise programmes in community-dwelling falls-risk older adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this review were to (a) determine the effectiveness of combined group and home exercise programmes on falls risk factors and falls in community-dwelling older adults at risk of falling compared to no exercise controls; and (b) explore adherence and the behaviour change techniques employed in delivering these interventions.

METHODS

Five databases were selected to identify randomized controlled trials of exercise and/or physical activity interventions to prevent falls or to improve functional performance. PROSPERO CRD42018106111.

RESULTS

Eighteen trials involving 5,960 participants were included. Meta-analyses showed significant improvements in mobility after combined programmes measured by five times sit to stand (-1.42 times, 95% confidence interval [CI] -2.00 to -0.83), timed up and go (-0.94 s, 95% CI -1.76 to -0.12), and gait speed (0.05 m/s, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.07), but not single leg stance time, compared to controls. Combined programmes reduced injurious falls rate (0.77, 95% CI 0.65 to 0.91, I² = 0%) but not rate of falls (0.86, 95% CI 0.68 to 1.08, I² = 66%) compared to controls. There was no change in physical activity. Adherence ranged from 55-96%, with variability in the method of measurement of adherence. There was no clear relationship between adherence and outcomes. Most interventions used the behaviour change techniques of instruction/rehearsal/demonstration and feedback/monitoring.

CONCLUSION

Group exercise with a home programme resulted in better functional performance and falls-related outcomes compared with a no exercise control group. Further research is needed to identify behaviour change techniques to improve adherence to exercise in this population.

Examining the Feasibility of a Mindfulness Intervention for the Prevention of Falls: A Pilot Study

This pilot study was designed to assess the feasibility of implementing a mindfulness intervention in the prevention of falls. We employed a quasi-experimental design consisting of 22 participants from two retirement homes in Ontario partaking in the regional falls prevention class. Participants were assigned to either an eight-week intervention, comprising mindfulness exercises incorporated into the standard falls prevention class, or to the standard falls prevention class. Participants were assessed using the Tinetti Balance and Gait Scale and the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test. The mindfulness intervention showed no significant effect on TUG or balance scores; however, there was a significant effect on assessments of gait. Given the ease of implementation of mindfulness-based interventions, further research may be warranted in mindfulness as a potential modality for falls prevention.

Outcomes associated with scale-up of the Stepping On falls prevention program: A case study in redesigning for dissemination

Introduction:

Translating complex behavior change interventions into practice can be accompanied by a loss of fidelity and effectiveness. We present the evaluation of two sequential phases of implementation of a complex evidence-based community workshop to reduce falls, using the Replicating Effective Programs Framework. Between the two phases, workshop training and delivery were revised to improve fidelity with key elements.

Methods:

Stepping On program participants completed a questionnaire at baseline (phase 1: n = 361; phase 2: n = 2219) and 6 months post-workshop (phase 1: n = 232; phase 2: n = 1281). Phase 2 participants had an additional follow-up at 12 months (n = 883). Outcomes were the number of falls in the prior 6 months and the Falls Behavioral Scale (FaB) score.

Results:

Workshop participation in phase 1 was associated with a 6% reduction in falls (RR = 0.94, 95% CI 0.74–1.20) and a 0.14 improvement in FaB score (95% CI, 0.11– 0.18) at 6 months. Workshop participation in phase 2 was associated with a 38% reduction in falls (RR = 0.62, 95% CI 0.57–0.68) and a 0.16 improvement in FaB score (95% CI 0.14–0.18) at 6 months, and a 28% reduction in falls (RR = 0.72, 95% CI 0.65–0.80) and a 0.19 score improvement in FaB score (95% CI 0.17–0.21) at 12-month follow-up.

Conclusions:

Effectiveness can be maintained with widespread dissemination of a complex behavior change intervention if attention is paid to fidelity of key elements. An essential role for implementation science is to ensure effectiveness as programs transition from research to practice.

Efficacy of Controlled Whole-Body Vibration Training on Improving Fall Risk Factors in Stroke Survivors: A Meta-analysis

Background. Controlled whole-body vibration (CWBV) training has been applied to people with stroke. However, it remains inconclusive if CWBV reduces fall risk in this population. Objective. To (1) assess the immediate and retention effects of CWBV training on fall risk factors in people at postacute and chronic stages of stroke and (2) examine if CWBV dosage is correlated with the effect size (ES) for 3 fall risk factors: body balance, functional mobility, and knee strength. Methods. Twelve randomized controlled trials were included. ES was calculated as the standardized mean difference, and meta-analyses were completed using a random-effects model. Results. CWBV training may lead to improved balance and mobility immediately after training (ES = 0.27, P = .03 for balance; ES = 0.34, P = .02 for mobility) but not at the 3-month follow-up test (ES = 0.02, P = .89 for balance; ES = 0.70, P = .11 for mobility). CWBV affects knee strength capacity with mild ES (ES = 0.08 and 0.11, respectively, for immediate and retention effect; P ≥ .68 for both). Metaregression indicated that the immediate ES is strongly correlated with training dosage for balance (r = 0.649; P = .029) and mobility (r = 0.785; P = .036). Conclusions. CWBV training may benefit balance and mobility immediately, but the training effect may not persist among people with stroke. Additionally, the CWBV dosage correlates with the ES for body balance and mobility. More high-quality studies are needed to determine the retention effects of CWBV training.

Cost-Effectiveness of "Tele-Square Step Exercise" for Falls Prevention in Fibromyalgia Patients: A Study Protocol

Background: Women with fibromyalgia (FM) have 2.5 falls per year compared to the 0.5 falls in people without FM. This fact poses a significant health expense. Square Stepping Exercise (SSE) is a balance training system that has been shown to be effective in preventing falls in the elderly. However, there are neither studies in people with FM nor studies that apply SSE through video-conferencing (Tele-SSE). The objectives of this project are 1) to investigate the applicability, safety, decrease in the number of falls, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of prevention of falls program through Tele-SSE in women with FM, and 2) to study the transfer of obtained results to the public and private socio-health economy of Extremadura. Methods/Design: A randomized controlled trial with experimental (Tele-SSE) and control (usual treatment) groups will be carried out. The application of Tele-SSE will be performed for 12 months (three times per week) and one additional follow-up month after the intervention. A focus group including agents to identify key points to transfer the findings to the public and private sectors in Extremadura. One-hundred and eighteen women with FM will be recruited and randomly distributed into the two groups: Experimental (Tele-SSE; n = 59) and control group (Usual care; n = 59). Primary outcome measures will be: 1) Applicability; 2) safety; 3) annual number of falls; and 4) incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. Secondary outcomes will be: 1) Balance; 2) fear of falling; 3) socio-demographic and clinical information; 4) body composition; 5) physical fitness; 6) physical activity and sedentary behavior; 7) quality of life-related to health, mental health, and positive health; 8) pain; 9) disability level; 10) cognitive aspects; and 11) depressive symptoms. Regarding the focus group, the acceptability of the Tele-SSE will be evaluated in social-sanitary agents and will include Tele-SSE in their services offer. A statistical analysis will be carried out by treatment intention and protocol. In addition, a cost-effectiveness analysis from the perspective of the health system will be performed. Discussion: This project aims to improve the efficiency and equity of physical therapy services based on tele-exercise in preventing falls in people with FM. Furthermore, orientations will be given in order to transfer the obtained findings into the social-sanitary system and market.

Development of a lifestyle-integrated physical exercise training and home modification intervention for older people living in a community with a risk of falling (Part 1): the FIT-at-Home fall prevention program

PURPOSE

In this paper, we report on the development and refinement of a progressive physical exercise training and home modification intervention for older people with a risk of falling located in Germany by using the United Kingdom's Medical Research Council framework.

METHODS

The process was iterative and six phases of development emerged: (1) establishing an intervention development group, (2) identifying the evidence on interventions, (3) identifying a theory to underpin the intervention, (4) designing the intervention components, (5) drafting the intervention manual and training course, and (6) piloting and refining of intervention components.

RESULTS

The result was an evidence-based, theory-informed, and user-endorsed intervention: FIT-at-Home. This intervention comprised nine individual sessions over 12 weeks and two follow-up booster sessions delivered by trained occupational therapists. A feasibility study demonstrated the acceptance and feasibility of intervention delivery. Users responses were generally favorable and included recommendations about the intervention manual, mode of delivery of the home hazard assessment, and producing a manual for older people.

CONCLUSIONS

We developed a feasible home-based lifestyle-integrated physical exercise training and home modification intervention for older people with a risk of falling by using a systematic approach. Implications include how this intervention could enrich occupational therapy fall prevention strategy in older people living at home.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONFalls in older people represent a major public health concern and occupational therapists in rehabilitation practice are encouraged to apply evidence-based interventions that reduce the risk of falls in older people living in a community.Many physical and environmental fall risks are modifiable by lifestyle changes such as physical exercise training, home safety assessment, and home modification. We developed a home-based balance and strength exercise training and home modification intervention that aims to improve strength, balance, and home safety.This study indicates that older people, at risk of falling, with functional limitations, and limited mobility, who participated in the FIT-at-Home intervention, felt that exercising at home suited them best.

Progressive Resistance and Balance Training for Falls Prevention in Long-Term Residential Aged Care: A Cluster Randomized Trial of the Sunbeam Program

BACKGROUND

Falls prevention is an international priority, and residents of long-term aged care fall approximately 3 times more often than community dwellers. There is a relative scarcity of published trials in this setting.

OBJECTIVES

Our objective was to undertake a randomized controlled trial to test the effect of published best practice exercise in long-term residential aged care. The trial was designed to determine if combined high level balance and moderate intensity progressive resistance training (the Sunbeam Program) is effective in reducing the rate of falls in residents of aged care facilities.

METHOD

A cluster randomized controlled trial of 16 residential aged care facilities and 221 participants was conducted. The broad inclusion criterion was permanent residents of aged care. Exclusions were diagnosed terminal illness, no medical clearance, permanent bed- or wheelchair-bound status, advanced Parkinson's disease, or insufficient cognition to participate in group exercise. Assessments were taken at baseline, after intervention, and at 12 months. Randomization was performed by computer-generated sequence to receive either the Sunbeam program or usual care. A cluster refers to an aged care facility.

INTERVENTION

The program consisted of individually prescribed progressive resistance training plus balance exercise performed in a group setting for 50 hours over a 25-week period, followed by a maintenance period for 6 months.

OUTCOME MEASURES

The primary outcome measure was the rate of falls (number of falls and days followed up). Secondary outcomes included physical performance (Short Physical Performance Battery), quality of life (36-item Short-Form Health Survey), functional mobility (University of Alabama Life Space Assessment), fear of falling (Falls Efficacy Scale International), and cognition (Addenbrooke's Cognitive Evaluation-revised).

RESULTS

The rate of falls was reduced by 55% in the exercise group (incidence rate ratio = 0.45, 95% confidence interval 0.17-0.74); an improvement was also seen in physical performance (P = .02). There were no serious adverse events.

CONCLUSION

The Sunbeam Program significantly reduced the rate of falls and improved physical performance in residents of aged care. This finding is important as prior work in this setting has returned inconsistent outcomes, resulting in best practice guidelines being cautious about recommending exercise in this setting. This work provides an opportunity to improve clinical practice and health outcomes for long-term care residents.