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Amoussa AMO, Zhang L, Lagnika C, Riaz A, Zhang L, Liu X, Beta T. Effects of preheating and drying methods on pyridoxine, phenolic compounds, ginkgolic acids, and antioxidant capacity of Ginkgo biloba nuts. J Food Sci 2021; 86:4197-4208. [PMID: 34370293 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although ginkgo nuts are very nutritious and loaded with numerous bioactive compounds, the nuts contain significant levels of unwanted compounds (ginkolic acids) which are toxic to consumption. To reduce or eliminate these toxic compounds without impacting the nutritional value and the bioactivity of the final product, an appropriate processing technology is needed. Thus, the effect of preheating (90 and 120°C) prior to drying (freeze drying: FD, hot air drying: HAD, and HAD in tandem with FD: HAD-FD) was evaluated on ginkgolic acids, pyridoxine analogues, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant properties of ginkgo nuts. Our results pointed out a significant decrease (below 50%) of ginkgolic acids in ginkgo nuts samples processed at 90°C compared to the control. The major compounds found after treatments were respectively, kaempferol (36.66-354.38 µg/g), quercetin (9.04-183.71 µg/g), and caffeic acid (19.66-106.88 µg/g). Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that preheating at 90°C prior to HAD-FD would be a proper and reasonable approach for preserving the bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity of ginkgo nuts (EC50 ranged from 2.25 to 4.60 mg/mL) while significantly reducing their content in toxic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdou Madjid Olatounde Amoussa
- Research Institute of Agricultural Product Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Biochemistry and Bioactive Natural Substances, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Lixia Zhang
- Research Institute of Agricultural Product Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Camel Lagnika
- Research Institute of Agricultural Product Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Asad Riaz
- Research Institute of Agricultural Product Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Liuquan Zhang
- Research Institute of Agricultural Product Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xianjin Liu
- Research Institute of Agricultural Product Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Trust Beta
- Department of Food & Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Dutta B, Huang J, To J, Tam JP. LIR Motif-Containing Hyperdisulfide β-Ginkgotide is Cytoprotective, Adaptogenic, and Scaffold-Ready. Molecules 2019; 24:E2417. [PMID: 31262066 PMCID: PMC6651024 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Grafting a bioactive peptide onto a disulfide-rich scaffold is a promising approach to improve its structure and metabolic stability. The ginkgo plant-derived β-ginkgotide β-gB1 is a highly unusual molecule: Small, hyperdisulfide, and found only in selected ancient plants. It also contains a conserved 16-amino-acid core with three interlocking disulfides, as well as a six-amino-acid inter-cysteine loop 2 suitable for grafting peptide epitopes. However, very little is known about this recently-discovered family of molecules. Here, we report the biophysical and functional characterizations of the β-ginkgotide β-gB1 from G. biloba. A circular dichroism spectroscopy analysis at 90 °C and proteolytic treatments of β-gB1 supported that it is hyperstable. Data mining revealed that the β-gB1 loop 2 contains the canonical LC3 interacting region (LIR) motif crucial for selective autophagy. Cell-based assays and pull-down experiments showed that β-gB1 is an adaptogen, able to maintain cellular homeostasis through induced autophagosomes formation and to protect cells by targeting intracellular proteins from stress-mediated damage against hypoxia and the hypoxia-reoxygenation of induced cell death. This is the first report of an LIR-containing peptide natural product. Together, our results suggest that the plant-derived β-ginkgotide is cytoprotective, capable of targeting intracellular proteins, and holds promise as a hyperdisulfide scaffold for engineering peptidyl therapeutics with enhanced structural and metabolic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bamaprasad Dutta
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Jiayi Huang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Janet To
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - James P Tam
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
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