van der Meij KR, Sistermans EA, Macville MV, Stevens SJ, Bax CJ, Bekker MN, Bilardo CM, Boon EM, Boter M, Diderich KE, de Die-Smulders CE, Duin LK, Faas BH, Feenstra I, Haak MC, Hoffer MJ, den Hollander NS, Hollink IH, Jehee FS, Knapen MF, Kooper AJ, van Langen IM, Lichtenbelt KD, Linskens IH, van Maarle MC, Oepkes D, Pieters MJ, Schuring-Blom GH, Sikkel E, Sikkema-Raddatz B, Smeets DF, Srebniak MI, Suijkerbuijk RF, Tan-Sindhunata GM, van der Ven AJE, van Zelderen-Bhola SL, Henneman L, Galjaard RJH, Van Opstal D, Weiss MM. TRIDENT-2: National Implementation of Genome-wide Non-invasive Prenatal Testing as a First-Tier Screening Test in the Netherlands.
Am J Hum Genet 2019;
105:1091-1101. [PMID:
31708118 DOI:
10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.10.005]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Netherlands launched a nationwide implementation study on non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) as a first-tier test offered to all pregnant women. This started on April 1, 2017 as the TRIDENT-2 study, licensed by the Dutch Ministry of Health. In the first year, NIPT was performed in 73,239 pregnancies (42% of all pregnancies), 7,239 (4%) chose first-trimester combined testing, and 54% did not participate. The number of trisomies 21 (239, 0.33%), 18 (49, 0.07%), and 13 (55, 0.08%) found in this study is comparable to earlier studies, but the Positive Predictive Values (PPV)-96% for trisomy 21, 98% for trisomy 18, and 53% for trisomy 13-were higher than expected. Findings other than trisomy 21, 18, or 13 were reported on request of the pregnant women; 78% of women chose to have these reported. The number of additional findings was 207 (0.36%); these included other trisomies (101, 0.18%, PPV 6%, many of the remaining 94% of cases are likely confined placental mosaics and possibly clinically significant), structural chromosomal aberrations (95, 0.16%, PPV 32%,) and complex abnormal profiles indicative of maternal malignancies (11, 0.02%, PPV 64%). The implementation of genome-wide NIPT is under debate because the benefits of detecting other fetal chromosomal aberrations must be balanced against the risks of discordant positives, parental anxiety, and a potential increase in (invasive) diagnostic procedures. Our first-year data, including clinical data and laboratory follow-up data, will fuel this debate. Furthermore, we describe how NIPT can successfully be embedded into a national screening program with a single chain for prenatal care including counseling, testing, and follow-up.
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