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Saafan HA, Ibrahim KM, Thabet Y, Elbeltagy SM, Eissa RA, Ghaleb AH, Ibrahim F, Elsabahy M, Eissa NG. Intratracheal Administration of Chloroquine-Loaded Niosomes Minimize Systemic Drug Exposure. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1677. [PMID: 34683971 PMCID: PMC8539513 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary administration provides a useful alternative to oral and invasive routes of administration while enhancing and prolonging the accumulation of drugs into the lungs and reducing systemic drug exposure. In this study, chloroquine, as a model drug, was loaded into niosomes for potential pulmonary administration either via dry powder inhalation or intratracheally. Chloroquine-loaded niosomes have been prepared and extensively characterized. Furthermore, drug-loaded niosomes were lyophilized and their flowing properties were evaluated by measuring the angle of repose, Carr's index, and Hausner ratio. The developed niosomes demonstrated a nanosized (100-150 nm) spherical morphology and chloroquine entrapment efficiency of ca. 24.5%. The FT-IR results indicated the incorporation of chloroquine into the niosomes, whereas in vitro release studies demonstrated an extended-release profile of the drug-loaded niosomes compared to the free drug. Lyophilized niosomes exhibited poor flowability that was not sufficiently improved after the addition of lactose or when cryoprotectants were exploited throughout the lyophilization process. In vivo, intratracheal administration of chloroquine-loaded niosomes in rats resulted in a drug concentration in the blood that was 10-fold lower than the oral administration of the free drug. Biomarkers of kidney and liver functions (i.e., creatinine, urea, AST, and ALT) following pulmonary administration of the drug-loaded nanoparticles were of similar levels to those of the control untreated animals. Hence, the use of a dry powder inhaler for administration of lyophilized niosomes is not recommended, whereas intratracheal administration might provide a promising strategy for pulmonary administration of niosomal dispersions while minimizing systemic drug exposure and adverse reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham A. Saafan
- School of Biotechnology, Badr University in Cairo, Cairo 11829, Egypt; (H.A.S.); (K.M.I.); (Y.T.); (S.M.E.); (R.A.E.)
| | - Kamilia M. Ibrahim
- School of Biotechnology, Badr University in Cairo, Cairo 11829, Egypt; (H.A.S.); (K.M.I.); (Y.T.); (S.M.E.); (R.A.E.)
| | - Yasmeena Thabet
- School of Biotechnology, Badr University in Cairo, Cairo 11829, Egypt; (H.A.S.); (K.M.I.); (Y.T.); (S.M.E.); (R.A.E.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL 32304, USA
| | - Sara M. Elbeltagy
- School of Biotechnology, Badr University in Cairo, Cairo 11829, Egypt; (H.A.S.); (K.M.I.); (Y.T.); (S.M.E.); (R.A.E.)
| | - Rana A. Eissa
- School of Biotechnology, Badr University in Cairo, Cairo 11829, Egypt; (H.A.S.); (K.M.I.); (Y.T.); (S.M.E.); (R.A.E.)
| | - Ashraf H. Ghaleb
- Galala University, Galala, Suez 43527, Egypt;
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
| | - Fathy Ibrahim
- International Center for Bioavailability, Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, Obour City 11828, Egypt;
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Elsabahy
- School of Biotechnology, Badr University in Cairo, Cairo 11829, Egypt; (H.A.S.); (K.M.I.); (Y.T.); (S.M.E.); (R.A.E.)
| | - Noura G. Eissa
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
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