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Hayashi M, Abe K, Sugaya T, Takahata Y, Fujita M, Takahashi A, Ohira H. Influence of serum Gas6 levels on prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2024; 54:62-69. [PMID: 37801445 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyad132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The prediction of prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma patients is important for switching treatment. The association between circulating growth arrest-specific 6 levels and prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma patients is unknown. METHODS We retrospectively analysed the association between serum growth arrest-specific 6 levels and clinical findings in 132 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Serum growth arrest-specific 6 levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Amongst 132 patients, the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage was classified as 0, A, B, C and D in 19, 48, 41, 18 and 6 patients, respectively. Serum growth arrest-specific 6 levels in hepatocellular carcinoma patients were higher than those in healthy controls (28.4 ng/mL vs. 19.6 ng/mL, P < 0.001), and growth arrest-specific 6 levels were positively correlated with soluble Axl levels. In the entire cohort, high growth arrest-specific 6 levels were associated with a shorter survival period (hazard ratio: 1.78 per 20 ng/mL, 95% confidence interval: 1.01-3.16, P = 0.045). In early and intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma patients treated with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (n = 59), we determined a cut-off value of 36.4 ng/mL based on the receiver operating characteristic curve to predict death within 3 years, and high growth arrest-specific 6 levels were associated with a high cumulative incidence of portal vein tumour thrombosis (Gray's test: P = 0.010) and shorter overall survival (log-rank: P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS Serum growth arrest-specific 6 levels were associated with prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. In early and intermediate-stage hepatocellular carcinoma patients who underwent transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, high growth arrest-specific 6 levels were associated with a high incidence of portal vein tumour thrombosis. Circulating growth arrest-specific 6 levels may be a useful prognostic marker in hepatocellular carcinoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Hayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kazumichi Abe
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Sugaya
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yosuke Takahata
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Masashi Fujita
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Ohira
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
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2
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Yong J, Elisabeth Groeger S, Ruf S, Ruiz-Heiland G. Influence of leptin and compression in GAS-6 mediated homeostasis of periodontal ligament cell. Oral Dis 2023; 29:1172-1183. [PMID: 34861742 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Growth arrest-specific protein 6 (GAS-6) regulates immunomodulatory and inflammatory mechanisms in periodontium and may participate in obesity predisposition. This study aimed to determine whether GAS-6 is associated with the homeostasis of periodontal ligament (SV-PDL) cells in the presence of adipokines or compressive forces. The SV-PDL cell line was used. Western blots were employed for TAM receptors detection. Cells were stimulated using different concentrations of GAS-6. The migration, viability, and proliferation were measured by a standard scratch test, MTS assay, and immunofluorescent staining. The mRNA expression was analyzed by RT-PCR. Release of TGF-β1, GAS-6, and Axl were verified by ELISA. Western blot shows that TAM receptors are expressed in SV-PDL cells. GAS-6 has a promoting effect on cell migration and proliferation. RT-PCR analysis showed that GAS-6 induces Collagen-1, Collagen-3, Periostin, and TGF-β1 mRNA expression whereas it reduces Caspase-3, Caspase-8, Caspase-9, and IL-6 mRNA expression. Further, secreted GAS-6 in SV-PDL is reduced in response to both compressive forces and leptin and upregulated by IL-6. Additionally, ADAM-10 inhibition reduces GAS-6 and Axl release on SV-PDL cells. TAM receptors especially Axl are identified as the receptors of GAS-6. GAS-6/TAM interactions contribute to periodontal ligament cells homeostasis. Leptin inhibits the GAS-6 release independently of ADAM-10 metalloprotease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Yong
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sabine Elisabeth Groeger
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sabine Ruf
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gisela Ruiz-Heiland
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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3
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Guo ZN, Liu J, Chang J, Zhang P, Jin H, Sun X, Yang Y. GAS6/Axl Signaling Modulates Blood-Brain Barrier Function Following Intravenous Thrombolysis in Acute Ischemic Stroke. Front Immunol 2021; 12:742359. [PMID: 34733281 PMCID: PMC8558492 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.742359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Recent studies have shown that several proteins, including Axl, are related to hemorrhagic transformation (HT) following intravenous thrombolysis by affecting blood-brain barrier (BBB) function. However, the effects of these proteins on BBB function have been studied primarily in animal models. In this study, we aimed to identify serum protein markers that predict HT following intravenous thrombolysis in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and verify whether these serum proteins regulate BBB function and HT in animal stroke models. Methods First, 118 AIS patients were enrolled in this study, including 52 HT patients and 66 non-HT patients. In Step 1, baseline serum levels of Axl, angiopoietin-like 4, C-reactive protein, ferritin, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha, HTRA2, Lipocalin2, matrix metallopeptidase 9, platelet-derived growth factor-BB, and tumor necrosis factor alpha were measured using a quantitative cytokine chip. Next, sequence mutations and variations in genes encoding the differentially expressed proteins identified in Step 1 and subsequent function-related proteins were detected. Finally, we verified whether manipulation of differentially expressed proteins affected BBB function and HT in a hyperglycemia-induced rat stroke model. Results Serum Axl levels were significantly lower in the HT group than in the non-HT group; none of the other protein markers differed significantly between the two groups. Genetic testing revealed that sequence variations of GAS6 (the gene encoding the Axl ligand)-derived long non-coding RNA, GAS6-AS1, were significantly correlated with an increased risk of HT after intravenous thrombolysis. In animal studies, administration of recombinant GAS6 significantly reduced brain infarction and neurological deficits and attenuated BBB disruption and HT. Conclusions Lower serum Axl levels, which may result from sequence variations in GAS6-AS1, are correlated with an increased risk of HT after intravenous thrombolysis in stroke patients. Activation of the Axl signaling pathway by the GAS6 protein may serve as a therapeutic strategy to reduce HT in AIS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Ni Guo
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Clinical Trial and Research Center for Stroke, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Junlei Chang
- Center for Protein and Cell-based Drugs, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Clinical Trial and Research Center for Stroke, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hang Jin
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Clinical Trial and Research Center for Stroke, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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4
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Nassar M, Tabib Y, Capucha T, Mizraji G, Nir T, Saba F, Salameh R, Eli-Berchoer L, Wilensky A, Burstyn-Cohen T, Hovav AH. Multiple Regulatory Levels of Growth Arrest-Specific 6 in Mucosal Immunity Against an Oral Pathogen. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1374. [PMID: 29967614 PMCID: PMC6015888 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth arrest-specific 6 (GAS6) expressed by oral epithelial cells and dendritic cells (DCs) was shown to play a critical role in the maintenance of oral mucosal homeostasis. In this study, we demonstrate that the induction of pathogen-specific oral adaptive immune responses is abrogated in Gas6−/− mice. Further analysis revealed that GAS6 induces simultaneously both pro- and anti-inflammatory regulatory pathways upon infection. On one hand, GAS6 upregulates expression of adhesion molecules on blood vessels, facilitating extravasation of innate inflammatory cells to the oral mucosa. GAS6 also elevates expression of CCL19 and CCL21 chemokines and enhances migration of oral DCs to the lymph nodes. On the other hand, expression of pro-inflammatory molecules in the oral mucosa are downregulated by GAS6. Moreover, GAS6 inhibits DC maturation and reduces antigen presentation to T cells by DCs. These data suggest that GAS6 facilitates bi-directional trans-endothelial migration of inflammatory cells and DCs, whereas inhibiting mucosal activation and T-cell stimulation. Thus, the orchestrated complex activity of GAS6 enables the development of a rapid and yet restrained mucosal immunity to oral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nassar
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yaara Tabib
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tal Capucha
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gabriel Mizraji
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.,Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tsipora Nir
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Faris Saba
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rana Salameh
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.,Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Luba Eli-Berchoer
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Asaf Wilensky
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tal Burstyn-Cohen
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Avi-Hai Hovav
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Institute of Dental Sciences, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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5
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Geng K, Kumar S, Kimani SG, Kholodovych V, Kasikara C, Mizuno K, Sandiford O, Rameshwar P, Kotenko SV, Birge RB. Requirement of Gamma-Carboxyglutamic Acid Modification and Phosphatidylserine Binding for the Activation of Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk Receptors by Growth Arrest-Specific 6. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1521. [PMID: 29176978 PMCID: PMC5686386 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk (TAM) receptors are homologous type I receptor tyrosine kinases that have critical functions in the clearance of apoptotic cells in multicellular organisms. TAMs are activated by their endogenous ligands, growth arrest-specific 6 (Gas6), and protein S (Pros1), that function as bridging molecules between externalized phosphatidylserine (PS) on apoptotic cells and the TAM ectodomains. However, the molecular mechanisms by which Gas6/Pros1 promote TAM activation remains elusive. Using TAM/IFNγR1 reporter cell lines to monitor functional TAM activity, we found that Gas6 activity was exquisitely dependent on vitamin K-mediated γ-carboxylation, whereby replacing vitamin K with anticoagulant warfarin, or by substituting glutamic acid residues involved in PS binding, completely abrogated Gas6 activity as a TAM ligand. Furthermore, using domain and point mutagenesis, Gas6 activity also required both an intact Gla domain and intact EGF-like domains, suggesting these domains function cooperatively in order to achieve TAM activation. Despite the requirement of γ-carboxylation and the functional Gla domain, non-γ-carboxylated Gas6 and Gla deletion/EGF-like domain deletion mutants still retained their ability to bind TAMs and acted as blocking decoy ligands. Finally, we found that distinct sources of PS-positive cells/vesicles (including apoptotic cells, calcium-induced stressed cells, and exosomes) bound Gas6 and acted as cell-derived or exosome-derived ligands to activate TAMs. Taken together, our findings indicate that PS is indispensable for TAM activation by Gas6, and by inference, provides new perspectives on how PS, regulates TAM receptors and efferocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Geng
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States
| | - Stanley G Kimani
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States
| | - Vladyslav Kholodovych
- Office of Advanced Research Computing (OARC), Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Canan Kasikara
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States
| | - Kensaku Mizuno
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Oleta Sandiford
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States
| | - Pranela Rameshwar
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States
| | - Sergei V Kotenko
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States
| | - Raymond B Birge
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School Cancer Center, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, United States
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6
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Laurance S, Bertin FR, Ebrahimian T, Kassim Y, Rys RN, Lehoux S, Lemarié CA, Blostein MD. Gas6 Promotes Inflammatory (CCR2 hiCX3CR1 lo) Monocyte Recruitment in Venous Thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:1315-1322. [PMID: 28450294 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.308925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Coagulation and inflammation are inter-related. Gas6 (growth arrest-specific 6) promotes venous thrombosis and participates to inflammation through endothelial-innate immune cell interactions. Innate immune cells can provide the initiating stimulus for venous thrombus development. We hypothesize that Gas6 promotes monocyte recruitment during venous thrombosis. APPROACH AND RESULTS Deep venous thrombosis was induced in wild-type and Gas6-deficient (-/-) mice using 5% FeCl3 and flow reduction in the inferior vena cava. Total monocyte depletion was achieved by injection of clodronate before deep venous thrombosis. Inflammatory monocytes were depleted using an anti-C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) antibody. Similarly, injection of an anti-chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) antibody induced CCL2 depletion. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence were used to characterize the monocytes recruited to the thrombus. In vivo, absence of Gas6 was associated with a reduction of monocyte recruitment in both deep venous thrombosis models. Global monocyte depletion by clodronate leads to smaller thrombi in wild-type mice. Compared with wild type, the thrombi from Gas6-/- mice contain less inflammatory (CCR2hiCX3CR1lo) monocytes, consistent with a Gas6-dependent recruitment of this monocyte subset. Correspondingly, selective depletion of CCR2hiCX3CR1lo monocytes reduced the formation of venous thrombi in wild-type mice demonstrating a predominant role of the inflammatory monocytes in thrombosis. In vitro, the expression of both CCR2 and CCL2 were Gas6 dependent in monocytes and endothelial cells, respectively, impacting monocyte migration. Moreover, Gas6-dependent CCL2 expression and monocyte migration were mediated via JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that Gas6 specifically promotes the recruitment of inflammatory CCR2hiCX3CR1lo monocytes through the regulation of both CCR2 and CCL2 during deep venous thrombosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CCL2/genetics
- Chemokine CCL2/metabolism
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/drug effects
- Clodronic Acid/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/pathology
- Inflammation/prevention & control
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/deficiency
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Monocytes/drug effects
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Paracrine Communication
- Phenotype
- Receptors, CCR2/genetics
- Receptors, CCR2/metabolism
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Vena Cava, Inferior/drug effects
- Vena Cava, Inferior/metabolism
- Vena Cava, Inferior/pathology
- Venous Thrombosis/genetics
- Venous Thrombosis/metabolism
- Venous Thrombosis/pathology
- Venous Thrombosis/prevention & control
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Laurance
- From the Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research (S.L., F.-R.B., T.E., Y.K., R.N.R., S.L., C.A.L., M.D.B.); and Department of Medicine (S.L., C.A.L., M.D.B.), Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - François-René Bertin
- From the Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research (S.L., F.-R.B., T.E., Y.K., R.N.R., S.L., C.A.L., M.D.B.); and Department of Medicine (S.L., C.A.L., M.D.B.), Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Talin Ebrahimian
- From the Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research (S.L., F.-R.B., T.E., Y.K., R.N.R., S.L., C.A.L., M.D.B.); and Department of Medicine (S.L., C.A.L., M.D.B.), Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yusra Kassim
- From the Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research (S.L., F.-R.B., T.E., Y.K., R.N.R., S.L., C.A.L., M.D.B.); and Department of Medicine (S.L., C.A.L., M.D.B.), Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ryan N Rys
- From the Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research (S.L., F.-R.B., T.E., Y.K., R.N.R., S.L., C.A.L., M.D.B.); and Department of Medicine (S.L., C.A.L., M.D.B.), Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Lehoux
- From the Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research (S.L., F.-R.B., T.E., Y.K., R.N.R., S.L., C.A.L., M.D.B.); and Department of Medicine (S.L., C.A.L., M.D.B.), Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Catherine A Lemarié
- From the Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research (S.L., F.-R.B., T.E., Y.K., R.N.R., S.L., C.A.L., M.D.B.); and Department of Medicine (S.L., C.A.L., M.D.B.), Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Mark D Blostein
- From the Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research (S.L., F.-R.B., T.E., Y.K., R.N.R., S.L., C.A.L., M.D.B.); and Department of Medicine (S.L., C.A.L., M.D.B.), Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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