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Carbone L, Cariati F, Sarno L, Conforti A, Bagnulo F, Strina I, Pastore L, Maruotti GM, Alviggi C. Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing: Current Perspectives and Future Challenges. Genes (Basel) 2020; 12:genes12010015. [PMID: 33374411 PMCID: PMC7824607 DOI: 10.3390/genes12010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal aneuploidies are among the most common causes of miscarriages, perinatal mortality and neurodevelopmental impairment. During the last 70 years, many efforts have been made in order to improve prenatal diagnosis and prenatal screening of these conditions. Recently, the use of cell-free fetal DNA (cff-DNA) testing has been increasingly used in different countries, representing an opportunity for non-invasive prenatal screening of pregnant women. The aim of this narrative review is to describe the state of the art and the main strengths and limitations of this test for prenatal screening of fetal aneuploidies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Carbone
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Scienze Riproduttive ed Odontostomatologiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.C.); (L.S.); (A.C.); (I.S.); (G.M.M.); (C.A.)
| | - Federica Cariati
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.a.r.l., 80145 Naples, Italy;
- Fertility Unit, Maternal-Child Department, AOU Policlinico Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-3331219825
| | - Laura Sarno
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Scienze Riproduttive ed Odontostomatologiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.C.); (L.S.); (A.C.); (I.S.); (G.M.M.); (C.A.)
| | - Alessandro Conforti
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Scienze Riproduttive ed Odontostomatologiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.C.); (L.S.); (A.C.); (I.S.); (G.M.M.); (C.A.)
| | - Francesca Bagnulo
- Fertility Unit, Maternal-Child Department, AOU Policlinico Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Ida Strina
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Scienze Riproduttive ed Odontostomatologiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.C.); (L.S.); (A.C.); (I.S.); (G.M.M.); (C.A.)
- Fertility Unit, Maternal-Child Department, AOU Policlinico Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Lucio Pastore
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.a.r.l., 80145 Naples, Italy;
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maria Maruotti
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Scienze Riproduttive ed Odontostomatologiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.C.); (L.S.); (A.C.); (I.S.); (G.M.M.); (C.A.)
| | - Carlo Alviggi
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Scienze Riproduttive ed Odontostomatologiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.C.); (L.S.); (A.C.); (I.S.); (G.M.M.); (C.A.)
- Fertility Unit, Maternal-Child Department, AOU Policlinico Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- Istituto per l’Endocrinologia e l’Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Abstract
Prenatal testing in recent years has been moving toward non-invasive methods to determine the fetal risk for genetic disorders without incurring the risk of miscarriage. Rapid progress of modern high-throughput molecular technologies along with the discovery of cell-free fetal DNA in maternal plasma led to novel screening methods for fetal chromosomal aneuploidies. Such tests are referred to as non-invasive prenatal tests (NIPTs), non-invasive prenatal screening, or prenatal cell-free DNA screening. Owing to many advantages, the adoption of NIPT in routine clinical practice was very rapid and global. As an example, NIPT has recently become a standard screening procedure for all pregnant women in the Netherlands. On the other hand, invasive sampling procedures remain important, especially for their diagnostic value in the confirmation of NIPT-positive findings and the detection of Mendelian disorders. In this review, we focus on current trends in the field of NIPT and discuss their benefits, drawbacks, and consequences in regard to routine diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Pös
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, 84215, Slovakia
| | - Jaroslav Budiš
- University Science Park, Comenius University, Bratislava, 84104, Slovakia
| | - Tomáš Szemes
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, 84215, Slovakia.,University Science Park, Comenius University, Bratislava, 84104, Slovakia
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Abstract
In this paper, all possible clinical applications of circulating mRNA and miRNA for non-invasive prenatal diagnosis appearing in the medical literature so far are described. Data from the literature have also been reported and commented on along with some possible future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Farina
- Department of Medicine and Surgery (DIMEC) Division of Prenatal Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna 40138, Italy.
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