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Wallace AS, Hudac CM, Steinman KJ, Peterson JL, DesChamps TD, Duyzend MH, Nuttle X, Eichler EE, Bernier RA. Longitudinal report of child with de novo 16p11.2 triplication. Clin Case Rep 2017; 6:147-154. [PMID: 29375855 PMCID: PMC5771938 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.1236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
16p11.2 deletions and duplications are commonly associated with autism spectrum disorder and linked to mirrored phenotypes of physical characteristics and higher penetrance for deletions. A male with a rare 16p11.2 triplication demonstrated a similar phenotypic presentation to deletion carriers with neurocognitive and adaptive skill deficits and above‐average physical growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianne S Wallace
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195
| | - Caitlin M Hudac
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195
| | - Kyle J Steinman
- Department of Neurology University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle Washington 98195.,Center for Integrative Brain Research Seattle Children's Autism Center Seattle Washington 98145
| | - Jessica L Peterson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195
| | - Trent D DesChamps
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195
| | - Michael H Duyzend
- Department of Genome Sciences University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle Washington 98195
| | - Xander Nuttle
- Department of Genome Sciences University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle Washington 98195
| | - Evan E Eichler
- Department of Genome Sciences University of Washington School of Medicine Seattle Washington 98195.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute Seattle Washington 98195
| | - Raphael A Bernier
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195.,Center for Child Health, Behavior, and Development Seattle Children's Autism Center Seattle Washington 98145
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Singh Dolt K, Hammachi F, Kunath T. Modeling Parkinson's disease with induced pluripotent stem cells harboring α-synuclein mutations. Brain Pathol 2017; 27:545-551. [PMID: 28585381 PMCID: PMC8029042 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative condition affecting more than 8 million people worldwide. Although, the majority of PD cases are sporadic in nature, there are a growing number of monogenic mutations identified to cause PD in a highly penetrant manner. Many of these familial mutations give rise to a condition that is clinically and neuropathologically similar, if not identical, to sporadic PD. Mutations in genes such as SNCA cause PD in an autosomal dominant manner and patients have motor and non-motor symptoms that are typical for sporadic PD. With the advent of reprogramming technology it is now possible to capture these mutations in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to establish models of PD in a dish. There are multiple neuronal subtypes affected in PD including the midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons of the substantia nigra. Robust neuronal differentiation into mDA or other relevant neural cell types are critical to accurately model the disease and ensure the findings are relevant to understanding the disease process. Another challenge for establishing accurate models of PD is being met by the generation of isogenic control iPSC lines with precise correction of mutations using advanced gene editing technology. The contributions of ageing and environmental factors present further challenges to this field, but significant progress is being made in these areas to establish highly relevant and robust models of PD. These human neuronal models, used in conjunction with other model systems, will vastly improve our understanding of the early stages of the PD, which will be key to identifying disease-modifying and preventative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karamjit Singh Dolt
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological SciencesThe University of EdinburghEdinburghEH16 4UUUK
| | - Fella Hammachi
- School of Clinical SciencesThe University of BristolBristolBS2 8DZUK
| | - Tilo Kunath
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological SciencesThe University of EdinburghEdinburghEH16 4UUUK
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Benedek A, Horváth A, Hirmondó R, Ozohanics O, Békési A, Módos K, Révész Á, Vékey K, Nagy GN, Vértessy BG. Potential steps in the evolution of a fused trimeric all-β dUTPase involve a catalytically competent fused dimeric intermediate. FEBS J 2016; 283:3268-86. [PMID: 27380921 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase (dUTPase) is essential for genome integrity. Interestingly, this enzyme from Drosophila virilis has an unusual form, as three monomer repeats are merged with short linker sequences, yielding a fused trimer-like dUTPase fold. Unlike homotrimeric dUTPases that are encoded by a single repeat dut gene copy, the three repeats of the D. virilis dut gene are not identical due to several point mutations. We investigated the potential evolutionary pathway that led to the emergence of this extant fused trimeric dUTPase in D. virilis. The herein proposed scenario involves two sequential gene duplications followed by sequence divergence amongst the dut repeats. This pathway thus requires the existence of a transient two-repeat-containing fused dimeric dUTPase intermediate. We identified the corresponding ancestral dUTPase single repeat enzyme together with its tandem repeat evolutionary intermediate and characterized their enzymatic function and structural stability. We additionally engineered and characterized artificial single or tandem repeat constructs from the extant enzyme form to investigate the influence of the emergent residue alterations on the formation of a functional assembly. The observed severely impaired stability and catalytic activity of these latter constructs provide a plausible explanation for evolutionary persistence of the extant fused trimeric D. virilis dUTPase form. For the ancestral homotrimeric and the fused dimeric intermediate forms, we observed strong catalytic and structural competence, verifying viability of the proposed evolutionary pathway. We conclude that the progression along the herein described evolutionary trajectory is determined by the retained potential of the enzyme for its conserved three-fold structural symmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Benedek
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary. .,Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary.
| | - András Horváth
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rita Hirmondó
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Olivér Ozohanics
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Angéla Békési
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Károly Módos
- Institute of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Révész
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Károly Vékey
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely N Nagy
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary. .,Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary.
| | - Beáta G Vértessy
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary. .,Department of Applied Biotechnology and Food Science, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary.
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Soriano EV, Zhang Y, Colabroy KL, Sanders JM, Settembre EC, Dorrestein PC, Begley TP, Ealick SE. Active-site models for complexes of quinolinate synthase with substrates and intermediates. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 2013; 69:1685-96. [PMID: 23999292 DOI: 10.1107/s090744491301247x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Quinolinate synthase (QS) catalyzes the condensation of iminoaspartate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate to form quinolinate, the universal precursor for the de novo biosynthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. QS has been difficult to characterize owing either to instability or lack of activity when it is overexpressed and purified. Here, the structure of QS from Pyrococcus furiosus has been determined at 2.8 Å resolution. The structure is a homodimer consisting of three domains per protomer. Each domain shows the same topology with a four-stranded parallel β-sheet flanked by four α-helices, suggesting that the domains are the result of gene triplication. Biochemical studies of QS indicate that the enzyme requires a [4Fe-4S] cluster, which is lacking in this crystal structure, for full activity. The organization of domains in the protomer is distinctly different from that of a monomeric structure of QS from P. horikoshii [Sakuraba et al. (2005), J. Biol. Chem. 280, 26645-26648]. The domain arrangement in P. furiosus QS may be related to protection of cysteine side chains, which are required to chelate the [4Fe-4S] cluster, prior to cluster assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika V Soriano
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-1301, USA
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