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Lundstrom K, Seyran M, Pizzol D, Adadi P, Mohamed Abd El-Aziz T, Hassan SS, Soares A, Kandimalla R, Tambuwala MM, Aljabali AAA, Kumar Azad G, Pal Choudhury P, Uversky VN, Sherchan SP, Uhal BD, Rezaei N, Brufsky AM. Viewpoint: Origin of SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111203. [PMID: 33105685 PMCID: PMC7690418 DOI: 10.3390/v12111203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The origin of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus causing the COVID-19 pandemic has not yet been fully determined. Despite the consensus about the SARS-CoV-2 origin from bat CoV RaTG13, discrepancy to host tropism to other human Coronaviruses exist. SARS-CoV-2 also possesses some differences in its S protein receptor-binding domain, glycan-binding N-terminal domain and the surface of the sialic acid-binding domain. Despite similarities based on cryo-EM and biochemical studies, the SARS-CoV-2 shows higher stability and binding affinity to the ACE2 receptor. The SARS-CoV-2 does not appear to present a mutational “hot spot” as only the D614G mutation has been identified from clinical isolates. As laboratory manipulation is highly unlikely for the origin of SARS-CoV-2, the current possibilities comprise either natural selection in animal host before zoonotic transfer or natural selection in humans following zoonotic transfer. In the former case, despite SARS-CoV-2 and bat RaTG13 showing 96% identity some pangolin Coronaviruses exhibit very high similarity to particularly the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2. In the latter case, it can be hypothesized that the SARS-CoV-2 genome has adapted during human-to-human transmission and based on available data, the isolated SARS-CoV-2 genomes derive from a common origin. Before the origin of SARS-CoV-2 can be confirmed additional research is required
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Murat Seyran
- Doctoral Studies in Natural Sciences and Technology SPL44, University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria;
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - Damiano Pizzol
- Department of Global Health, Italian Agency for Development Cooperation—Khartoum, Al Amarat 111111, Sudan;
| | - Parise Adadi
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;
| | - Tarek Mohamed Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA; (T.M.A.E.-A.); (A.S.)
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, El-Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Sk. Sarif Hassan
- Department of Mathematics, Pingla Thana Mahavidyalaya, Maligram, Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal 721140, India;
| | - Antonio Soares
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA; (T.M.A.E.-A.); (A.S.)
| | - Ramesh Kandimalla
- Department of Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India;
- Department of Biochemistry, Kakatiya Medical College/MGM-Hospital, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Murtaza M. Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK;
| | - Alaa A. A. Aljabali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan;
| | | | - Pabitra Pal Choudhury
- Applied Statistics Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, West Bengal 700108, India;
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Samendra P. Sherchan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Bruce D. Uhal
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1419733151, Iran;
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran 1419733151, Iran
| | - Adam M. Brufsky
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
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