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D'Antongiovanni V, Pellegrini C, Fornai M, Nemeth ZH, Haskó G, Antonioli L. Pharmacological modulation of P2X4 in inflammatory bowel diseases: the way towards novel therapeutics? J Drug Target 2023:1-7. [PMID: 37474908 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2023.2235092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are a group of idiopathic, chronic, relapsing, inflammatory conditions, which include ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). These disorders are characterised by intestinal symptoms associated with chronic inflammation of the intestinal mucosa, such as gut dysmotility and visceral pain. Currently, the pharmacological management of IBD patients is far from satisfactory in terms of efficacy and safety, thus spurring the interest of the scientific community to identify novel molecular targets for the management of these disorders. According to recent research, it appears that P2 purinergic receptors, which can regulate the host's response to inflammation, have been identified as potential targets for the treatment of IBDs. In particular, among P2 receptors, the P2X4 receptor subtype has recently captured the attention of the research community owing to its role in shaping immune/inflammatory responses. Based on this evidence, the present review has been conceived to provide a critical appraisal of the available knowledge about the role of P2X4R subtype in the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying IBDs, pointing out its potential as therapeutic target to develop innovative therapeutic strategies aimed at counteracting the inflammatory process, gut dysmotility and visceral hypersensitivity associated with these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolina Pellegrini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Fornai
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Zoltan H Nemeth
- Department of Surgery, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - György Haskó
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luca Antonioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Brun P, Akbarali HI, Castagliuolo I. Editorial: The Gut Microbiota Orchestrates the Neuronal-Immune System. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:672685. [PMID: 33855030 PMCID: PMC8039309 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.672685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Brun
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Hamid I Akbarali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
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Maekawa T, Tsushima H, Kawakami F, Kawashima R, Kodo M, Imai M, Ichikawa T. Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 Is Associated With Activation of the Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus and Stress-Related Gastrointestinal Dysmotility. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:905. [PMID: 31555076 PMCID: PMC6727664 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a molecule associated with familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease. It regulates many central neuronal functions, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, and axonal extension. Recently, it has been revealed that LRRK2 is related to anxiety/depression-like behavior, implying an association between LRRK2 and stress. In the present study, we investigated for the first time the stress pathway and its relationship to gastrointestinal motility in LRRK2-knockout (KO) mice. The mice were subjected to acute restraint stress, and analyzed for activation of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) using an immunohistochemical approach. Phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) was assessed by Western blotting. The KO mice showed a lower number of c-Fos-positive cells and disruption of the ERK signaling pathway in the PVN in the presence of restraint stress. Stress responses in terms of both upper and lower gastrointestinal motility were alleviated in the mice, accompanied by lower c-Fos immunoreactivity in enteric excitatory neurons. Our present findings suggest that LRRK2 is a newly recognized molecule regulating the stress pathway in the PVN, playing a role in stress-related gastrointestinal dysmotility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsunori Maekawa
- Department of Regulation Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Tsushima
- Department of Regulation Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan.,Department of Behavioral Medicine, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Kawakami
- Department of Regulation Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Rei Kawashima
- Department of Regulation Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Masaru Kodo
- Department of Regulation Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Motoki Imai
- Department of Regulation Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ichikawa
- Department of Regulation Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
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Brun P, Scarpa M, Marchiori C, Conti J, Kotsafti A, Porzionato A, De Caro R, Scarpa M, Calistri A, Castagliuolo I. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Engages Toll Like Receptor 2 to Recruit Macrophages During Infection of Enteric Neurons. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2148. [PMID: 30254622 PMCID: PMC6141724 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a widespread neurotropic pathogen responsible for a range of clinical manifestations. Inflammatory cell infiltrate is a common feature of HSV-1 infections and has been implicated in neurodegeneration. Therefore, viral recognition by innate immune receptors (i.e., TLR2) and the subsequent inflammatory response are now deemed key players in HSV-1 pathogenesis. In this study we infected with HSV-1 the enteric nervous system (ENS) of wild-type (WT) and TLR2 knock-out (TLR2ko) mice to investigate whether and how TLR2 participates in HSV-1 induced neuromuscular dysfunction. Our findings demonstrated viral specific transcripts suggestive of abortive replication in the ENS of both WT and TLR2ko mice. Moreover, HSV-1 triggered TLR2-MyD88 depend signaling in myenteric neurons and induced structural and functional alterations of the ENS. Gastrointestinal dysmotility was, however, less pronounced in TLR2ko as compared with WT mice. Interesting, HSV-1 caused up-regulation of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (CCL2) and recruitment of CD11b+ macrophages in the myenteric ganglia of WT but not TLR2ko mice. At the opposite, the myenteric plexuses of TLR2ko mice were surrounded by a dense infiltration of HSV-1 reactive CD3+CD8+INFγ+ lymphocytes. Indeed, depletion CD3+CD8+ cells by means of administration of anti-CD8 monoclonal antibody reduced neuromuscular dysfunction in TLR2ko mice infected with HSV-1. During HSV-1 infection, the engagement of TLR2 mediates production of CCL2 in infected neurons and coordinates macrophage recruitment. Bearing in mind these observations, blockage of TLR2 signaling could provide novel therapeutic strategies to support protective and specific T-cell responses and to improve neuromuscular dysfunction in pathogen-mediated alterations of the ENS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Brun
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Melania Scarpa
- Esophageal and Digestive Tract Surgery Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV–IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Chiara Marchiori
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Jessica Conti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Andromachi Kotsafti
- Esophageal and Digestive Tract Surgery Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV–IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | | | | | - Marco Scarpa
- Esophageal and Digestive Tract Surgery Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV–IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Arianna Calistri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Valli PV, Pohl D, Fried M, Caduff R, Bauerfeind P. Diagnostic use of endoscopic full-thickness wall resection (eFTR)-a novel minimally invasive technique for colonic tissue sampling in patients with severe gastrointestinal motility disorders. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30. [PMID: 28681569 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Complex gastrointestinal (GI) motility disorders such as chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIPO) or Hirschsprung's disease (HD) are challenging to diagnose and treat appropriately. Thorough assessment of patient history, radiographic exams, endoscopy, and motility measurements aid in diagnostic workup, yet underlying histology is the cornerstone to enable a more distinct diagnosis of neuromuscular GI disorders. Traditionally, surgical procedures have been performed to obtain specimen suitable for accurate histologic analysis. METHODS We performed endoscopic full-thickness resection (eFTR) using a full-thickness-resection device (FTRD) under moderate propofol sedation in four patients with suspected severe neuromuscular gut disorders including CIPO. KEY RESULTS The mean age of the four patients was 43 y (range 19-56 y). Technical and histological success providing large colonic full-thickness tissue samples of excellent quality was achieved in all four patients (success rate 100%). The mean procedure time was 12 min (range 5-20 min). The mean diameter of the resected specimen was 21 mm (range 20-22 mm). No adverse events connected to the procedure itself occurred. Histology ranged from aganglionosis such as Hirschsprung's disease (HD) to hypoganglionosis and eosinophilic leiomyositis combined with lymphocytic ganglionitis in a third patient. Histology was unspecific in one patient. CONCLUSION AND INFERENCES EFTR allows safe and minimal invasive harvesting of ample full-thickness tissue samples for accurate histological analysis in patients with suspicion of neuromuscular gut disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Valli
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - D Pohl
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M Fried
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - R Caduff
- Institute of Surgical Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - P Bauerfeind
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Gelineau-Morel R, Lukacs M, Weaver KN, Hufnagel RB, Gilbert DL, Stottmann RW. Congenital Cataracts and Gut Dysmotility in a DYNC1H1 Dyneinopathy Patient. Genes (Basel) 2016; 7:E85. [PMID: 27754416 DOI: 10.3390/genes7100085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole exome sequencing continues to end the diagnostic odyssey for a number of patients and expands our knowledge of phenotypes associated with gene mutations. We describe an 11-year-old female patient with a constellation of symptoms including congenital cataracts, gut dysmotility, sensory neuropathy, and bifrontal polymicrogyria. Whole exome sequencing was performed and identified a de novo heterozygous missense mutation in the ATPase motor domain of cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain 1 (DYNC1H1), which is known to be involved in neuronal migration and retrograde axonal transport. The mutation was found to be highly damaging by multiple prediction programs. The residue is highly conserved, and reported mutations in this gene result in a variety of phenotypes similar to that of our patient. We report only the second case of congenital cataracts and the first of gut dysmotility in a patient with DYNC1H1, thus expanding the spectrum of disease seen in DYNC1H1 dyneinopathies.
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