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Wu G, Tian X, Qiu Q, Zhang Y, Fan X, Yuan D. Dynamic cytological and transcriptomic analyses provide novel insights into the mechanisms of sex determination in Castanea henryi. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1257541. [PMID: 37771497 PMCID: PMC10523332 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1257541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Castanea henryi is a monoecious woody food tree species whose yield and industrialization potential are limited by its low female-to-male flower ratio. Here, the male flowers on the male inflorescence of C. henryi were converted to female flowers by triple applications of exogenous cytokinin (CK) (N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N'-phenylurea, CPPU). To study the role of exogenous CK in flower sex determination, cytological and transcriptomic analyses were performed on samples from the five stages after CK treatment. Cytological analysis showed that stage 3 (nine days after the last CK treatment) was the critical stage in the differential development of the pistil primordium and stamen primordium. On this basis, one key module and two modules with significant positive correlations with stage 3 were identified by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), combined with transcriptome data. The CK and GA biosynthesis- and signaling-related genes, three transcription factor (TF) families, and 11 floral organ identity genes were identified in the related modules. In particular, the TFs WRKY47, ERF021, and MYB4, and floral organ identity genes AGL11/15, DEF, and SEP1 with large differences are considered to be critical regulators of sex determination in C. henryi. Based on these results, a genetic regulatory network for exogenous CK in the sex determination of flowers in C. henryi is proposed. This study contributes to the understanding of the role of CK in the sex regulation of flowers and provides new insights into the regulatory network of sex determination in C. henryi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-Wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | | | - Qi Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-Wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-Wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoming Fan
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-Wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Deyi Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-Wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
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Ma Z, Yang Q, Zeng L, Li J, Jiao X, Liu Z. FaesAP3_1 Regulates the FaesELF3 Gene Involved in Filament-Length Determination of Long-Homostyle Fagopyrum esculentum. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23. [PMID: 36430880 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification downstream genes of floral organ identity regulators are critical to revealing the molecular mechanisms underlying floral morphogenesis. However, a general regulatory pathway between floral organ identity genes and their downstream targets is still unclear because of the lack of studies in nonmodel species. Here, we screened a direct downstream target gene, FaesELF3, of a stamen identity transcription factor, FaesAP3_1, in long-homostyle (LH) Fagopyrum esculentum moench by using yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) and dual-luciferase reporter (DR) assays. Furthermore, FaesAP3_1-silenced LH plants that produced flowers with part stamens or anthers homeotically converted into a tepaloid structure, and FaesELF3-silenced plants that had flowers with part stamens consisting of a short filament and empty anther (male sterile anther). All these suggested that transcription factor (TF) FaesAP3_1 directly activates FaesELF3 in order to regulate filament elongation and pollen grain development in LH buckwheat. Our data also suggested that other stamen development pathways independent of FaesAP3_1 remain in F. esculentum.
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Jiang Y, Wang M, Zhang R, Xie J, Duan X, Shan H, Xu G, Kong H. Identification of the target genes of AqAPETALA3-3 (AqAP3-3) in Aquilegia coerulea (Ranunculaceae) helps understand the molecular bases of the conserved and nonconserved features of petals. New Phytol 2020; 227:1235-1248. [PMID: 32285943 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Identification and comparison of the conserved and variable downstream genes of floral organ identity regulators are critical to understanding the mechanisms underlying the commonalities and peculiarities of floral organs. Yet, because of the lack of studies in nonmodel species, a general picture of the regulatory evolution between floral organ identity genes and their targets is still lacking. Here, by conducting extensive chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq), electrophoretic mobility shift assay and bioinformatic analyses, we identify and predict the target genes of a petal identity gene, AqAPETALA3-3 (AqAP3-3), in Aquilegia coerulea (Ranunculaceae) and compare them with those of its counterpart in Arabidopsis thaliana, AP3. In total, 7049 direct target genes are identified for AqAP3-3, of which 2394 are highly confident and 1085 are shared with AP3. Gene Ontology enrichment analyses further indicate that conserved targets are largely involved in the formation of identity-related features, whereas nonconserved targets are mostly required for the formation of species-specific features. These results not only help understand the molecular bases of the conserved and nonconserved features of petals, but also pave the way to studying the regulatory evolution between floral organ identity genes and their targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Meimei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Jinghe Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoshan Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Hongyan Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Guixia Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Hongzhi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Gorham SR, Weiner AI, Yamadi M, Krogan NT. HISTONE DEACETYLASE 19 and the flowering time gene FD maintain reproductive meristem identity in an age-dependent manner. J Exp Bot 2018; 69:4757-4771. [PMID: 29945158 PMCID: PMC6778473 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The shoot apical meristem (SAM) undergoes developmental transitions that include a shift from vegetative to reproductive growth. This transition is triggered by flowering time genes, which up-regulate floral meristem (FM) identity genes that, in turn, control flower development by activating floral organ identity genes. This cascade of transcriptional activation is refined by repression mechanisms that temporally and spatially restrict gene expression to ensure proper development. Here, we demonstrate that HISTONE DEACETYLASE 19 (HDA19) maintains the identity of the reproductive SAM, or inflorescence meristem (IM), late in Arabidopsis thaliana development. At late stages of growth, hda19 IMs display a striking patterning defect characterized by ectopic expression of floral organ identity genes and the replacement of flowers with individual stamenoid organs. We further show that the flowering time gene FD has a specific function in this regulatory process, as fd hastens the emergence of these patterning defects in hda19 growth. Our work therefore identifies a new role for FD in reproductive patterning, as FD regulates IM function together with HDA19 in an age-dependent fashion. To effect these abnormalities, hda19 and fd may accentuate the weakening of transcriptional repression that occurs naturally with reproductive meristem proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha R Gorham
- American University, Department of Biology, Washington DC, USA
| | - Aaron I Weiner
- American University, Department of Biology, Washington DC, USA
| | - Maryam Yamadi
- American University, Department of Biology, Washington DC, USA
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Chi Y, Wang T, Xu G, Yang H, Zeng X, Shen Y, Yu D, Huang F. GmAGL1, a MADS-Box Gene from Soybean, Is Involved in Floral Organ Identity and Fruit Dehiscence. Front Plant Sci 2017; 8:175. [PMID: 28232846 PMCID: PMC5299006 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
MADS-domain proteins are important transcription factors involved in many aspects of plant reproductive development. In this study, a MADS-box gene, Glycine max AGAMOUS-LIKE1 (GmAGL1), was isolated from soybean flower. The transcript of GmAGL1 was expressed in flowers and pods of different stages in soybean and was highly expressed in carpels. GmAGL1 is a nucleus-localized transcription factor and can interact directly with SEP-like proteins in soybean flowers. Ectopic overexpression of GmAGL1 resulted in the absence of petals in Arabidopsis. Moreover, morphological changes in the valves were observed in 35S:GmAGL1 Arabidopsis fruits that dehisced before the seeds reached full maturity. GmAGL1 was found to be sufficient to activate the expression of Arabidopsis ALC, IND, STK, SEP1, and SEP3. Therefore, our data suggest that GmAGL1 may play important roles in both floral organ identity and fruit dehiscence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Chi
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean Ministry of Agriculture P.R. China, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean Ministry of Agriculture P.R. China, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Guangli Xu
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean Ministry of Agriculture P.R. China, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Hui Yang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean Ministry of Agriculture P.R. China, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Xuanrui Zeng
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean Ministry of Agriculture P.R. China, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Yixin Shen
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Deyue Yu
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean Ministry of Agriculture P.R. China, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Fang Huang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Soybean Ministry of Agriculture P.R. China, State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Fang Huang,
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