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Gargini R, Segura-Collar B, Sánchez-Gómez P. Cellular Plasticity and Tumor Microenvironment in Gliomas: The Struggle to Hit a Moving Target. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1622. [PMID: 32570988 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors encompass a diverse group of neoplasias arising from different cell lineages. Tumors of glial origin have been the subject of intense research because of their rapid and fatal progression. From a clinical point of view, complete surgical resection of gliomas is highly difficult. Moreover, the remaining tumor cells are resistant to traditional therapies such as radio- or chemotherapy and tumors always recur. Here we have revised the new genetic and epigenetic classification of gliomas and the description of the different transcriptional subtypes. In order to understand the progression of the different gliomas we have focused on the interaction of the plastic tumor cells with their vasculature-rich microenvironment and with their distinct immune system. We believe that a comprehensive characterization of the glioma microenvironment will shed some light into why these tumors behave differently from other cancers. Furthermore, a novel classification of gliomas that could integrate the genetic background and the cellular ecosystems could have profound implications in the efficiency of current therapies as well as in the development of new treatments.
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Huang T, Wan X, Alvarez AA, James CD, Song X, Yang Y, Sastry N, Nakano I, Sulman EP, Hu B, Cheng SY. MIR93 (microRNA -93) regulates tumorigenicity and therapy response of glioblastoma by targeting autophagy. Autophagy 2019; 15:1100-1111. [PMID: 30654687 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1569947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a natural intracellular process that maintains cellular homeostasis and protects cells from death under stress conditions. Autophagy sustains tumor survival and growth when induced by common cancer treatments, including IR and cytotoxic chemotherapy, thereby contributing to therapeutic resistance of tumors. In this study, we report that the expression of MIR93, noted in two clinically relevant tumor subtypes of GBM, influenced GSC phenotype as well as tumor response to therapy through its effects on autophagy. Our mechanistic studies revealed that MIR93 regulated autophagic activities in GSCs through simultaneous inhibition of multiple autophagy regulators, including BECN1/Beclin 1, ATG5, ATG4B, and SQSTM1/p62. Moreover, two first-line treatments for GBM, IR and temozolomide (TMZ), as well as rapamycin (Rap), the prototypic MTOR inhibitor, decreased MIR93 expression that, in turn, stimulated autophagic processes in GSCs. Inhibition of autophagy by ectopic MIR93 expression, or via autophagy inhibitors NSC (an ATG4B inhibitor) and CQ, enhanced the activity of IR and TMZ against GSCs. Collectively, our findings reveal a key role for MIR93 in the regulation of autophagy and suggest a combination treatment strategy involving the inhibition of autophagy while administering cytotoxic therapy. Abbreviations: ACTB: actin beta; ATG4B: autophagy related 4B cysteine peptidase; ATG5: autophagy related 5; BECN1: beclin 1; CL: classical; CQ: chloroquine diphosphate; CSCs: cancer stem cells; GBM: glioblastoma; GSCs: glioma stem-like cells; HEK: human embryonic kidney; IB: immunoblotting; IF: immunofluorescent staining; IR: irradiation; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MES: mesenchymal; MIR93: microRNA 93; MIRC: a control miRNA; miRNA/miR: microRNA; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NSC: NSC185085; PN: proneural; qRT-PCR: quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction; Rap: rapamycin; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TCGA: the cancer genome atlas; TMZ: temozolomide; WT: wild type; ZIP93: lentiviral miRZIP targeting MIR93; ZIPC: lentiviral miRZip targeting control miRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhi Huang
- a The Ken & Ruth Devee Department of Neurology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute , The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern Universityd Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Xuechao Wan
- a The Ken & Ruth Devee Department of Neurology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute , The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern Universityd Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Angel A Alvarez
- a The Ken & Ruth Devee Department of Neurology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute , The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern Universityd Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - C David James
- b Department of Neurological Surgery , Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Xiao Song
- a The Ken & Ruth Devee Department of Neurology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute , The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern Universityd Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Yongyong Yang
- a The Ken & Ruth Devee Department of Neurology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute , The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern Universityd Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Namratha Sastry
- a The Ken & Ruth Devee Department of Neurology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute , The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern Universityd Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Ichiro Nakano
- c Department of Neurosurgery , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , AL , USA
| | - Erik P Sulman
- d Department of Radiation Oncology , The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Bo Hu
- a The Ken & Ruth Devee Department of Neurology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute , The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern Universityd Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Shi-Yuan Cheng
- a The Ken & Ruth Devee Department of Neurology, Lou and Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute , The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern Universityd Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA
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