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Yuan R, Tan C, Zhang Z, Zeng L, Kang W, Liu J, Gao X, Tan P, Chen Y, Zhang C. Topological Engineering Electrodes with Ultrafast Oxygen Transport for Super-Power Sodium-Oxygen Batteries. Adv Mater 2024; 36:e2311627. [PMID: 38174767 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Sodium-oxygen battery has attracted tremendous interest due to its extraordinary theoretical specific energy (1605 Wh kg-1 NaO2) and appealing element abundance. However, definite mechanistic factors governing efficient oxygen diffusion and consumption inside electrolyte-flooded air cathodes remain elusive thus precluding a true gas diffusion electrode capable of high discharge current (i.e., several mA cm-2) and superior output power. Herein, 3D-printing technology is adopted to create gas channels with tailored channel size and structure to demystify the diffusion-limited oxygen delivery process. It is revealed that as the clogging discharging products increase, large channel size, and interconnected channel structure are essential to guaranteeing fast O2 diffusion. Moreover, to further encourage O2 diffusion, a bio-inspired breathable cathode with progressively branching channels that balances between O2 passage and reaction is 3D printed. This elaborated 3D electrode allows a sodium-oxygen cell to deliver an impressive discharging current density of up to 4 mA cm-2 and an output power of 8.4 mW cm-2, giving rise to an outstanding capacity of 18.4 mAh cm-2. The unraveled mystery of oxygen delivery enabled by 3D printing points to a valuable roadmap for the rational design of metal-air batteries toward practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Chuan Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
- Future Battery Research Center, Global Institute of Future Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Zhuojun Zhang
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Li Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Wenbin Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Jingfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Xiangwen Gao
- Future Battery Research Center, Global Institute of Future Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Peng Tan
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yuhui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Chuhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
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Pereira L, Kaack L, Guan X, Silva LDM, Miranda MT, Pires GS, Ribeiro RV, Schenk HJ, Jansen S. Angiosperms follow a convex trade-off to optimize hydraulic safety and efficiency. New Phytol 2023; 240:1788-1801. [PMID: 37691289 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Intervessel pits are considered to function as valves that avoid embolism spreading and optimize efficient transport of xylem sap across neighbouring vessels. Hydraulic transport between vessels would therefore follow a safety-efficiency trade-off, which is directly related to the total intervessel pit area (Ap ), inversely related to the pit membrane thickness (TPM ) and driven by a pressure difference. To test this hypothesis, we modelled the relative transport rate of gas (ka ) and water (Q) at the intervessel pit level for 23 angiosperm species and correlated these parameters with the water potential at which 50% of embolism occurs (Ψ50 ). We also measured ka for 10 species using pneumatic measurements. The pressure difference across adjacent vessels and estimated values of ka and Q were related to Ψ50 , following a convex safety-efficiency trade-off based on modelled and experimental data. Minor changes in TPM and Ap exponentially affected the pressure difference and flow, respectively. Our results provide clear evidence that a xylem safety-efficiency trade-off is not linear, but convex due to flow across intervessel pit membranes, which represent mesoporous media within microporous conduits. Moreover, the convex nature of long-distance xylem transport may contribute to an adjustable fluid balance of plants, depending on environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Pereira
- Institute of Botany, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Germany
| | - Lucian Kaack
- Institute of Botany, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Germany
- Botanical Garden of Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Hans-Krebs-Weg, Germany
| | - Xinyi Guan
- Institute of Botany, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Germany
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, 530004, Guangxi, Nanning, China
| | | | - Marcela T Miranda
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology 'Coaracy M. Franco', Center R&D in Ecophysiology and Biophysics, Agronomic Institute (IAC), PO Box 28, Campinas, 13012-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel S Pires
- Department of Plant Biology, Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970, SP, Campinas, PO Box 6109, Brazil
| | - Rafael V Ribeiro
- Department of Plant Biology, Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-970, SP, Campinas, PO Box 6109, Brazil
| | - H Jochen Schenk
- Department of Biological Science, California State University Fullerton, 800 N. State College Blvd, Fullerton, 92831-3599, CA, USA
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Botany, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Germany
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Amada G, Yoshiko K, Kitayama K, Onoda Y. Roles of lower-side leaf trichomes in diffusion resistance and gas-exchange characteristics across environmental gradients in Metrosideros polymorpha. Tree Physiol 2023; 43:1400-1415. [PMID: 37098162 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Leaf trichomes on the lower leaf surface are common in many plant species, especially those grown under dry and/or low-temperature conditions; however, their adaptive significance remains unclear. Lower-side leaf trichomes can directly decrease gas fluxes through increased gas-diffusion resistance but can indirectly increase gas fluxes through increased leaf temperature owing to increased heat-diffusion resistance. We examined whether the combined direct and indirect effects of trichome resistance increase photosynthetic rates and water-use efficiency (WUE) using Metrosideros polymorpha Gaud., which varies widely in the masses of lower-side non-glandular leaf trichomes across various environments on the Hawaiian Islands. We employed both field surveys, including ecophysiological measurements at five elevation sites, and simulation analyses to predict the gas-exchange rates of leaves with various trichome-layer thicknesses across a wide range of environmental conditions. Field surveys showed that the trichome-layer thickness was the largest at the coldest and driest site and the thinnest at the wettest site. Field surveys, experimental manipulations and simulation analyses demonstrated that leaf trichomes significantly increased leaf temperature owing to the increased heat resistance. Simulation analyses showed that the effect of leaf trichomes on heat resistance was much larger than that on gas-flux resistance. Leaf trichomes can increase daily photosynthesis only in cold dry areas by increasing the leaf temperature. However, the increased leaf temperature with leaf trichomes resulted in a consistent decrease in the daily WUE at all elevation sites. The magnitudes of trichome effects on gas-exchange rates were associated with the temperature difference across the elevational gradient, the strong light intensity in Hawaii, the leaf-size variation and the conservative stomatal behavior of M. polymorpha as well as the trichome-layer thickness. In summary, the lower-side leaf trichomes in M. polymorpha can be beneficial for carbon assimilation in low-temperature environments but not for water conservation in most environments in terms of diffusion resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaku Amada
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
- Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment Research, Research Institute for Global Change, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama 236-0001, Japan
| | - Kosugi Yoshiko
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kanehiro Kitayama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yusuke Onoda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Lee DK, Shin KJ, Lee KM. Crack Width Evaluation of Cracked Mortar Specimen Using Gas Diffusion Characteristics. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:586. [PMID: 36676323 PMCID: PMC9861096 DOI: 10.3390/ma16020586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Several methods have been proposed currently for evaluating the crack width of a mortar specimen. Among these, the water permeability test is widely used to estimate crack width because water permeability is directly related to the average crack width of a specimen through which water passes. However, the viscosity of water makes precise crack width measurement challenging. The possible inflow (outflow) of foreign (healing) substances could affect the test results. To circumvent this limitation, this study proposes a gas diffusion test using oxygen rather than water as the medium. The proposed method includes a process that could compensate for gas diffusion from specimen parts other than the crack, allowing for a more precise estimation of crack width. The crack width can indeed be estimated with an error of 4% or less.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Keun Lee
- Civil Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Joon Shin
- Civil Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Myong Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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Yang D, Pereira L, Peng G, Ribeiro RV, Kaack L, Jansen S, Tyree MT. A unit pipe pneumatic model to simulate gas kinetics during measurements of embolism in excised angiosperm xylem. Tree Physiol 2023; 43:88-101. [PMID: 36049079 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The pneumatic method has been introduced to quantify embolism resistance in plant xylem of various organs by applying a partial vacuum to cut-open xylem. Despite the similarity in vulnerability curves between the pneumatic and other methods, a modeling approach is needed to investigate if changes in xylem embolism during dehydration can be accurately quantified based on gas diffusion kinetics. Therefore, a unit pipe pneumatic (UPPn) model was developed to estimate gas extraction from intact conduits, which were axially interconnected by inter-conduit pit membranes to cut-open conduits. The physical laws used included Fick's law for diffusion, Henry's law for gas concentration partitioning between liquid and gas phases at equilibrium and the ideal gas law. The UPPn model showed that 91% of the extracted gas came from the first five series of embolized, intact conduits and only 9% from the aqueous phase after 15 s of simulation. Considering alternative gas sources, embolism resistance measured with a pneumatron device was systematically overestimated by 2-17%, which corresponded to a typical measuring error of 0.11 MPa for P50 (the water potential equivalent to 50% of the maximum amount of gas extracted). It is concluded that pneumatic vulnerability curves directly measure embolism of intact conduits due to the fast movement of gas across interconduit pit membranes, while gas extraction from sap and diffusion across hydrated cell walls is about 100 times slower. We expect that the UPPn model will also contribute to the understanding of embolism propagation based on temporal gas dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Yang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Luciano Pereira
- Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, P.O. Box 6109, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 Ulm D-89081, Germany
| | - Guoquan Peng
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Rafael V Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, P.O. Box 6109, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Lucian Kaack
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 Ulm D-89081, Germany
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 Ulm D-89081, Germany
| | - Melvin T Tyree
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
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6
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Guo H, Chen L, Ismail SA, Jiang L, Guo S, Gu J, Zhang X, Li Y, Zhu Y, Zhang Z, Han D. Gas Diffusion Layer for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells: A Review. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:8800. [PMID: 36556607 PMCID: PMC9785286 DOI: 10.3390/ma15248800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are an attractive type of fuel cell that have received successful commercialization, benefitted from its unique advantages (including an all solid-state structure, a low operating temperature and low environmental impact). In general, the structure of PEMFCs can be regarded as a sequential stacking of functional layers, among which the gas diffusion layer (GDL) plays an important role in connecting bipolar plates and catalyst layers both physically and electrically, offering a route for gas diffusion and drainage and providing mechanical support to the membrane electrode assemblies. The GDL commonly contains two layers; one is a thick and rigid macroporous substrate (MPS) and the other is a thin microporous layer (MPL), both with special functions. This work provides a brief review on the GDL to explain its structure and functions, summarize recent progress and outline future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Guo
- College of Energy, Soochow University, No 1 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Lubing Chen
- College of Energy, Soochow University, No 1 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Sara Adeeba Ismail
- College of Energy, Soochow University, No 1 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Lulu Jiang
- College of Energy, Soochow University, No 1 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Shihang Guo
- College of Energy, Soochow University, No 1 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jie Gu
- College of Energy, Soochow University, No 1 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xiaorong Zhang
- College of Energy, Soochow University, No 1 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Yifeng Li
- College of Energy, Soochow University, No 1 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Yuwen Zhu
- College of Energy, Soochow University, No 1 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Zihan Zhang
- College of Energy, Soochow University, No 1 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Donglin Han
- College of Energy, Soochow University, No 1 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies, Soochow University, No 1 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
- Light Industry Institute of Electrochemical Power Sources, Shahu Science & Technology Innovation Park, Suzhou 215638, China
- Key Laboratory of Core Technology of High Specific Energy Battery and Key Materials for Petroleum and Chemical Industry, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
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7
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Madhuranthakam CMR, Fernandes SQ, Piozzi A, Francolini I. Mechanical Properties and Diffusion Studies in Wax-Cellulose Nanocomposite Packaging Material. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:9501. [PMID: 36012758 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This article focuses on the study related to the estimation of packaging material properties of cellulose–wax nanocomposite using molecular dynamics simulation (MDS). Cellulose based packaging material is gaining lot of importance due to its good material properties and low cost. Cellulose with small amount of plant-derived wax (nonacosane-10-ol and nonacosane-5,10-diol) offers higher mechanical strength and modulus of elasticity compared to the conventional synthetic polymer materials. In this article, in addition to the estimation of mechanical properties, the thermal stability of the proposed ecofriendly cellulose–wax composite is evaluated by estimating the glass transition temperature which essentially provides critical information on the glassy state and rubbery state of this biopolymer. The glass transition temperature of this composite changes significantly compared to that of pure cellulose (which also suffers from poor mechanical strength). Transport properties such as diffusion volume and diffusion coefficient of oxygen, nitrogen, and water are estimated using the results obtained from MDS. The diffusion coefficients of these species within the cellulose–wax composite are analyzed using the diffusion volume and interaction energies of these constituents with the wax and cellulose.
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Sakoda K, Adachi S, Yamori W, Tanaka Y. Towards improved dynamic photosynthesis in C3 crops by utilizing natural genetic variation. J Exp Bot 2022; 73:3109-3121. [PMID: 35298629 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Under field environments, fluctuating light conditions induce dynamic photosynthesis, which affects carbon gain by crop plants. Elucidating the natural genetic variations among untapped germplasm resources and their underlying mechanisms can provide an effective strategy to improve dynamic photosynthesis and, ultimately, improve crop yields through molecular breeding approaches. In this review, we first overview two processes affecting dynamic photosynthesis, namely (i) biochemical processes associated with CO2 fixation and photoprotection and (ii) gas diffusion processes from the atmosphere to the chloroplast stroma. Next, we review the intra- and interspecific variations in dynamic photosynthesis in relation to each of these two processes. It is suggested that plant adaptations to different hydrological environments underlie natural genetic variation explained by gas diffusion through stomata. This emphasizes the importance of the coordination of photosynthetic and stomatal dynamics to optimize the balance between carbon gain and water use efficiency under field environments. Finally, we discuss future challenges in improving dynamic photosynthesis by utilizing natural genetic variation. The forward genetic approach supported by high-throughput phenotyping should be introduced to evaluate the effects of genetic and environmental factors and their interactions on the natural variation in dynamic photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Sakoda
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Midori-cho, Nishitokyo, Tokyo 188-0002, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Adachi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Wataru Yamori
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Midori-cho, Nishitokyo, Tokyo 188-0002, Japan
| | - Yu Tanaka
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Peralta Ogorek LL, Pellegrini E, Pedersen O. Corrigendum. New Phytol 2021; 232:1520. [PMID: 34405900 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
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Monteleone M, Mobili R, Milanese C, Esposito E, Fuoco A, La Cognata S, Amendola V, Jansen JC. PEEK-WC-Based Mixed Matrix Membranes Containing Polyimine Cages for Gas Separation. Molecules 2021; 26:5557. [PMID: 34577026 PMCID: PMC8470936 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-based processes are taking a more and more prominent position in the search for sustainable and energy-efficient gas separation applications. It is known that the separation performance of pure polymers may significantly be improved by the dispersion of suitable filler materials in the polymer matrix, to produce so-called mixed matrix membranes. In the present work, four different organic cages were dispersed in the poly(ether ether ketone) with cardo group, PEEK-WC. The m-xylyl imine and furanyl imine-based fillers yielded mechanically robust and selective films after silicone coating. Instead, poor dispersion of p-xylyl imine and diphenyl imine cages did not allow the formation of selective films. The H2, He, O2, N2, CH4, and CO2 pure gas permeability of the neat polymer and the MMMs were measured, and the effect of filler was compared with the maximum limits expected for infinitely permeable and impermeable fillers, according to the Maxwell model. Time lag measurements allowed the calculation of the diffusion coefficient and demonstrated that 20 wt % of furanyl imine cage strongly increased the diffusion coefficient of the bulkier gases and decreased the diffusion selectivity, whereas the m-xylyl imine cage slightly increased the diffusion coefficient and improved the size-selectivity. The performance and properties of the membranes were discussed in relation to their composition and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Monteleone
- Institute on Membrane Technology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ITM), Via P. Bucci 17/C, 87036 Rende, Italy; (M.M.); (E.E.); (J.C.J.)
| | - Riccardo Mobili
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (R.M.); (C.M.); (V.A.)
| | - Chiara Milanese
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (R.M.); (C.M.); (V.A.)
| | - Elisa Esposito
- Institute on Membrane Technology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ITM), Via P. Bucci 17/C, 87036 Rende, Italy; (M.M.); (E.E.); (J.C.J.)
| | - Alessio Fuoco
- Institute on Membrane Technology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ITM), Via P. Bucci 17/C, 87036 Rende, Italy; (M.M.); (E.E.); (J.C.J.)
| | - Sonia La Cognata
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (R.M.); (C.M.); (V.A.)
| | - Valeria Amendola
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (R.M.); (C.M.); (V.A.)
| | - Johannes C. Jansen
- Institute on Membrane Technology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ITM), Via P. Bucci 17/C, 87036 Rende, Italy; (M.M.); (E.E.); (J.C.J.)
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11
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Peralta Ogorek LL, Pellegrini E, Pedersen O. Novel functions of the root barrier to radial oxygen loss - radial diffusion resistance to H 2 and water vapour. New Phytol 2021; 231:1365-1376. [PMID: 34013633 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The root barrier to radial O2 loss (ROL) is a trait enabling waterlogging tolerance of plants. The ROL barrier restricts O2 diffusion to the anoxic soil so that O2 is retained inside root tissues. We hypothesised that the ROL barrier can also restrict radial diffusion of other gases (H2 and water vapour) in rice roots with a barrier to ROL. We used O2 and H2 microsensors to measure ROL and permeability of rice roots, and gravimetric measurements to assess the influence of the ROL barrier on radial water loss (RWL). The ROL barrier greatly restricted radial diffusion of O2 as well as H2 . At 60 kPa pO2 , we found no radial diffusion of O2 across the barrier, and for H2 the barrier reduced radial diffusion by 73%. Similarly, RWL was reduced by 93% in roots with a ROL barrier. Our study showed that the root barrier to ROL not only completely blocks radial O2 diffusion under steep concentration gradients but is also a diffusive barrier to H2 and to water vapour. The strong correlation between ROL and RWL presents a case in which simple measurements of RWL can be used to predict ROL in screening studies with a focus on waterlogging tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas León Peralta Ogorek
- The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd Floor, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Elisa Pellegrini
- The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd Floor, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Ole Pedersen
- The Freshwater Biological Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 4, 3rd Floor, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
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12
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Trabi CL, Pereira L, Guan X, Miranda MT, Bittencourt PRL, Oliveira RS, Ribeiro RV, Jansen S. A User Manual to Measure Gas Diffusion Kinetics in Plants: Pneumatron Construction, Operation, and Data Analysis. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:633595. [PMID: 34163496 PMCID: PMC8216216 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.633595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The Pneumatron device measures gas diffusion kinetics in the xylem of plants. The device provides an easy, low-cost, and powerful tool for research on plant water relations and gas exchange. Here, we describe in detail how to construct and operate this device to estimate embolism resistance of angiosperm xylem, and how to analyse pneumatic data. Simple and more elaborated ways of constructing a Pneumatron are shown, either using wires, a breadboard, or a printed circuit board. The instrument is based on an open-source hardware and software system, which allows users to operate it in an automated or semi-automated way. A step-by-step manual and a troubleshooting section are provided. An excel spreadsheet and an R-script are also presented for fast and easy data analysis. This manual aims at helping users to avoid common mistakes, such as unstable measurements of the minimum and maximum amount of gas discharged from xylem tissue, which has major consequences for estimating embolism resistance. Major advantages of the Pneumatron device include its automated and accurate measurements of gas diffusion rates, including highly precise measurements of the gas volume in intact, embolised conduits. It is currently unclear if the method can also be applied to woody monocots, gymnosperm species that possess torus-margo pit membranes, or to herbaceous species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luciano Pereira
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Center R&D in Ecophysiology and Biophysics, Agronomic Institute (IAC), Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Xinyi Guan
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marcela T. Miranda
- Center R&D in Ecophysiology and Biophysics, Agronomic Institute (IAC), Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael S. Oliveira
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Rafael V. Ribeiro
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Stanislavovas A, Kuzmin V, Safiullin K, Alakshin E, Klochkov A, Kutuzov M, Tagirov M. The 3He nuclear magnetic relaxation in nematically ordered Al 2O 3aerogels: effects of 4He and nitrogen pre-plating. J Phys Condens Matter 2021; 33:195805. [PMID: 33561841 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abe475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The results of3He gas pulsed NMR spin-lattice relaxation study in high-porosity (84.9%-97.9%) nematically ordered Al2O3aerogels at 1.5 and 4.2 K are presented. The linear dependence ofT1on gas pressure is observed in aerogels that are pre-plated by helium-4. Nitrogen pre-plating prior to helium-4 pre-plating weakly decreases the3He gas spin-lattice relaxation rate. A few possible mechanisms plausibly involved in3He nuclear magnetic relaxation in aerogels are considered. The suggested nuclear spin-lattice relaxation model due to some magnetically 'dirty' aerogel fibers allows to estimate the effective mean free path of3He atoms in aerogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Stanislavovas
- Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - V Kuzmin
- Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - K Safiullin
- Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - E Alakshin
- Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - A Klochkov
- Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - M Kutuzov
- Metallurg Engineering Ltd., Tallinn 11415, Estonia
| | - M Tagirov
- Institute of Physics, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia
- Tatarstan Academy of Sciences, Kazan 420111, Russia
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14
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Théroux-Rancourt G, Roddy AB, Earles JM, Gilbert ME, Zwieniecki MA, Boyce CK, Tholen D, McElrone AJ, Simonin KA, Brodersen CR. Maximum CO 2 diffusion inside leaves is limited by the scaling of cell size and genome size. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20203145. [PMID: 33622134 PMCID: PMC7934972 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.3145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining high rates of photosynthesis in leaves requires efficient movement of CO2 from the atmosphere to the mesophyll cells inside the leaf where CO2 is converted into sugar. CO2 diffusion inside the leaf depends directly on the structure of the mesophyll cells and their surrounding airspace, which have been difficult to characterize because of their inherently three-dimensional organization. Yet faster CO2 diffusion inside the leaf was probably critical in elevating rates of photosynthesis that occurred among angiosperm lineages. Here we characterize the three-dimensional surface area of the leaf mesophyll across vascular plants. We show that genome size determines the sizes and packing densities of cells in all leaf tissues and that smaller cells enable more mesophyll surface area to be packed into the leaf volume, facilitating higher CO2 diffusion. Measurements and modelling revealed that the spongy mesophyll layer better facilitates gaseous phase diffusion while the palisade mesophyll layer better facilitates liquid-phase diffusion. Our results demonstrate that genome downsizing among the angiosperms was critical to restructuring the entire pathway of CO2 diffusion into and through the leaf, maintaining high rates of CO2 supply to the leaf mesophyll despite declining atmospheric CO2 levels during the Cretaceous.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam B. Roddy
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - J. Mason Earles
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Matthew E. Gilbert
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | - C. Kevin Boyce
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Danny Tholen
- Institute of Botany, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrew J. McElrone
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kevin A. Simonin
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
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15
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Łosiewicz B, Maszybrocka J, Kubisztal J, Skrabalak G, Stwora A. Corrosion Resistance of the CpTi G2 Cellular Lattice with TPMS Architecture for Gas Diffusion Electrodes. Materials (Basel) 2020; 14:ma14010081. [PMID: 33375270 PMCID: PMC7795527 DOI: 10.3390/ma14010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The corrosion of materials used in the design of metal-air batteries may shorten their cycle life. Therefore, metal-based materials with enhanced electrochemical stability have attracted much attention. The purpose of this work was to determine the corrosion resistance of commercially pure titanium Grade 2 (CpTi G2) cellular lattice with the triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS) architecture of G80, D80, I-2Y80 in 0.1 M KOH solution saturated with oxygen at 25 °C. To produce CpTi G2 cellular lattices, selective laser melting technology was used which allowed us to obtain 3D cellular lattice structures with a controlled total porosity of 80%. For comparison, the bulk electrode was also investigated. SEM examination and statistical analysis of the surface topography maps of the CpTi G2 cellular lattices with the TPMS architecture revealed much more complex surface morphology compared to the bulk CpTi SLM. Corrosion resistance tests of the obtained materials were conducted using open circuit potential method, Tafel curves, anodic polarization curves, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The highest corrosion resistance and the lowest material consumption per year were revealed for the CpTi G2 cellular lattice with TPMS architecture of G80, which can be proposed as promising material with increased corrosion resistance for gas diffusion in alkaline metal-air batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bożena Łosiewicz
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland; (J.M.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-32-3497-527
| | - Joanna Maszybrocka
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland; (J.M.); (J.K.)
| | - Julian Kubisztal
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Materials Engineering, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland; (J.M.); (J.K.)
| | - Grzegorz Skrabalak
- Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Wrocławska 37A, 30-011 Kraków, Poland; (G.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Andrzej Stwora
- Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Wrocławska 37A, 30-011 Kraków, Poland; (G.S.); (A.S.)
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16
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Wang T, Li T, Wei T, Hu X, Ye Z, Wang Z, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Buckley CE, Dong D. Optimization of Cathode Functional Layers of Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:40917-40924. [PMID: 32805834 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c11194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sluggish CO2 reduction on the cathodes of solid oxide electrolysis cells greatly affects electrolysis performance. However, there is no study systematically investigating the cathode functional layer (CFL), where the reduction occurs. Cathode supports equipped with fast gas diffusion channels were employed as a platform to investigate the CFL, including porosity, NiO/(Y2O3)0.08Zr0.92O2 (YSZ) ratio, and thickness. The porosity was adjusted by pore former content, and a higher porosity generated a higher electrolysis current density, while the porosity improvement is limited by the fabrication process. The three-dimensional microstructure of the CFL with different NiO/YSZ ratios was reconstructed by distance correlation functions to estimate three-phase boundary density, which can explain the optimal NiO/YSZ weight ratio of 60:40 for CO2 electrolysis. Increasing CFL thickness can provide more active sites until the optimal thickness of 35 μm. Further increasing the thickness results in gas diffusion limitation. Based on the channeled cathode supports, the CFL was optimized according to CO2 electrolysis performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengpeng Wang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P.R. China
| | - Tianpei Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P.R. China
| | - Tao Wei
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P.R. China
| | - Xun Hu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P.R. China
| | - Zhengmao Ye
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Wang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P.R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Yanxiang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Precision Hot Processing of Metals, MIIT Key Laboratory of Advanced Structure-Function Integrated Materials and Green Manufacturing Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - C E Buckley
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Dehua Dong
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P.R. China
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
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17
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Nuruddin M, Chowdhury RA, Lopez-Perez N, Montes FJ, Youngblood JP, Howarter JA. Influence of Free Volume Determined by Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy (PALS) on Gas Permeability of Cellulose Nanocrystal Films. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:24380-24389. [PMID: 32352751 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c05738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are of increasing interest for packaging applications because of their biodegradability, low cost, high crystallinity, and high aspect ratio. The objective of this study was to use positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) to investigate the free volume of CNC films with different structural arrangements (chiral nematic vs shear-oriented CNC films) and relate this information to gas barrier performance. It was found that sheared CNC films with higher CNC alignment have lower free volume and hence have more tortuosity than chiral nematic self-assembled films, which lowers gas diffusion throughout the films. The overall barrier performance of the aligned CNC film obtained in this study has a higher barrier performance than high barrier polymer films like PVOH and EVOH. Furthermore, a modified model was developed for single-component CNC films to predict the gas permeability with variation of CNC alignment with validation by the data taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nuruddin
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Reaz A Chowdhury
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Nelyan Lopez-Perez
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Francisco J Montes
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Zapopan, Jalisco 45138, México
| | - Jeffrey P Youngblood
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - John A Howarter
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Environmental & Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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18
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Ayuning Tyas A, Sonsa-ard T, Uraisin K, Nacapricha D, Saetear P. Simple Flow-Based System with an In-Line Membrane Gas-liquid Separation Unit and a Contactless Conductivity Detector for the Direct Determination of Sulfite in Clear and Turbid Food Samples. Membranes (Basel) 2020; 10:membranes10050104. [PMID: 32443480 PMCID: PMC7281478 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10050104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study presents a simple flow-based system for the determination of the preservative agent sulfite in food and beverages. The standard method of conversion of sulfite ions into SO2 gas by acidification is employed to separate the sulfite from sample matrices. The sample is aspirated into a donor stream of sulfuric acid. A membrane gas–liquid separation unit, also called a ‘gas-diffusion (GD)’ unit, incorporating a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) hydrophobic membrane allows the generated gas to diffuse into a stream of deionized water in the acceptor line. The dissolution of the SO2 gas leads to a change in the conductivity of water which is monitored by an in-line capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detector (C4D). The conductivity change is proportional to the concentration of sulfite in the sample. In this work, both clear (wine) and turbid (fruit juice and extracts of dried fruit) were selected to demonstrate the versatility of the developed method. The method can tolerate turbidity up to 60 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTUs). The linear range is 5–25 mg L−1 SO32− with precision <2% RSD. The flow system employs a peristaltic pump for propelling all liquid lines. Quantitative results of sulfite were statistically comparable to those obtained from iodimetric titration for the wine samples.
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Siracusa V, Karpova S, Olkhov A, Zhulkina A, Kosenko R, Iordanskii A. Gas Transport Phenomena and Polymer Dynamics in PHB/PLA Blend Films as Potential Packaging Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12030647. [PMID: 32178319 PMCID: PMC7182844 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Actually, in order to replace traditional fossil-based polymers, many efforts are devoted to the design and development of new and high-performance bioplastics materials. Poly(hydroxy alkanoates) (PHAS) as well as polylactides are the main candidates as naturally derived polymers. The intention of the present study is to manufacture fully bio-based blends based on two polyesters: poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and polylactic acid (PLA) as real competitors that could be used to replace petrol polymers in packaging industry. Blends in the shape of films have been prepared by chloroform solvent cast solution methodology, at different PHB/PLA ratios: 1/0, 1/9, 3/7, 5/5, 0/1. A series of dynamic explorations have been performed in order to characterize them from a different point of view. Gas permeability to N2, O2, and CO2 gases and probe (TEMPO) electron spin resonance (ESR) analyses were performed. Blend surface morphology has been evaluated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) while their thermal behavior was analyzed by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) technique. Special attention was devoted to color and transparency estimation. Both probe rotation mobility and N2, O2, and CO2 permeation have monotonically decreased during the transition from PLA to PHB, for all contents of bio-blends, namely because of transferring from PLA with lower crystallinity to PHB with a higher one. Consequently, the role of the crystallinity was elucidated. The temperature dependences for CO2 permeability and diffusivity as well as for probe correlation time allowed the authors to evaluate the activation energy of both processes. The values of gas transport energy activation and TEMPO rotation mobility are substantially close to each other, which should testify that polymer segmental mobility determines the gas permeability modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Siracusa
- Department of Chemical Science (DSC), University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-3387275526
| | - Svetlana Karpova
- Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Stremyanny per. 36, 117997 Moscow, Russian Federation; (S.K.); (A.O.)
| | - Anatoliy Olkhov
- Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Stremyanny per. 36, 117997 Moscow, Russian Federation; (S.K.); (A.O.)
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Kosygin str. 4, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation; (A.Z.); (R.K.); (A.I.)
| | - Anna Zhulkina
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Kosygin str. 4, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation; (A.Z.); (R.K.); (A.I.)
| | - Regina Kosenko
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Kosygin str. 4, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation; (A.Z.); (R.K.); (A.I.)
| | - Alexey Iordanskii
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Kosygin str. 4, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation; (A.Z.); (R.K.); (A.I.)
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20
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Chen K, Chen Y, Zhang B, Mei L, Guo M, Deng H, Liu S, Ma F, Gong Z, Yu Q. Highly Sensitive Photoacoustic Microcavity Gas Sensor for Leak Detection. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:E1164. [PMID: 32093237 DOI: 10.3390/s20041164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A highly sensitive photoacoustic (PA) microcavity gas sensor for leak detection is proposed. The miniature and low-cost gas sensor mainly consisted of a micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) microphone and a stainless-steel capillary with two small holes opened on the side wall. Different from traditional PA sensors, the designed low-power sensor had no gas valves and pumps. Gas could diffuse into the stainless-steel PA microcavity from two holes. The volume of the cavity in the sensor was only 7.9 μL. We use a 1650.96 nm distributed feedback (DFB) laser and the second-harmonic wavelength modulation spectroscopy (2f-WMS) method to measure PA signals. The measurement result of diffused methane (CH4) gas shows a response time of 5.8 s and a recovery time of 5.2 s. The detection limit was achieved at 1.7 ppm with a 1-s lock-in integral time. In addition, the calculated normalized noise equivalent absorption (NNEA) coefficient was 1.2 × 10-8 W·cm-1·Hz-1/2. The designed PA microcavity sensor can be used for the early warning of gas leakage.
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Abstract
Gases have been long known to have essential physiological functions in the CNS such as respiration or regulation of vascular tone. Since gases have been classically considered to freely diffuse, research in gas biology has so far focused on mechanisms of gas synthesis and gas reactivity, rather than gas diffusion and transport. However, the discovery of gas pores during the last two decades and the characterization of diverse diffusion patterns through different membranes has raised the possibility that modulation of gas diffusion is also a physiologically relevant parameter. Here we review the means of gas movement into and within the brain through "free" diffusion and gas pores, notably aquaporins, discussing the role that gas diffusion may play in the modulation of gas function. We highlight how diffusion is relevant to neuronal signaling, volume transmission, and cerebrovascular control in the case of NO, one of the most extensively studied gases. We point out how facilitated transport can be especially relevant for gases with low permeability in lipid membranes like NH3 and discuss the possible implications of NH3 -permeable channels in physiology and hyperammonemic encephalopathy. We identify novel research questions about how modulation of gas diffusion could intervene in CNS pathologies. This emerging area of research can provide novel and interesting insights in the field of gas biology.
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22
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Cartamil-Bueno SJ, Steeneken PG, Centeno A, Zurutuza A, van der Zant HSJ, Houri S. Colorimetry Technique for Scalable Characterization of Suspended Graphene. Nano Lett 2016; 16:6792-6796. [PMID: 27709957 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b02416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Previous statistical studies on the mechanical properties of chemical-vapor-deposited (CVD) suspended graphene membranes have been performed by means of measuring individual devices or with techniques that affect the material. Here, we present a colorimetry technique as a parallel, noninvasive, and affordable way of characterizing suspended graphene devices. We exploit Newton's rings interference patterns to study the deformation of a double-layer graphene drum 13.2 μm in diameter when a pressure step is applied. By studying the time evolution of the deformation, we find that filling the drum cavity with air is 2-5 times slower than when it is purged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago J Cartamil-Bueno
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology , Lorentzweg 1, 2628CJ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G Steeneken
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology , Lorentzweg 1, 2628CJ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Alba Centeno
- Graphenea SA , 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | | | - Herre S J van der Zant
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology , Lorentzweg 1, 2628CJ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Samer Houri
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology , Lorentzweg 1, 2628CJ, Delft, The Netherlands
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23
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Straumfors A, Heldal KK, Eduard W, Wouters IM, Ellingsen DG, Skogstad M. Cross-shift study of exposure-response relationships between bioaerosol exposure and respiratory effects in the Norwegian grain and animal feed production industry. Occup Environ Med 2016; 73:685-93. [PMID: 27473330 PMCID: PMC5036228 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2015-103438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective We have studied cross-shift respiratory responses of several individual bioaerosol components of the dust in the grain and feed industry in Norway. Methods Cross-shift changes in lung function and nasal congestion, as well as in respiratory and systemic symptoms of 56 exposed workers and 36 referents, were recorded on the same day as full-shift exposure to the inhalable aerosol fraction was assessed. Exposure–response associations were investigated by regression analysis. Results The workers were exposed on average to 1.0 mg/m3 of grain dust, 440 EU/m3 of endotoxin, 6 µg/m3 of β-1,3-glucans, 17×104/m3 of bacteria and 4×104/m3 of fungal spores during work. The exposure was associated with higher prevalence of self-reported eye and airway symptoms, which were related to the individual microbial components in a complex manner. Fatigue and nose symptoms were strongest associated with fungal spores, cough with or without phlegm was associated with grain dust and fungal spores equally strong and wheeze/tight chest/dyspnoea was strongest associated with grain dust. Bioaerosol exposure did not lead to cross-shift lung function decline, but several microbial components had influence on nose congestion. Conclusions Exposure to fungal spores and dust showed stronger associations with respiratory symptoms and fatigue than endotoxin exposure. The associations with dust suggest that there are other components in dust than the ones studied that induce these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Straumfors
- Department of Chemical and Biological Work Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kari Kulvik Heldal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Work Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Wijnand Eduard
- Department of Chemical and Biological Work Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Inge M Wouters
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dag G Ellingsen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Work Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marit Skogstad
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
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Ho QT, Berghuijs HNC, Watté R, Verboven P, Herremans E, Yin X, Retta MA, Aernouts B, Saeys W, Helfen L, Farquhar GD, Struik PC, Nicolaï BM. Three-dimensional microscale modelling of CO2 transport and light propagation in tomato leaves enlightens photosynthesis. Plant Cell Environ 2016; 39:50-61. [PMID: 26082079 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We present a combined three-dimensional (3-D) model of light propagation, CO2 diffusion and photosynthesis in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) leaves. The model incorporates a geometrical representation of the actual leaf microstructure that we obtained with synchrotron radiation X-ray laminography, and was evaluated using measurements of gas exchange and leaf optical properties. The combination of the 3-D microstructure of leaf tissue and chloroplast movement induced by changes in light intensity affects the simulated CO2 transport within the leaf. The model predicts extensive reassimilation of CO2 produced by respiration and photorespiration. Simulations also suggest that carbonic anhydrase could enhance photosynthesis at low CO2 levels but had little impact on photosynthesis at high CO2 levels. The model confirms that scaling of photosynthetic capacity with absorbed light would improve efficiency of CO2 fixation in the leaf, especially at low light intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang Tri Ho
- Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology/BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Herman N C Berghuijs
- Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology/BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- BioSolar Cells, P.O. Box 98, 6700 AB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rodrigo Watté
- Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology/BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Verboven
- Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology/BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Els Herremans
- Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology/BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- BioSolar Cells, P.O. Box 98, 6700 AB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Moges A Retta
- Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology/BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben Aernouts
- Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology/BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wouter Saeys
- Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology/BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lukas Helfen
- Laboratory for Application of Synchrotron Radiation/ANKA, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 3640, D-76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, CS40220, F-38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Graham D Farquhar
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Paul C Struik
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 430, 6700 AK, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- BioSolar Cells, P.O. Box 98, 6700 AB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart M Nicolaï
- Flanders Center of Postharvest Technology/BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
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Cho S, Namgung B, Kim HS, Leo HL, Kim S. Effect of erythrocyte aggregation at pathological levels on NO/O2 transport in small arterioles. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2015; 59:163-75. [PMID: 24732346 DOI: 10.3233/ch-141837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of red blood cell (RBC) aggregation at pathological levels on NO/O2 transport in small arterioles. Transient gas diffusion simulations were performed with in vivo cell-free layer (CFL) widths data obtained from arteriolar flows in the rat cremaster muscle. The CFL data were measured at physiological and pathological levels of aggregation under reduced flow conditions (pseudoshear rate = 31.4 ± 10.5 s-1). Our results showed that the mean peak NO concentration significantly decreased with increasing the aggregation level from non-aggregating to normal-aggregating (P < 0.05) and to hyper-aggregating (P < 0.01) conditions. In contrast, the partial O2 pressure (PO2) in pathological aggregating conditions significantly increased from those under non-aggregating (P < 0.001) and normal-aggregating (P < 0.05) conditions. Although the NO scavenging by RBCs could be impaired with a thicker CFL at higher levels of aggregation, the overall decrease in NO production due to reduction of wall shear stress with the thicker CFL dominantly limited the NO availability in tissue. On the other hand, the O2 availability in tissue increased due to the relatively high core hematocrit in the blood lumen with the thicker CFL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungkwan Cho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon, Korea
| | - Bumseok Namgung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Han Sung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon, Korea
| | - Hwa Liang Leo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sangho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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26
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Abstract
A general theoretical framework for quantifying the stomatal clustering effects on leaf gaseous diffusive conductance was developed and tested. The theory accounts for stomatal spacing and interactions among 'gaseous concentration shells'. The theory was tested using the unique measurements of Dow et al. (2014) that have shown lower leaf diffusive conductance for a genotype of Arabidopsis thaliana with clustered stomata relative to uniformly distributed stomata of similar size and density. The model accounts for gaseous diffusion: through stomatal pores; via concentration shells forming at pore apertures that vary with stomata spacing and are thus altered by clustering; and across the adjacent air boundary layer. Analytical approximations were derived and validated using a numerical model for 3D diffusion equation. Stomata clustering increases the interactions among concentration shells resulting in larger diffusive resistance that may reduce fluxes by 5-15%. A similar reduction in conductance was found for clusters formed by networks of veins. The study resolves ambiguities found in the literature concerning stomata end-corrections and stomatal shape, and provides a new stomata density threshold for diffusive interactions of overlapping vapor shells. The predicted reduction in gaseous exchange due to clustering, suggests that guard cell function is impaired, limiting stomatal aperture opening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lehmann
- Soil and Terrestrial Environmental Physics, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dani Or
- Soil and Terrestrial Environmental Physics, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
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27
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Allen J, Damodaran K. High-resolution slice selection NMR for the measurement of CO2 diffusion under non-equilibrium conditions. Magn Reson Chem 2015; 53:200-202. [PMID: 25353108 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present a simple and an efficient approach using spatially selective NMR to investigate solvation and diffusion of CO2 in ionic liquids. The techniques demonstrated here are shown as novel and effective means of studying solvated gas dynamics under non-equilibrium conditions without the need for conventional high power gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Allen
- National Energy Technology Laboratory, Pittsburgh, PA, 15236, USA; Biological Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
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Abstract
Gas transport mechanisms that characterize the hermetic behavior of MEMS packages are fundamentally different depending upon which sealing materials are used in the packages. In metallic seals, gas transport occurs through a few nanoscale leak channels (gas conduction) that are produced randomly during the solder reflow process, while gas transport in polymeric seals occurs through the bulk material (gas diffusion). In this review article, the techniques to measure true leak rates of MEMS packages with the two sealing materials are described and discussed: a Helium mass spectrometer based technique for metallic sealing and a gas diffusion based model for polymeric sealing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongtae Han
- CALCE Electronic Products and Systems Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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Cohen J, Kim K, Posewitz M, Ghirardi ML, Schulten K, Seibert M, King P. Molecular dynamics and experimental investigation of H(2) and O(2) diffusion in [Fe]-hydrogenase. Biochem Soc Trans 2005; 33:80-2. [PMID: 15667271 PMCID: PMC2587414 DOI: 10.1042/bst0330080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The [Fe]-hydrogenase enzymes are highly efficient H(2) catalysts found in ecologically and phylogenetically diverse microorganisms, including the photosynthetic green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Although these enzymes can occur in several forms, H(2) catalysis takes place at a unique [FeS] prosthetic group or H-cluster, located at the active site. Significant to the function of hydrogenases is how the surrounding protein structure facilitates substrate-product transfer, and protects the active site H-cluster from inactivation. To elucidate the role of protein structure in O(2) inactivation of [Fe]-hydrogenases, experimental and theoretical investigations have been performed. Molecular dynamics was used to comparatively investigate O(2) and H(2) diffusion in CpI ([Fe]-hydrogenase I from Clostridium pasteurianum). Our preliminary results suggest that H(2) diffuses more easily and freely than O(2), which is restricted to a small number of allowed pathways to and from the active site. These O(2) pathways are located in the conserved active site domain, shown experimentally to have an essential role in active site protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Cohen
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, U.S.A
| | - Kwiseon Kim
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, U.S.A
| | - Matthew Posewitz
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden CO 80401, U.S.A
| | | | - Klaus Schulten
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, U.S.A
| | - Michael Seibert
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, U.S.A
| | - Paul King
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, U.S.A
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