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Bechteler J, Peñaloza-Bojacá G, Bell D, Gordon Burleigh J, McDaniel SF, Christine Davis E, Sessa EB, Bippus A, Christine Cargill D, Chantanoarrapint S, Draper I, Endara L, Forrest LL, Garilleti R, Graham SW, Huttunen S, Lazo JJ, Lara F, Larraín J, Lewis LR, Long DG, Quandt D, Renzaglia K, Schäfer-Verwimp A, Lee GE, Sierra AM, von Konrat M, Zartman CE, Pereira MR, Goffinet B, Villarreal A JC. Comprehensive phylogenomic time tree of bryophytes reveals deep relationships and uncovers gene incongruences in the last 500 million years of diversification. Am J Bot 2023; 110:e16249. [PMID: 37792319 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Bryophytes form a major component of terrestrial plant biomass, structuring ecological communities in all biomes. Our understanding of the evolutionary history of hornworts, liverworts, and mosses has been significantly reshaped by inferences from molecular data, which have highlighted extensive homoplasy in various traits and repeated bursts of diversification. However, the timing of key events in the phylogeny, patterns, and processes of diversification across bryophytes remain unclear. METHODS Using the GoFlag probe set, we sequenced 405 exons representing 228 nuclear genes for 531 species from 52 of the 54 orders of bryophytes. We inferred the species phylogeny from gene tree analyses using concatenated and coalescence approaches, assessed gene conflict, and estimated the timing of divergences based on 29 fossil calibrations. RESULTS The phylogeny resolves many relationships across the bryophytes, enabling us to resurrect five liverwort orders and recognize three more and propose 10 new orders of mosses. Most orders originated in the Jurassic and diversified in the Cretaceous or later. The phylogenomic data also highlight topological conflict in parts of the tree, suggesting complex processes of diversification that cannot be adequately captured in a single gene-tree topology. CONCLUSIONS We sampled hundreds of loci across a broad phylogenetic spectrum spanning at least 450 Ma of evolution; these data resolved many of the critical nodes of the diversification of bryophytes. The data also highlight the need to explore the mechanisms underlying the phylogenetic ambiguity at specific nodes. The phylogenomic data provide an expandable framework toward reconstructing a comprehensive phylogeny of this important group of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bechteler
- Nees-Institute for Plant Biodiversity, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, 53115, Bonn, Germany
- Plant Biodiversity and Ecology, iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, RPTU University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Gabriel Peñaloza-Bojacá
- Laboratório de Sistemática Vegetal, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - David Bell
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, UK
| | - J Gordon Burleigh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Florida, 220 Bartram Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Stuart F McDaniel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Florida, 220 Bartram Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - E Christine Davis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Florida, 220 Bartram Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Emily B Sessa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Florida, 220 Bartram Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Alexander Bippus
- California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt, Arcata, CA, 95521, USA
| | - D Christine Cargill
- Australian National Herbarium, Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Sahut Chantanoarrapint
- PSU Herbarium, Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Isabel Draper
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain/Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena Endara
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Florida, 220 Bartram Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Laura L Forrest
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, UK
| | - Ricardo Garilleti
- Departamento de Botánica y Geología. Universidad de Valencia, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estelles s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Sean W Graham
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Sanna Huttunen
- Herbarium (TUR), Biodiversity Unit, 20014 University of Turku, Finland
| | - Javier Jauregui Lazo
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Francisco Lara
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain/Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Larraín
- Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad (CIRENYS), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Avenida Viel 1497, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lily R Lewis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Florida, 220 Bartram Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - David G Long
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, UK
| | - Dietmar Quandt
- Nees-Institute for Plant Biodiversity, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Karen Renzaglia
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | | | - Gaik Ee Lee
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment/Institute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21020 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Adriel M Sierra
- Département de Biologie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Matt von Konrat
- Gantz Family Collections Center, Field Museum, 1400 S. DuSable Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60605, USA
| | - Charles E Zartman
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Departamento de Biodiversidade, Avenida André Araújo, 2936, Aleixo, CEP 69060-001, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Marta Regina Pereira
- Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Av. Djalma Batista, 2470, Chapada, Manaus, 69050-010, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Bernard Goffinet
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, 75 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT, 06269-3043, USA
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Waller M, Frangedakis E, Marron AO, Sauret‐Güeto S, Rever J, Sabbagh CRR, Hibberd JM, Haseloff J, Renzaglia KS, Szövényi P. An optimized transformation protocol for Anthoceros agrestis and three more hornwort species. Plant J 2023; 114:699-718. [PMID: 36811359 PMCID: PMC10952725 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Land plants comprise two large monophyletic lineages, the vascular plants and the bryophytes, which diverged from their most recent common ancestor approximately 480 million years ago. Of the three lineages of bryophytes, only the mosses and the liverworts are systematically investigated, while the hornworts are understudied. Despite their importance for understanding fundamental questions of land plant evolution, they only recently became amenable to experimental investigation, with Anthoceros agrestis being developed as a hornwort model system. Availability of a high-quality genome assembly and a recently developed genetic transformation technique makes A. agrestis an attractive model species for hornworts. Here we describe an updated and optimized transformation protocol for A. agrestis, which can be successfully used to genetically modify one more strain of A. agrestis and three more hornwort species, Anthoceros punctatus, Leiosporoceros dussii, and Phaeoceros carolinianus. The new transformation method is less laborious, faster, and results in the generation of greatly increased numbers of transformants compared with the previous method. We have also developed a new selection marker for transformation. Finally, we report the development of a set of different cellular localization signal peptides for hornworts providing new tools to better understand the hornwort cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Waller
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary BotanyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Zurich‐Basel Plant Science CenterZurichSwitzerland
| | | | - Alan O. Marron
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
| | - Susanna Sauret‐Güeto
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
- Present address:
Crop Science CentreUniversity of Cambridge93 Lawrence Weaver RoadCambridgeCB3 0LEUK
| | - Jenna Rever
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
| | - Cyrus Raja Rubenstein Sabbagh
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Biological SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCalifornia95616USA
| | - Julian M. Hibberd
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
| | - Jim Haseloff
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
| | - Karen S. Renzaglia
- Department of Plant BiologySouthern Illinois UniversityCarbondaleIllinois62901USA
| | - Péter Szövényi
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary BotanyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Zurich‐Basel Plant Science CenterZurichSwitzerland
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Bakalin VA, Klimova KG, Nguyen VS, Nguyen HM, Bakalin DA, Choi SS. Liverwort and Hornwort Flora of Hoàng Liên National Park and the Adjacent Areas (North Vietnam, Indochina). Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:plants12091841. [PMID: 37176900 PMCID: PMC10181137 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The study of the flora located in the central part of the Hoàng Liên Sơn Range in the northern region of Indochina has revealed 279 species of liverwort and hornwort, 26 of which are newly reported for the flora of Vietnam. The uniqueness and peculiarity of the studied flora are explained by the significant altitudinal range in the area treated and its position in the contact zone of the Sikang-Yunnan floristic province of the East Asian Floristic Region with the Indochina Floristic Region. The checklist includes data on the distribution of each species in the studied region, habitats, and accompanying taxa. The high disunity of the regional floras of the southern tip of the East Asian region compared to the lesser disunity of the regional floras in the north of the East Asian region is shown. In general, the studied flora possess Sino-Himalayan mountain subtropical characteristics with the large participation of tropical elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim A Bakalin
- Laboratory of Cryptogamic Biota, Botanical Garden-Institute FEB RAS, Makovskogo Street 142, 690024 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Ksenia G Klimova
- Laboratory of Cryptogamic Biota, Botanical Garden-Institute FEB RAS, Makovskogo Street 142, 690024 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Van Sinh Nguyen
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Ha Noi 10072, Vietnam
| | - Hung Manh Nguyen
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Ha Noi 10072, Vietnam
| | - Daniil A Bakalin
- Laboratory of Cryptogamic Biota, Botanical Garden-Institute FEB RAS, Makovskogo Street 142, 690024 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Seung Se Choi
- Team of National Ecosystem Survey, National Institute of Ecology, Seocheon 33657, Republic of Korea
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Koid CW, Shaipulah NFM, Lee GE, Gradstein SR, Asakawa Y, Andriani Y, Mohammed A, Norhazrina N, Chia PW, Ramlee MZ. Volatile Organic Compounds of Bryophytes from Peninsular Malaysia and Their Roles in Bryophytes. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:2575. [PMID: 36235441 PMCID: PMC9573159 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Volatile emissions from 22 bryophyte species from Peninsular Malaysia were collected using a dynamic headspace technique and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Thirty organic compounds (VOCs) from eight different groups were detected in bryophytes from the montane forest in Cameron Highlands and the lowland dipterocarp forest in Lata Belatan. The headspace of bryophytes in Cameron Highlands was dominated by tetradecane, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, decanal, pentanoic acid, 2,2,4-trimethyl-3-carboxyisopropyl, isobutyl ester, D-limonene and naphthalene. On the contrary, in the bryophyte headspace of Lata Belatan, naphthalene and tetradecane were dominant compounds. The elevational pattern detected in VOC composition of bryophytes appears to be an evolutionary feature at the family level that needs verification at other sites. The results also confirmed that the VOC composition of bryophytes is species-specific. The roles of VOCs in bryophytes are presented, including plant-plant communication and plant-insect interaction and as an additional taxonomic character in chemotaxonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Wen Koid
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Nur Fariza M. Shaipulah
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Gaik Ee Lee
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia
- Institute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | | | - Yoshinori Asakawa
- Institute of Pharmacognosy, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima 770-8514, Japan
| | - Yosie Andriani
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Arifullah Mohammed
- Department of Agriculture Science, Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli 17600, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nik Norhazrina
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Poh Wai Chia
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Zulhimi Ramlee
- Centre of Research and Field Service (CRaFS), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia
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5
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Fernandez-Pozo N, Haas FB, Gould SB, Rensing SA. An overview of bioinformatics, genomics, and transcriptomics resources for bryophytes. J Exp Bot 2022; 73:4291-4305. [PMID: 35148385 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bryophytes are useful models for the study of plant evolution, development, plant-fungal symbiosis, stress responses, and gametogenesis. Additionally, their dominant haploid gametophytic phase makes them great models for functional genomics research, allowing straightforward genome editing and gene knockout via CRISPR or homologous recombination. Until 2016, however, the only bryophyte genome sequence published was that of Physcomitrium patens. Throughout recent years, several other bryophyte genomes and transcriptome datasets became available, enabling better comparative genomics in evolutionary studies. The increase in the number of bryophyte genome and transcriptome resources available has yielded a plethora of annotations, databases, and bioinformatics tools to access the new data, which covers the large diversity of this clade and whose biology comprises features such as association with arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi, sex chromosomes, low gene redundancy, or loss of RNA editing genes for organellar transcripts. Here we provide a guide to resources available for bryophytes with regards to genome and transcriptome databases and bioinformatics tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noe Fernandez-Pozo
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Subtropical and Mediterranean Fruit Crops, Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture "La Mayora" (IHSM-CSIC-UMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Fabian B Haas
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sven B Gould
- Evolutionary Cell Biology, Institute for Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefan A Rensing
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Degola
- Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Petraglia
- Department of Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
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7
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Martínez-Abaigar J, Núñez-Olivera E. Bryophyte ultraviolet-omics: from genes to the environment. J Exp Bot 2022; 73:4412-4426. [PMID: 35274697 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation has contributed to the evolution of organisms since the origins of life. Bryophytes also have evolutionary importance as the first clearly identified lineage of land plants (embryophytes) colonizing the terrestrial environment, thus facing high UV and water scarcity, among other new challenges. Here we review bryophyte UV-omics, the discipline relating bryophytes and UV, with an integrative perspective from genes to the environment. We consider species and habitats investigated, methodology, response variables, protection mechanisms, environmental interactions, UV biomonitoring, molecular and evolutionary aspects, and applications. Bryophyte UV-omics shows convergences and divergences with the UV-omics of other photosynthetic organisms, from algae to tracheophytes. All these organisms converge in that UV damage may be limited under realistic UV levels, due to structural protection and/or physiological acclimation capacity. Nevertheless, bryophytes diverge because they have a unique combination of vegetative and reproductive characteristics to cope with high UV and other concomitant adverse processes, such as desiccation. This interaction has both evolutionary and ecological implications. In addition, UV effects on bryophytes depend on the species and the evolutionary lineage considered, with mosses more UV-tolerant than liverworts. Thus, bryophytes do not constitute a homogeneous functional type with respect to their UV tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Martínez-Abaigar
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006 Logroño, Spain
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8
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Morales-Sánchez JÁM, Mark K, Souza JPS, Niinemets Ü. Desiccation-rehydration measurements in bryophytes: current status and future insights. J Exp Bot 2022; 73:4338-4361. [PMID: 35536655 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Desiccation-rehydration experiments have been employed over the years to evaluate desiccation tolerance of bryophytes (Bryophyta, Marchantiophyta, and Anthocerotophyta). Researchers have applied a spectrum of protocols to induce desiccation and subsequent rehydration, and a wide variety of techniques have been used to study desiccation-dependent changes in bryophyte molecular, cellular, physiological, and structural traits, resulting in a multifaceted assortment of information that is challenging to synthesize. We analysed 337 desiccation-rehydration studies, providing information for 351 species, to identify the most frequent methods used, analyse the advances in desiccation studies over the years, and characterize the taxonomic representation of the species assessed. We observed certain similarities across methodologies, but the degree of convergence among the experimental protocols was surprisingly low. Out of 52 bryophyte orders, 40% have not been studied, and data are lacking for multiple remote or difficult to access locations. We conclude that for quantitative interspecific comparisons of desiccation tolerance, rigorous standardization of experimental protocols and measurement techniques, and simultaneous use of an array of experimental techniques are required for a mechanistic insight into the different traits modified in response to desiccation. New studies should also aim to fill gaps in taxonomic, ecological, and spatial coverage of bryophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ángel M Morales-Sánchez
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 5, Tartu 51006, Estonia
| | - Kristiina Mark
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 5, Tartu 51006, Estonia
| | - João Paulo S Souza
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 5, Tartu 51006, Estonia
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 5, Tartu 51006, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, Tallinn 10130, Estonia
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Wang QH, Zhang J, Liu Y, Jia Y, Jiao YN, Xu B, Chen ZD. Diversity, phylogeny, and adaptation of bryophytes: insights from genomic and transcriptomic data. J Exp Bot 2022; 73:4306-4322. [PMID: 35437589 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bryophytes including mosses, liverworts, and hornworts are among the earliest land plants, and occupy a crucial phylogenetic position to aid in the understanding of plant terrestrialization. Despite their small size and simple structure, bryophytes are the second largest group of extant land plants. They live ubiquitously in various habitats and are highly diversified, with adaptive strategies to modern ecosystems on Earth. More and more genomes and transcriptomes have been assembled to address fundamental questions in plant biology. Here, we review recent advances in bryophytes associated with diversity, phylogeny, and ecological adaptation. Phylogenomic studies have provided increasing supports for the monophyly of bryophytes, with hornworts sister to the Setaphyta clade including liverworts and mosses. Further comparative genomic analyses revealed that multiple whole-genome duplications might have contributed to the species richness and morphological diversity in mosses. We highlight that the biological changes through gene gain or neofunctionalization that primarily evolved in bryophytes have facilitated the adaptation to early land environments; among the strategies to adapt to modern ecosystems in bryophytes, desiccation tolerance is the most remarkable. More genomic information for bryophytes would shed light on key mechanisms for the ecological success of these 'dwarfs' in the plant kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Laboratory of Southern Subtropical Plant Diversity, Fairy Lake Botanical Garden, Shenzhen & Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518004, China
| | - Yu Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan-Nian Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Duan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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10
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Lee GE, Gradstein SR, Pesiu E, Norhazrina N. An updated checklist of liverworts and hornworts of Malaysia. PhytoKeys 2022; 199:29-111. [PMID: 36761881 PMCID: PMC9849006 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.199.76693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
An updated checklist of the liverworts and hornworts of Malaysia accepts 773 species and 31 infraspecific taxa of liverworts, in 120 genera and 40 families, and 7 species of hornworts (6 genera, 3 families). The largest family is Lejeuneaceae with 312 species in 30 genera, accounting for 40% of the total number of species. The largest genera are Cololejeunea, Bazzania and Frullania with 90, 61 and 55 species, respectively. The greatest number of species has been recorded from Sabah with 568 species, followed by Pahang and Sarawak with 338 and 265 species, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaik Ee Lee
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - S. Robbert Gradstein
- Institute of Tropical Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
- Meise Botanic Garden, 1860 Meise, Belgium
| | - Elizabeth Pesiu
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Nik Norhazrina
- Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Institute de Systematique, Évolution, Biodiversité (UMR 7205), 75005 Paris, France
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MacLeod AI, Raval PK, Stockhorst S, Knopp MR, Frangedakis E, Gould SB. Loss of Plastid Developmental Genes Coincides With a Reversion to Monoplastidy in Hornworts. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:863076. [PMID: 35360315 PMCID: PMC8964177 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.863076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The first plastid evolved from an endosymbiotic cyanobacterium in the common ancestor of the Archaeplastida. The transformative steps from cyanobacterium to organelle included the transfer of control over developmental processes, a necessity for the host to orchestrate, for example, the fission of the organelle. The plastids of almost all embryophytes divide independently from nuclear division, leading to cells housing multiple plastids. Hornworts, however, are monoplastidic (or near-monoplastidic), and their photosynthetic organelles are a curious exception among embryophytes for reasons such as the occasional presence of pyrenoids. In this study, we screened genomic and transcriptomic data of eleven hornworts for components of plastid developmental pathways. We found intriguing differences among hornworts and specifically highlight that pathway components involved in regulating plastid development and biogenesis were differentially lost in this group of bryophytes. Our results also confirmed that hornworts underwent significant instances of gene loss, underpinning that the gene content of this group is significantly lower than other bryophytes and tracheophytes. In combination with ancestral state reconstruction, our data suggest that hornworts have reverted back to a monoplastidic phenotype due to the combined loss of two plastid division-associated genes, namely, ARC3 and FtsZ2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander I. MacLeod
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Parth K. Raval
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Simon Stockhorst
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael R. Knopp
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Sven B. Gould
- Institute for Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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12
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Neubauer A, Ruaud S, Waller M, Frangedakis E, Li F, Nötzold SI, Wicke S, Bailly A, Szövényi P. Step-by-step protocol for the isolation and transient transformation of hornwort protoplasts. Appl Plant Sci 2022; 10:e11456. [PMID: 35495192 PMCID: PMC9039799 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.11456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE A detailed protocol for the protoplast transformation of hornwort tissue is not yet available, limiting molecular biological investigations of these plants and comparative analyses with other bryophytes, which display a gametophyte-dominant life cycle and are critical to understanding the evolution of key land plant traits. METHODS AND RESULTS We describe a detailed protocol to isolate and transiently transform protoplasts of the model hornwort Anthoceros agrestis. The digestion of liquid cultures with Driselase yields a high number of viable protoplasts suitable for polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated transformation. We also report early signs of protoplast regeneration, such as chloroplast division and cell wall reconstitution. CONCLUSIONS This protocol represents a straightforward method for isolating and transforming A. agrestis protoplasts that is less laborious than previously described approaches. In combination with the recently developed stable genome transformation technique, this work further expands the prospects of functional studies in this model hornwort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Neubauer
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary BotanyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Zurich‐Basel Plant Science CenterZurichSwitzerland
| | - Stéphanie Ruaud
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary BotanyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Zurich‐Basel Plant Science CenterZurichSwitzerland
| | - Manuel Waller
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary BotanyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Zurich‐Basel Plant Science CenterZurichSwitzerland
| | | | - Fay‐Wei Li
- Boyce Thompson InstituteIthacaNew YorkUSA
- Plant Biology SectionCornell UniversityIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Susann Wicke
- Institute for BiologyHumboldt University of BerlinBerlinGermany
- Späth‐ArboretumHumboldt University of BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Aurélien Bailly
- Zurich‐Basel Plant Science CenterZurichSwitzerland
- Department of Plant and Microbial BiologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Péter Szövényi
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary BotanyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- Zurich‐Basel Plant Science CenterZurichSwitzerland
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13
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Frangedakis E, Waller M, Nishiyama T, Tsukaya H, Xu X, Yue Y, Tjahjadi M, Gunadi A, Van Eck J, Li F, Szövényi P, Sakakibara K. An Agrobacterium-mediated stable transformation technique for the hornwort model Anthoceros agrestis. New Phytol 2021; 232:1488-1505. [PMID: 34076270 PMCID: PMC8717380 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite their key phylogenetic position and their unique biology, hornworts have been widely overlooked. Until recently there was no hornwort model species amenable to systematic experimental investigation. Anthoceros agrestis has been proposed as the model species to study hornwort biology. We have developed an Agrobacterium-mediated method for the stable transformation of A. agrestis, a hornwort model species for which a genetic manipulation technique was not yet available. High transformation efficiency was achieved by using thallus tissue grown under low light conditions. We generated a total of 274 transgenic A. agrestis lines expressing the β-glucuronidase (GUS), cyan, green, and yellow fluorescent proteins under control of the CaMV 35S promoter and several endogenous promoters. Nuclear and plasma membrane localization with multiple color fluorescent proteins was also confirmed. The transformation technique described here should pave the way for detailed molecular and genetic studies of hornwort biology, providing much needed insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying symbiosis, carbon-concentrating mechanism, RNA editing and land plant evolution in general.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel Waller
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary BotanyUniversity of ZurichZurich8008Switzerland
- Zurich‐Basel Plant Science CenterZurich8092Switzerland
| | - Tomoaki Nishiyama
- Advanced Science Research CenterKanazawa UniversityIshikawa920‐8640Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tsukaya
- Department of Biological SciencesGraduate School of ScienceThe University of TokyoTokyo113‐0033Japan
| | - Xia Xu
- Boyce Thompson InstituteIthacaNY14853‐1801USA
| | - Yuling Yue
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary BotanyUniversity of ZurichZurich8008Switzerland
- Zurich‐Basel Plant Science CenterZurich8092Switzerland
| | | | | | - Joyce Van Eck
- Boyce Thompson InstituteIthacaNY14853‐1801USA
- Plant Breeding and Genetics SectionCornell UniversityIthacaNY14853‐1801USA
| | - Fay‐Wei Li
- Boyce Thompson InstituteIthacaNY14853‐1801USA
- Plant Biology SectionCornell UniversityIthacaNY14853‐1801USA
| | - Péter Szövényi
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary BotanyUniversity of ZurichZurich8008Switzerland
- Zurich‐Basel Plant Science CenterZurich8092Switzerland
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14
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Nelson JM, Hauser DA, Li FW. The diversity and community structure of symbiotic cyanobacteria in hornworts inferred from long-read amplicon sequencing. Am J Bot 2021; 108:1731-1744. [PMID: 34533221 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Nitrogen-fixing endosymbioses with cyanobacteria have evolved independently in five very different plant lineages. Expanding knowledge of these symbioses promises to improve the understanding of symbiosis evolution and broaden the toolkit for agricultural engineering to reduce artificial fertilizer use. Here we focused on hornworts, a bryophyte lineage in which all members host cyanobacteria, and investigated factors shaping the diversity of their cyanobiont communities. METHODS We sampled hornworts and adjacent soils in upstate New York throughout the hornwort growing season. We included all three sympatric hornwort species in the area, allowing us to directly compare partner selectivity. To profile cyanobacteria communities, we established a metabarcoding protocol targeting rbcL-X with PacBio long reads. RESULTS The hornwort cyanobionts detected were phylogenetically diverse, including clades that do not contain other known plant symbionts. We found significant overlap between hornwort cyanobionts and soil cyanobacteria, a pattern not previously reported in other plant-cyanobacteria symbioses. Cyanobiont communities differed between host plants only centimeters apart, but we did not detect an effect of sampling time or host species on the cyanobacterial community structure. CONCLUSIONS This study expands the phylogenetic diversity of known symbiotic cyanobacteria. Our analyses suggest that hornwort cyanobionts have a tight connection to the soil background, and we found no evidence that time within growing season, host species, or distance at the scale of meters strongly govern cyanobacteria community assembly. This study provides a critical foundation for further study of the ecology, evolution, and interaction dynamics of plant-cyanobacteria symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fay-Wei Li
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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15
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Nadhifah A, Söderström L, Hagborg A, Iskandar EAP, Haerida I, von Konrat M. An archipelago within an archipelago: A checklist of liverworts and hornworts of Kepulauan Sunda Kecil (Lesser Sunda Islands), Indonesia and Timor-Leste (East Timor). PhytoKeys 2021; 180:1-30. [PMID: 34393574 PMCID: PMC8354991 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.180.65836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The first ever liverwort and hornwort checklist is provided for the Kepulauan Sunda Kecil (Lesser Sunda Islands) of Indonesia and Timor-Leste (East Timor). We report 129 accepted taxa, 12 doubtful taxa and three rejected taxa previously reported for the Lesser Sunda Islands. The list is based on over 130 literature references, including monographs, regional studies, and molecular investigations. It is clear that bryophytes from this region have been overlooked historically, and under collected, compared to seed plants, birds, and other organisms, forming a remarkable gap in the flora of Indonesia. Publications dealing with liverworts of Lesser Sunda Islands are few and scattered. We predict that further fieldwork, in addition to collections unveiled from regional herbaria, will uncover a number of new records that remain to be reported, especially considering that regionally widespread species have been recorded elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainun Nadhifah
- Cibodas Botanic Garden, Research Center for Plant Conservation and Botanic Gardens, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), West Java, IndonesiaResearch Center for Plant Conservation and Botanic Gardens, Indonesian Institute of SciencesCianjurIndonesia
| | - Lars Söderström
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, NorwayNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Anders Hagborg
- The Field Museum, Chicago, USAThe Field MuseumChicagoUnited States of America
| | - Eka Aditya Putri Iskandar
- Cibodas Botanic Garden, Research Center for Plant Conservation and Botanic Gardens, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), West Java, IndonesiaResearch Center for Plant Conservation and Botanic Gardens, Indonesian Institute of SciencesCianjurIndonesia
| | - Ida Haerida
- Herbarium Bogoriense, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), West Java, IndonesiaResearch Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of SciencesBogorIndonesia
| | - Matt von Konrat
- The Field Museum, Chicago, USAThe Field MuseumChicagoUnited States of America
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16
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Drobnik J, Stebel A. Four Centuries of Medicinal Mosses and Liverworts in European Ethnopharmacy and Scientific Pharmacy: A Review. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:plants10071296. [PMID: 34202287 PMCID: PMC8309153 DOI: 10.3390/plants10071296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
(1) Medicinal use of bryophytes dates to ancient times, but it has always been marginal due to their small size, difficult identification, lack of conspicuous organs which would attract attention (flowers, fruits) and insipid taste of the herb. The earliest testimonies of their medical use come from the 1500s. The interest in medicinal bryophytes diminished considerably in the 1880s, except for Sphagnum spp., which became a source of dressing material. The second half of the 20th century saw the revival of the study of bryophyte chemistry. (2) Historical printed sources from 1616 to 1889 were queried. Bryophyte species found were taxonomically identified and presented against the background of their confirmed properties and ecology. The study was supplemented with historical vs. modern ethnomedicinal data. (3) In 26 publications, 28 species were identified. Modern usage was known for 10 of them. Medicinal properties of 16 species were confirmed. (4) Species of wide geographical distribution range were (or are still being) used in local folk medicines. Historical ethnobiological and ethnopharmaceutical uses of them are sometimes convergent with their confirmed properties, mostly external (as antimicrobial or cytotoxic remedies).
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17
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Kapoor M, Duckett JG, Rensing SA, Goffinet B. Editorial: Highlights of IAB IMOSS SEB 2019 Joint Conference. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:694765. [PMID: 34093632 PMCID: PMC8172957 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.694765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meenu Kapoor
- University School of Biotechnology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University Sector 16C, Dwarka, India
| | - Jeffrey G. Duckett
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan A. Rensing
- Department of Biology, Plant Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Bernard Goffinet
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
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18
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Rahmatpour N, Hauser DA, Nelson JM, Chen PY, Villarreal A JC, Ho MY, Li FW. A novel thylakoid-less isolate fills a billion-year gap in the evolution of Cyanobacteria. Curr Biol 2021; 31:2857-2867.e4. [PMID: 33989529 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria have played pivotal roles in Earth's geological history, especially during the rise of atmospheric oxygen. However, our ability to infer the early transitions in Cyanobacteria evolution has been limited by their extremely lopsided tree of life-the vast majority of extant diversity belongs to Phycobacteria (or "crown Cyanobacteria"), while its sister lineage, Gloeobacteria, is depauperate and contains only two closely related species of Gloeobacter and a metagenome-assembled genome. Here, we describe a new cultured member of Gloeobacteria, Anthocerotibacter panamensis, isolated from a tropical hornwort. Anthocerotibacter diverged from Gloeobacter over 1.4 Ga ago and has low 16S rDNA identities with environmental samples. Our ultrastructural, physiological, and genomic analyses revealed that this species possesses a unique combination of traits that are exclusively shared with either Gloeobacteria or Phycobacteria. For example, similar to Gloeobacter, it lacks thylakoids and circadian clock genes, but the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway is typical of Phycobacteria. Furthermore, Anthocerotibacter has one of the most reduced gene sets for photosystems and phycobilisomes among Cyanobacteria. Despite this, Anthocerotibacter is capable of oxygenic photosynthesis under a wide range of light intensities, albeit with much less efficiency. Given its key phylogenetic position, distinct trait combination, and availability as a culture, Anthocerotibacter opens a new window to further illuminate the dawn of oxygenic photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pa Yu Chen
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Juan Carlos Villarreal A
- Department of Biology, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - Ming-Yang Ho
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Fay-Wei Li
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, USA; Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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19
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Commisso M, Guarino F, Marchi L, Muto A, Piro A, Degola F. Bryo-Activities: A Review on How Bryophytes Are Contributing to the Arsenal of Natural Bioactive Compounds against Fungi. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:203. [PMID: 33494524 PMCID: PMC7911284 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Usually regarded as less evolved than their more recently diverged vascular sisters, which currently dominate vegetation landscape, bryophytes seem having nothing to envy to the defensive arsenal of other plants, since they had acquired a suite of chemical traits that allowed them to adapt and persist on land. In fact, these closest modern relatives of the ancestors to the earliest terrestrial plants proved to be marvelous chemists, as they traditionally were a popular remedy among tribal people all over the world, that exploit their pharmacological properties to cure the most different diseases. The phytochemistry of bryophytes exhibits a stunning assortment of biologically active compounds such as lipids, proteins, steroids, organic acids, alcohols, aliphatic and aromatic compounds, polyphenols, terpenoids, acetogenins and phenylquinones, thus it is not surprising that substances obtained from various species belonging to such ancestral plants are widely employed as antitumor, antipyretic, insecticidal and antimicrobial. This review explores in particular the antifungal potential of the three Bryophyta divisions-mosses (Musci), hornworts (Anthocerotae) and liverworts (Hepaticae)-to be used as a sources of interesting bioactive constituents for both pharmaceutical and agricultural areas, providing an updated overview of the latest relevant insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Commisso
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Cà Vignal 1, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona (VR), Italy;
| | - Francesco Guarino
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy;
| | - Laura Marchi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Respiratory Disease and Lung Function Unit, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43125 Parma (PR), Italy;
| | - Antonella Muto
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, Via Ponte P. Bucci 6b, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza (CS), Italy;
| | - Amalia Piro
- Laboratory of Plant Biology and Plant Proteomics (Lab.Bio.Pro.Ve), Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria, Ponte P. Bucci 12 C, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036 Cosenza (CS), Italy;
| | - Francesca Degola
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco delle Scienze 11/A, 43124 Parma (PR), Italy
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20
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Frangedakis E, Shimamura M, Villarreal JC, Li FW, Tomaselli M, Waller M, Sakakibara K, Renzaglia KS, Szövényi P. The hornworts: morphology, evolution and development. New Phytol 2021; 229:735-754. [PMID: 32790880 PMCID: PMC7881058 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Extant land plants consist of two deeply divergent groups, tracheophytes and bryophytes, which shared a common ancestor some 500 million years ago. While information about vascular plants and the two of the three lineages of bryophytes, the mosses and liverworts, is steadily accumulating, the biology of hornworts remains poorly explored. Yet, as the sister group to liverworts and mosses, hornworts are critical in understanding the evolution of key land plant traits. Until recently, there was no hornwort model species amenable to systematic experimental investigation, which hampered detailed insight into the molecular biology and genetics of this unique group of land plants. The emerging hornwort model species, Anthoceros agrestis, is instrumental in our efforts to better understand not only hornwort biology but also fundamental questions of land plant evolution. To this end, here we provide an overview of hornwort biology and current research on the model plant A. agrestis to highlight its potential in answering key questions of land plant biology and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masaki Shimamura
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 739-8528, Japan
| | - Juan Carlos Villarreal
- Department of Biology, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Panamá
| | - Fay-Wei Li
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York, 14853-1801, USA
- Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853-1801, USA
| | - Marta Tomaselli
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 EA, UK
| | - Manuel Waller
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
| | - Keiko Sakakibara
- Department of Life Science, Rikkyo University, Tokyo, 171-8501, Japan
| | - Karen S. Renzaglia
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University, Illinois, 62901, USA
| | - Péter Szövényi
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
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21
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Nelson JM, Hauser DA, Gudiño JA, Guadalupe YA, Meeks JC, Salazar Allen N, Villarreal JC, Li FW. Complete Genomes of Symbiotic Cyanobacteria Clarify the Evolution of Vanadium-Nitrogenase. Genome Biol Evol 2020; 11:1959-1964. [PMID: 31243438 PMCID: PMC6645180 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant endosymbiosis with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria has independently evolved in diverse plant lineages, offering a unique window to study the evolution and genetics of plant–microbe interaction. However, very few complete genomes exist for plant cyanobionts, and therefore little is known about their genomic and functional diversity. Here, we present four complete genomes of cyanobacteria isolated from bryophytes. Nanopore long-read sequencing allowed us to obtain circular contigs for all the main chromosomes and most of the plasmids. We found that despite having a low 16S rRNA sequence divergence, the four isolates exhibit considerable genome reorganizations and variation in gene content. Furthermore, three of the four isolates possess genes encoding vanadium (V)-nitrogenase (vnf), which is uncommon among diazotrophs and has not been previously reported in plant cyanobionts. In two cases, the vnf genes were found on plasmids, implying possible plasmid-mediated horizontal gene transfers. Comparative genomic analysis of vnf-containing cyanobacteria further identified a conserved gene cluster. Many genes in this cluster have not been functionally characterized and would be promising candidates for future studies to elucidate V-nitrogenase function and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Nelson
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York.,Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Duncan A Hauser
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York.,Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - José A Gudiño
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | | | - John C Meeks
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, California
| | | | - Juan Carlos Villarreal
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama.,Department of Biology, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Fay-Wei Li
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York.,Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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22
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Gabriel R, Pimentel CMM, Claro D, Brito MR, Díaz-Castillo J, Sérgio C, Sim-Sim M, Borges PAV. Biota of coastal wetlands of Praia da Vitória (Terceira Island, Azores): Part 2 - Bryophytes. Biodivers Data J 2019; 7:e34621. [PMID: 31312095 PMCID: PMC6614157 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.7.e34621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During the LIFE-CWR project "Ecological Restoration and Conservation of Praia da Vitória Coastal Wet Green Infrastructures", there was the opportunity to undertake a systematic record of bryophytes at Paul da Praia da Vitória (PPV), Paul do Belo Jardim (PBJ) and Paul da Pedreira do Cabo da Praia (PPCP), three coastal wetland areas of Praia da Vitória (Terceira, Azores, Portugal). The objective of the study was to perform a biodiversity assessment, comparing the three sites at two different moments, before and after the implementation of several conservation measures. This project also contributed to improve the knowledge of Azorean bryophyte diversity at both local and regional scales, including the recording of two new taxa for the Azores and three new taxa for Terceira Island. New information This paper reports the results of the first extensive survey of bryophyes of the three coastal wetland areas of Praia da Vitória (Terceira Island, Azores, Portugal). The identification of a total of 504 samples, 240 collected in 2013 and 2016 (before the LIFE-CWR intervention) and 265 in 2017 and 2018 (after the intervention), resulted in a list of 58 species of bryophytes (one hornwort, eight liverworts and 48 mosses). These include two new records for the Azores (Bryum klinggraeffii, Ptychostomum bornholmense), three new records for Terceira Island (Bryum tenuisetum, Dicranella howei, Trichostomum crispulum) and at least 15 new records for the municipality of Praia da Vitória (e.g., Cephaloziella hampeana). Some species that had not been recorded on the island since 1937 (e.g., Fissidens crispus) were collected during this study, as well as a Macaronesian endemic liverwort (Radula wichurae), an Iberian-Macaronesian liverwort (Frullania azorica) and a moss species with European distribution (Ptychomitrium nigrescens). From the recorded species, only one moss (Leptophascum leptophyllum), of subtropical origin, is considered invasive in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalina Gabriel
- CE3C - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Angra do Heroísmo, Azores, Portugal CE3C - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores Angra do Heroísmo, Azores Portugal
| | - César M M Pimentel
- LIFE CWR - LIFE project "Ecological Restoration and Conservation of Praia da Vitória Coastal Wet Green Infrastructures", Praia da Vitória, Azores, Portugal LIFE CWR - LIFE project "Ecological Restoration and Conservation of Praia da Vitória Coastal Wet Green Infrastructures" Praia da Vitória, Azores Portugal
| | - David Claro
- CE3C-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal CE3C-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal
| | - Mariana R Brito
- LIFE CWR - LIFE project "Ecological Restoration and Conservation of Praia da Vitória Coastal Wet Green Infrastructures", Praia da Vitória, Azores, Portugal LIFE CWR - LIFE project "Ecological Restoration and Conservation of Praia da Vitória Coastal Wet Green Infrastructures" Praia da Vitória, Azores Portugal
| | - Javier Díaz-Castillo
- Os Montanheiros - Speleological Association, Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal Os Montanheiros - Speleological Association Angra do Heroísmo Portugal
| | - Cecília Sérgio
- CE3C-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal CE3C-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal
| | - Manuela Sim-Sim
- CE3C-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal CE3C-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal
| | - Paulo Alexandre Vieira Borges
- CE3C - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores, Angra do Heroísmo, Azores, Portugal CE3C - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Açores Angra do Heroísmo, Azores Portugal.,LIFE CWR - LIFE project "Ecological Restoration and Conservation of Praia da Vitória Coastal Wet Green Infrastructures", Praia da Vitória, Azores, Portugal LIFE CWR - LIFE project "Ecological Restoration and Conservation of Praia da Vitória Coastal Wet Green Infrastructures" Praia da Vitória, Azores Portugal.,CE3C-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal CE3C-Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal.,Os Montanheiros - Speleological Association, Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal Os Montanheiros - Speleological Association Angra do Heroísmo Portugal
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23
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Carella P, Schornack S. Manipulation of Bryophyte Hosts by Pathogenic and Symbiotic Microbes. Plant Cell Physiol 2018; 59:651-660. [PMID: 29177478 PMCID: PMC6018959 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The colonization of plant tissues by pathogenic and symbiotic microbes is associated with a strong and directed effort to reprogram host cells in order to permit, promote and sustain microbial growth. In response to colonization, hosts accommodate or sequester invading microbes by activating a set of complex regulatory programs that initiate symbioses or bolster defenses. Extensive research has elucidated a suite of molecular and physiological responses occurring in plant hosts and their microbial partners; however, this information is mostly limited to model systems representing evolutionarily young plant lineages such as angiosperms. The extent to which these processes are conserved across land plants is therefore poorly understood. In this review, we outline key aspects of host reprogramming that occur during plant-microbe interactions in early diverging land plants belonging to the bryophytes (liverworts, hornworts and mosses). We discuss how further knowledge of bryophyte-microbe interactions will advance our understanding of how plants and microbes co-operated and clashed during the conquest of land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Carella
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sebastian Schornack
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge, UK
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24
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Abstract
Mosses are among the earliest branching embryophytes and probably originated not later than the early Ordovician when atmospheric CO2 was higher and O2 was lower than today. The C3 biochemistry and physiology of their photosynthesis suggests, by analogy with tracheophytes, that growth of extant bryophytes in high CO2 approximating Ordovician values would increase the growth rate. This occurs for many mosses, including Physcomitrella patens in suspension culture, although recently published transcriptomic data on this species at high CO2 and present-day CO2 show down-regulation of the transcription of several genes related to photosynthesis. It would be useful if transcriptomic (and proteomic) data comparing growth conditions are linked to measurements of growth and physiology on the same, or parallel, cultures. Mosses (like later-originating embryophytes) have been subject to changes in bulk atmospheric CO2 and O2 throughout their existence, with evidence, albeit limited, for positive selection of moss Rubisco. Extant mosses are subject to a large range of CO2 and O2 concentrations in their immediate environments, especially aquatic mosses, and mosses are particularly influenced by CO2 generated by, and O2 consumed by, soil chemoorganotrophy from organic C produced by tracheophytes (if present) and bryophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Raven
- Permanent address: Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, M084, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Timothy D Colmer
- School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, M084, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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25
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Field KJ, Duckett JG, Cameron DD, Pressel S. Stomatal density and aperture in non-vascular land plants are non-responsive to above-ambient atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Ann Bot 2015; 115:915-22. [PMID: 25858324 PMCID: PMC4407062 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Following the consensus view for unitary origin and conserved function of stomata across over 400 million years of land plant evolution, stomatal abundance has been widely used to reconstruct palaeo-atmospheric environments. However, the responsiveness of stomata in mosses and hornworts, the most basal stomate lineages of extant land plants, has received relatively little attention. This study aimed to redress this imbalance and provide the first direct evidence of bryophyte stomatal responsiveness to atmospheric CO2. METHODS A selection of hornwort (Anthoceros punctatus, Phaeoceros laevis) and moss (Polytrichum juniperinum, Mnium hornum, Funaria hygrometrica) sporophytes with contrasting stomatal morphologies were grown under different atmospheric CO2 concentrations ([CO2]) representing both modern (440 p.p.m. CO2) and ancient (1500 p.p.m. CO2) atmospheres. Upon sporophyte maturation, stomata from each bryophyte species were imaged, measured and quantified. KEY RESULTS Densities and dimensions were unaffected by changes in [CO2], other than a slight increase in stomatal density in Funaria and abnormalities in Polytrichum stomata under elevated [CO2]. CONCLUSIONS The changes to stomata in Funaria and Polytrichum are attributed to differential growth of the sporophytes rather than stomata-specific responses. The absence of responses to changes in [CO2] in bryophytes is in line with findings previously reported in other early lineages of vascular plants. These findings strengthen the hypothesis of an incremental acquisition of stomatal regulatory processes through land plant evolution and urge considerable caution in using stomatal densities as proxies for paleo-atmospheric CO2 concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie J Field
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK and Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Jeffrey G Duckett
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK and Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Duncan D Cameron
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK and Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Silvia Pressel
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK and Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
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26
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Petraglia A, De Benedictis M, Degola F, Pastore G, Calcagno M, Ruotolo R, Mengoni A, Sanità di Toppi L. The capability to synthesize phytochelatins and the presence of constitutive and functional phytochelatin synthases are ancestral (plesiomorphic) characters for basal land plants. J Exp Bot 2014; 65:1153-63. [PMID: 24449382 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Bryophytes, a paraphyletic group which includes liverworts, mosses, and hornworts, have been stated as land plants that under metal stress (particularly cadmium) do not synthesize metal-binding peptides such as phytochelatins. Moreover, very little information is available to date regarding phytochelatin synthesis in charophytes, postulated to be the direct ancestors of land plants, or in lycophytes, namely very basal tracheophytes. In this study, it was hypothesized that basal land plants and charophytes have the capability to produce phytochelatins and possess constitutive and functional phytochelatin synthases. To verify this hypothesis, twelve bryophyte species (six liverworts, four mosses, and two hornworts), three charophytes, and two lycophyte species were exposed to 0-36 μM cadmium for 72 h, and then assayed for: (i) glutathione and phytochelatin quali-quantitative content by HPLC and mass spectrometry; (ii) the presence of putative phytochelatin synthases by western blotting; and (iii) in vitro activity of phytochelatin synthases. Of all the species tested, ten produced phytochelatins in vivo, while the other seven did not. The presence of a constitutively expressed and functional phytochelatin synthase was demonstrated in all the bryophyte lineages and in the lycophyte Selaginella denticulata, but not in the charophytes. Hence, current knowledge according to phytochelatins have been stated as being absent in bryophytes was therefore confuted by this work. It is argued that the capability to synthesize phytochelatins, as well as the presence of active phytochelatin synthases, are ancestral (plesiomorphic) characters for basal land plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Petraglia
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 11/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
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27
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Qiu YL, Li L, Wang B, Chen Z, Knoop V, Groth-Malonek M, Dombrovska O, Lee J, Kent L, Rest J, Estabrook GF, Hendry TA, Taylor DW, Testa CM, Ambros M, Crandall-Stotler B, Duff RJ, Stech M, Frey W, Quandt D, Davis CC. The deepest divergences in land plants inferred from phylogenomic evidence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:15511-6. [PMID: 17030812 PMCID: PMC1622854 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0603335103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 478] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetic relationships among the four major lineages of land plants (liverworts, mosses, hornworts, and vascular plants) remain vigorously contested; their resolution is essential to our understanding of the origin and early evolution of land plants. We analyzed three different complementary data sets: a multigene supermatrix, a genomic structural character matrix, and a chloroplast genome sequence matrix, using maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and compatibility methods. Analyses of all three data sets strongly supported liverworts as the sister to all other land plants, and analyses of the multigene and chloroplast genome matrices provided moderate to strong support for hornworts as the sister to vascular plants. These results highlight the important roles of liverworts and hornworts in two major events of plant evolution: the water-to-land transition and the change from a haploid gametophyte generation-dominant life cycle in bryophytes to a diploid sporophyte generation-dominant life cycle in vascular plants. This study also demonstrates the importance of using a multifaceted approach to resolve difficult nodes in the tree of life. In particular, it is shown here that densely sampled taxon trees built with multiple genes provide an indispensable test of taxon-sparse trees inferred from genome sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Long Qiu
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University Herbarium, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1048, USA.
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28
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Abstract
Major differences in primary cell wall (PCW) components between non-vascular plant taxa are reported. (1) Xyloglucan: driselase digestion yielded isoprimeverose (the diagnostic repeat unit of xyloglucan) from PCW-rich material of Anthoceros (a hornwort), mosses and both leafy and thalloid liverworts, as well as numerous vascular plants, showing xyloglucan to be a PCW component in all land plants tested. In contrast, charophycean green algae (Klebsormidium flaccidium, Coleochaete scutata and Chara corallina), thought to be closely related to land plants, did not contain xyloglucan. They did not yield isoprimeverose; additionally, charophyte material was not digestible with xyloglucan-specific endoglucanase or cellulase to give xyloglucan-derived oligosaccharides. (2) Uronic acids: acid hydrolysis of PCW-rich material from the charophytes, the hornwort, thalloid and leafy liverworts and a basal moss yielded higher concentrations of glucuronic acid than that from the remaining land plants including the less basal mosses and all vascular plants tested. Polysaccharides of the hornwort Anthoceros contained an unusual repeat-unit, glucuronic acid-alpha(1-->3)-galactose, not found in appreciable amounts in any other plants tested. Galacturonic acid was consistently the most abundant PCW uronic acid, but was present in higher concentrations in acid hydrolysates of bryophytes and charophytes than in those of any of the vascular plants. Mannuronic acid was not detected in any of the species surveyed. (3) Mannose: acid hydrolysis of charophyte and bryophyte PCW-rich material also yielded appreciably higher concentrations of mannose than are found in vascular plant PCWs. (4) Mixed-linkage glucan (MLG) was absent from all algae and bryophytes tested; however, upon digestion with licheninase, PCW-rich material from the alga Ulva lactuca and the leafy liverwort Lophocolea bidentata yielded penta- to decasaccharides, indicating the presence of MLG-related polysaccharides. Our results show that major evolutionary events are often associated with changes in PCW composition. In particular, the acquisition of xyloglucan may have been a pre-adaptive advantage that allowed colonization of land.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZOË A. POPPER
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Edinburgh, David Rutherford Building, The King’s Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK
| | - STEPHEN C. FRY
- The Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Edinburgh, David Rutherford Building, The King’s Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK
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