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Williams BL, Zouache MA, Seager NA, Pappas CM, Liu J, Anstadt RA, Hubbard WC, Thomas J, Hageman JL, Mohler J, Richards BT, Hageman GS. Levels of the HtrA1 Protein in Serum and Vitreous Humor Are Independent of Genetic Risk for Age-Related Macular Degeneration at the 10q26 Locus. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:34. [PMID: 38648039 PMCID: PMC11044837 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.4.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine if levels of the HtrA1 protein in serum or vitreous humor are influenced by genetic risk for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) at the 10q26 locus, age, sex, AMD status, and/or AMD disease severity, and, therefore, to determine the contribution of systemic and ocular HtrA1 to the AMD disease process. Methods A custom-made sandwich ELISA assay (SCTM ELISA) for detection of the HtrA1 protein was designed and compared with three commercial assays (R&D Systems, MyBiosource 1 and MyBiosource 2) using 65 serum samples. Concentrations of HtrA1 were thereafter determined in serum and vitreous samples collected from 248 individuals and 145 human donor eyes, respectively. Results The SCTM ELISA demonstrated high specificity, good recovery, and parallelism within its linear detection range and performed comparably to the R&D Systems assay. In contrast, we were unable to demonstrate the specificity of the two assays from MyBioSource using either recombinant or native HtrA1. Analyses of concentrations obtained using the validated SCTM assay revealed that genetic risk at the 10q26 locus, age, sex, or AMD status are not significantly associated with altered levels of the HtrA1 protein in serum or in vitreous humor (P > 0.05). Conclusions HtrA1 levels in serum and vitreous do not reflect the risk for AMD associated with the 10q26 locus or disease status. Localized alteration in HTRA1 expression in the retinal pigment epithelium, rather than systemic changes in HtrA1, is the most likely driver of elevated risk for developing AMD among individuals with risk variants at the 10q26 locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandi L. Williams
- Sharon Eccles Steele Center for Translational Medicine, John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Moussa A. Zouache
- Sharon Eccles Steele Center for Translational Medicine, John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Nathan A. Seager
- Sharon Eccles Steele Center for Translational Medicine, John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Chris M. Pappas
- Sharon Eccles Steele Center for Translational Medicine, John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Jin Liu
- Sharon Eccles Steele Center for Translational Medicine, John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Robert A. Anstadt
- Sharon Eccles Steele Center for Translational Medicine, John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - William C. Hubbard
- Sharon Eccles Steele Center for Translational Medicine, John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Julie Thomas
- Sharon Eccles Steele Center for Translational Medicine, John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Jill L. Hageman
- Sharon Eccles Steele Center for Translational Medicine, John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Jennifer Mohler
- Sharon Eccles Steele Center for Translational Medicine, John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Burt T. Richards
- Sharon Eccles Steele Center for Translational Medicine, John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Gregory S. Hageman
- Sharon Eccles Steele Center for Translational Medicine, John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
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Cai B, Zhang Z, Sun S, Lin T, Ke Y, Li Z, Yang J, Li X. A Pilot Application of an iTRAQ-Based Proteomics Screen Estimates the Effects of Cigarette Smokers' Serum on RPE Cells With AMD High-Risk Alleles. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:15. [PMID: 35138344 PMCID: PMC8842534 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.2.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to explore whether there are interactions between genetic (ARMS2/HTRA1) and environmental factors (cigarette smoking) in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS Primary human retinal pigment epithelial (hRPE) cells were obtained from four donors' eyes with AMD high-risk ARMS2/HTRA1 alleles, and two donors' eyes with wild-type alleles were used as controls. The pooled serum from 32 smokers and 35 nonsmokers were collected and used separately to treat hRPE cells. The isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based proteomics was used to identify associated proteins and comparing the differences between AMD high-risk and low-risk HTRA1/ARMS2 alleles after exposure to smokers' serum. RESULTS After stimulation with the smokers' serum, 400 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were detected in the high-risk allele cells. Several DEPs are involved in neuronal protein degeneration and oxidative stress pathways. The smokers' serum stimulation or HTRA1 overexpression can both upregulate caveolin-1, which was one of the DEPs. Besides, the smokers' serum enhanced the phagocytosis of cultured human RPE cells. CONCLUSIONS The study confirmed the AMD high-risk alleles, HTRA1, and cigarette smoking can promote AMD development by regulating caveolin-1 expression. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE AMD high-risk alleles and environmental risk factors can promote the occurrence and development of AMD by regulating caveolin-1 expression, upregulation of which will induce apoptotic cell death in response to cellular stress in early AMD conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bincui Cai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Center of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Center of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, People's Republic of China
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University); Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuo Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Center of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Lin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Center of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifeng Ke
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Center of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqing Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Center of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Center of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaorong Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Center of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, People's Republic of China
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3
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Cheng H, Zhu H, Cao M, Lu C, Bao S, Pan Y. HtrA1 suppresses the growth of pancreatic cancer cells by modulating Notch-1 expression. Braz J Med Biol Res 2018; 52:e7718. [PMID: 30484491 PMCID: PMC6262754 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20187718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is well known to be the most deadly malignancy with the worst survival rate of all cancers. High temperature requirement factor A1 (HtrA1) plays an important role in cancer cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and differentiation. This study aimed to explore the function of HtrA1 in pancreatic cancer cell growth and its underlying mechanism. We found that the expression of HtrA1 was lower in pancreatic cancer tissue compared to the adjacent normal tissue. Consistently, HtrA1 levels were also decreased in two human pancreatic cancer cell lines, PANC-1 and BXPC-3. Moreover, enforced expression of HtrA1 inhibited cell viability and colony formation of PANC-1 and BXPC-3 cells. Overexpression of HtrA1 promoted apoptosis and suppressed migratory ability of tumor cells. On the contrary, siRNA-mediated knockdown of HtrA1 promoted the growth potential of pancreatic cancer cells. In addition, we found that up-regulation of HtrA1 reduced the expression of Notch-1 in pancreatic cancer cells. On the contrary, knockdown of HtrA1 increased the expression levels of Notch-1. Furthermore, overexpression of Notch-1 abolished the anti-proliferative effect of HtrA1 on pancreatic cancer cells. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that HtrA1 could inhibit pancreatic cancer cell growth via regulating Notch-1 expression, which implied that HtrA1 might be developed as a novel molecular target for pancreatic cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cheng
- Department of General Surgery, The Afflicted Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Afflicted Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Cao
- Department of General Surgery, The Afflicted Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenglin Lu
- Department of General Surgery, The Afflicted Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Shanhua Bao
- Department of General Surgery, The Afflicted Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yiming Pan
- Department of General Surgery, The Afflicted Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to find related pathogenic genes in cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy in (CADASIL)-like patients. The direct sequencing and high-throughput multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to screen for related genes. The clinical and imaging data of a CADASIL-like patient (the pro-band) and his family members were collected. At first, the known hereditary cerebral vascular genes of the pro-band were screened with direct sequencing to find candidate gene mutations. High-throughput multiplex PCR was then used to analyze the single nucleotide polymorphism of the candidate gene in the family members. The results showed that there was missense mutation of the high temperature requirement protease A1 (HTRA1) gene in the pro-band, which may be a pathogenic factor according to the biological software analysis. The following SNP results revealed that the other family members also had the HTRA1 gene mutation. Thus, the CADASIL-like family disease may be caused by heterozygous HTRA1 gene mutation, which leads to autosomal dominant hereditary cerebral small vessel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Wu
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Changxin Li
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jinming Mao
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yao Hou
- Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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Tossetta G, Avellini C, Licini C, Giannubilo SR, Castellucci M, Marzioni D. High temperature requirement A1 and fibronectin: two possible players in placental tissue remodelling. Eur J Histochem 2016; 60:2724. [PMID: 28076935 PMCID: PMC5134679 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2016.2724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
High temperature requirement A1 (HtrA1) is a secreted protease involved in placental development. Fibronectin (FN) is involved in important process such as wound healing, cell adhesion and spreading, growth, migration, and differentiation. The purpose of this study was to analyse the expression patterns of HtrA1 in relationship to FN and to the key growth zones of placenta such as mesenchymal villi as well as cell islands and cell columns. We demonstrated that FN and HtrA1 are localized in the placental key growth zones suggesting a pivotal role in maintaining the balance among the molecules involved in the placental development and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tossetta
- Polytechnic University of Marche, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine.
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6
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Goteri G, Altobelli E, Tossetta G, Zizzi A, Avellini C, Licini C, Lorenzi T, Castellucci M, Ciavattini A, Marzioni D. High temperature requirement A1, transforming growth factor beta1, phosphoSmad2 and Ki67 in eutopic and ectopic endometrium of women with endometriosis. Eur J Histochem 2015; 59:2570. [PMID: 26708185 PMCID: PMC4698617 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2015.2570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the hypothesis that TGFb1 signalling may be mediated by high temperature requirement A1 (HtrA1) serine protease, acting on important regulatory mechanisms such as cell proliferation and mobility. Evidence is now accumulating to suggest that HtrA1 is involved in the development and progression of several pathologies. The aim of this study was to evaluate: i) if HtrA1 and TGFb1 expressions differ in eutopic and ectopic endometrium in women with endometriosis; ii) if HtrA1 correlates to TGFb1, pSmad and Ki67. This study was carried out including 10 women with ovarian endometriosis (cases) and 10 women with non endometriotic diseases (controls). Endometrial tissue underwent immunohistochemical H-score analysis for HtrA1, TGFb1, pSmad and Ki67 molecules. Data evaluation was performed by a nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test and Spearman correlation was applied to evaluate the relationship among the molecules investigated in the epithelial and in the stromal compartment. The HtrA1 was significant decreased in ectopic and eutopic endometrium of women with endometriosis when compared with control endometrium in epithelial compartment. TGFb1was significantly increased in eutopic endometrium and decreased in ectopic endometrium in epithelial and stromal compartment. In addition, Ki67 was significant increased and an increase, but not significant, was detected for pSMAd2 in eutopic and ectopic endometrium compared to control one. In summary, the significant direct correlation between TGFb1 and pSmad2 as well as between HtrA1 and TGFb1 and the very significant increase of Ki67 in stromal compartment of eutopic endometrium suggest a possible involvement of HtrA1 in the pathogenesis of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Goteri
- Università Politecnica delle Marche.
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7
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ALTOBELLI EMMA, MARZIONI DANIELA, LATTANZI AMEDEO, ANGELETTI PAOLOMATTEO. HtrA1: Its future potential as a novel biomarker for cancer. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:555-66. [PMID: 26035313 PMCID: PMC4487665 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
HtrA1 appears to be involved in several physiological processes as well as in the pathogenesis of conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and osteoarthritis. It has also been hypothesized to play a role as a tumor suppressor. This manuscript reviews the current cancer-related HtrA1 research from the methodological and clinical standpoints including studies regarding its potential role as a tumor marker and/or prognostic factor. PRISMA method was used for study selection. The articles thus collected were examined and selected by two independent reviewers; any disagreement was resolved by a methodologist. A laboratory researcher reviewed the methods and laboratory techniques. Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria and concerned the following cancer sites: the nervous system, bladder, breast, esophagus, stomach, liver, endometrium, thyroid, ovaries, pleura, lung and skin. Most articles described in vivo studies using a morphological approach and immunohistochemistry, whereas protein expression was quantified as staining intensity scored by two raters. Often the results were not comparable due to the different rating scales and study design. Current research on HtrA1 does not conclusively support its role as a tumor suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- EMMA ALTOBELLI
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, AUSL Teramo, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - DANIELA MARZIONI
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | - AMEDEO LATTANZI
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - PAOLO MATTEO ANGELETTI
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
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Tiaden AN, Klawitter M, Lux V, Mirsaidi A, Bahrenberg G, Glanz S, Quero L, Liebscher T, Wuertz K, Ehrmann M, Richards PJ. Detrimental role for human high temperature requirement serine protease A1 ( HTRA1) in the pathogenesis of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:21335-45. [PMID: 22556410 PMCID: PMC3375554 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.341032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human HTRA1 is a highly conserved secreted serine protease that degrades numerous extracellular matrix proteins. We have previously identified HTRA1 as being up-regulated in osteoarthritic patients and as having the potential to regulate matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression in synovial fibroblasts through the generation of fibronectin fragments. In the present report, we have extended these studies and investigated the role of HTRA1 in the pathogenesis of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. HTRA1 mRNA expression was significantly elevated in degenerated disc tissue and was associated with increased protein levels. However, these increases did not correlate with the appearance of rs11200638 single nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter region of the HTRA1 gene, as has previously been suggested. Recombinant HTRA1 induced MMP production in IVD cell cultures through a mechanism critically dependent on MEK but independent of IL-1β signaling. The use of a catalytically inactive mutant confirmed these effects to be primarily due to HTRA1 serine protease activity. HTRA1-induced fibronectin proteolysis resulted in the generation of various sized fragments, which when added to IVD cells in culture, caused a significant increase in MMP expression. Furthermore, one of these fragments was identified as being the amino-terminal fibrin- and heparin-binding domain and was also found to be increased within HTRA1-treated IVD cell cultures as well as in disc tissue from patients with IVD degeneration. Our results therefore support a scenario in which HTRA1 promotes IVD degeneration through the proteolytic cleavage of fibronectin and subsequent activation of resident disc cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Klawitter
- From the Bone and Stem Cell Research Group and
- the Spine Research Group, Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vanda Lux
- the Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geography, University Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Ali Mirsaidi
- From the Bone and Stem Cell Research Group and
- the Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gregor Bahrenberg
- From the Bone and Stem Cell Research Group and
- the Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Glanz
- From the Bone and Stem Cell Research Group and
- the Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lilian Quero
- the Spine Research Group, Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Liebscher
- the Department of Spinal Surgery, SRH Klinikum Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, 76307 Karlsbad, Germany, and
| | - Karin Wuertz
- the Spine Research Group, Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- the Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- the AOSpine Research Network, 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Michael Ehrmann
- the Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geography, University Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Peter J. Richards
- From the Bone and Stem Cell Research Group and
- the Institute of Physiology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Tennstaedt A, Pöpsel S, Truebestein L, Hauske P, Brockmann A, Schmidt N, Irle I, Sacca B, Niemeyer CM, Brandt R, Ksiezak-Reding H, Tirniceriu AL, Egensperger R, Baldi A, Dehmelt L, Kaiser M, Huber R, Clausen T, Ehrmann M. Human high temperature requirement serine protease A1 ( HTRA1) degrades tau protein aggregates. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:20931-41. [PMID: 22535953 PMCID: PMC3375517 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.316232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protective proteases are key elements of protein quality control pathways that are up-regulated, for example, under various protein folding stresses. These proteases are employed to prevent the accumulation and aggregation of misfolded proteins that can impose severe damage to cells. The high temperature requirement A (HtrA) family of serine proteases has evolved to perform important aspects of ATP-independent protein quality control. So far, however, no HtrA protease is known that degrades protein aggregates. We show here that human HTRA1 degrades aggregated and fibrillar tau, a protein that is critically involved in various neurological disorders. Neuronal cells and patient brains accumulate less tau, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuritic plaques, respectively, when HTRA1 is expressed at elevated levels. Furthermore, HTRA1 mRNA and HTRA1 activity are up-regulated in response to elevated tau concentrations. These data suggest that HTRA1 is performing regulated proteolysis during protein quality control, the implications of which are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Tennstaedt
- From the Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Simon Pöpsel
- From the Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Linda Truebestein
- From the Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Patrick Hauske
- From the Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Anke Brockmann
- From the Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Nina Schmidt
- From the Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Inga Irle
- From the Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Barbara Sacca
- the Fakultät Chemie, Biologisch-Chemische Mikrostrukturtechnik, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christof M. Niemeyer
- the Fakultät Chemie, Biologisch-Chemische Mikrostrukturtechnik, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Roland Brandt
- the Fachbereich Biologie/Chemie, University Osnabrueck, D-49076 Osnabrueck, Germany
| | - Hanna Ksiezak-Reding
- the Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York 10029
| | - Anca Laura Tirniceriu
- the Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 23, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Rupert Egensperger
- the Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 23, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Alfonso Baldi
- the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Section of Pathology, the Second University of Naples, 80100 Naples, Italy
| | - Leif Dehmelt
- the Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Markus Kaiser
- From the Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Robert Huber
- From the Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse, 45141 Essen, Germany
- the Department for Chemical Biology, Technische Universität Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- the Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Am Klopferspitz 18A, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
- the School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3US, United Kingdom, and
| | - Tim Clausen
- the Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Ehrmann
- From the Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstrasse, 45141 Essen, Germany
- the School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3US, United Kingdom, and
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He X, Khurana A, Maguire JL, Chien J, Shridhar V. HtrA1 sensitizes ovarian cancer cells to cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity by targeting XIAP for degradation. Int J Cancer 2012; 130:1029-35. [PMID: 21387310 PMCID: PMC3206182 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
HtrA1, a member of serine protease family, has been previously found to be involved in resistance to chemotherapy in ovarian cancer although the underlying mechanism is not clear. Using mixture-based oriented peptide library approach, previously we identified X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins family, as a potential substrate of HtrA1. The aim of our work is to investigate the link between HtrA1 and XIAP proteins and their relationships with chemoresistance in ovarian cancer. Our results showed that recombinant XIAP was degraded by purified wild-type HtrA1 but not mutant HtrA1 in vitro. Consistent with the in vitro data, coimmunoprecipitation assays showed that HtrA1 and XIAP formed a protein complex in vivo. Ectopic expression of HtrA1 led to decreased level of XIAP in OV167 and OV202 ovarian cancer cells, while knockdown of HtrA1 resulted in increased level of XIAP in SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells. Furthermore, overexpression of HtrA1 in OV202 cells promoted cell sensitivity to cisplatin-induced apoptosis that could be reversed by increased expression of XIAP. The cleavage of XIAP induced by HtrA1 was enhanced by cisplatin treatment. Taken together, our experiments have identified XIAP as a novel substrate of HtrA1 and the degradation of XIAP by HtrA1 contributes to cell response to chemotherapy, suggesting that restoring the expression of HtrA1 may be a promising treatment strategy for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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11
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Zhang L, Lim SL, Du H, Zhang M, Kozak I, Hannum G, Wang X, Ouyang H, Hughes G, Zhao L, Zhu X, Lee C, Su Z, Zhou X, Shaw R, Geum D, Wei X, Zhu J, Ideker T, Oka C, Wang N, Yang Z, Shaw PX, Zhang K. High temperature requirement factor A1 ( HTRA1) gene regulates angiogenesis through transforming growth factor-β family member growth differentiation factor 6. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:1520-6. [PMID: 22049084 PMCID: PMC3256864 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.275990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association study (GWAS) has identified genetic variants in the promoter region of the high temperature requirement factor A1 (HTRA1) gene associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). As a secreted serine protease, HTRA1 has been reported to interact with members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family and regulate their signaling pathways. Growth differentiation factor 6 (GDF6), a member of the TGF-β family, is involved in ectoderm patterning and eye development. Mutations in GDF6 have been associated with abnormal eye development that may result in microphthalmia and anophthalmia. In this report, we identified a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs6982567 A/G near the GDF6 gene that is significantly associated with AMD (p value = 3.54 × 10(-8)). We demonstrated that the GDF6 AMD risk allele (rs6982567 A) is associated with decreased expression of the GDF6 and increased expression of HTRA1. Similarly, the HTRA1 AMD risk allele (rs10490924 T) is associated with decreased GDF6 and increased HTRA1 expression. We observed decreased vascular development in the retina and significant up-regulation of GDF6 gene in the RPE layer, retinal and brain tissues in HTRA1 knock-out (htra1(-/-)) mice as compared with the wild-type counterparts. Furthermore, we showed enhanced SMAD signaling in htra1(-/-) mice. Our data suggests a critical role of HTRA1 in the regulation of angiogenesis via TGF-β signaling and identified GDF6 as a novel disease gene for AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- From the Molecular Medicine Research Center and Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- the Institute for Genomic Medicine and Shiley Eye Center and
| | - Siok Lam Lim
- the Institute for Genomic Medicine and Shiley Eye Center and
| | - Hongjun Du
- the Institute for Genomic Medicine and Shiley Eye Center and
| | - Ming Zhang
- From the Molecular Medicine Research Center and Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Igor Kozak
- the Institute for Genomic Medicine and Shiley Eye Center and
| | - Gregory Hannum
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | | | - Hong Ouyang
- the Institute for Genomic Medicine and Shiley Eye Center and
| | - Guy Hughes
- the Institute for Genomic Medicine and Shiley Eye Center and
| | - Ling Zhao
- the Institute for Genomic Medicine and Shiley Eye Center and
| | - Xuemei Zhu
- the Institute for Genomic Medicine and Shiley Eye Center and
| | - Clara Lee
- the Institute for Genomic Medicine and Shiley Eye Center and
| | - Zhiguang Su
- From the Molecular Medicine Research Center and Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xinrong Zhou
- the Institute for Genomic Medicine and Shiley Eye Center and
| | - Robert Shaw
- the Institute for Genomic Medicine and Shiley Eye Center and
| | - Dongho Geum
- the Institute for Genomic Medicine and Shiley Eye Center and
| | - Xinran Wei
- From the Molecular Medicine Research Center and Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- the Institute for Genomic Medicine and Shiley Eye Center and
| | - Jin Zhu
- From the Molecular Medicine Research Center and Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- the Institute for Genomic Medicine and Shiley Eye Center and
| | - Trey Ideker
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Chio Oka
- the Division of Gene Function in Animals, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan, and
| | | | - Zhenglin Yang
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and The Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, China
| | - Peter X. Shaw
- From the Molecular Medicine Research Center and Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- the Institute for Genomic Medicine and Shiley Eye Center and
| | - Kang Zhang
- From the Molecular Medicine Research Center and Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- the Institute for Genomic Medicine and Shiley Eye Center and
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Mullany SA, Moslemi-Kebria M, Rattan R, Khurana A, Clayton A, Ota T, Mariani A, Podratz KC, Chien J, Shridhar V. Expression and functional significance of HtrA1 loss in endometrial cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:427-36. [PMID: 21098697 PMCID: PMC3057564 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-3069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine if loss of serine protease HtrA1 in endometrial cancer will promote the invasive potential of EC cell lines. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry methods were used to determine HtrA1 expression in EC cell lines and primary tumors, respectively. Migration, invasion assays and in vivo xenograft experiment were performed to compare the extent of metastasis between HtrA1 expressing and HtrA1 knocked down clones. RESULTS Western blot analysis of HtrA1 in 13 EC cell lines revealed complete loss of HtrA1 expression in all seven papillary serous EC cell lines. Downregulation of HtrA1 in Hec1A and Hec1B cell lines resulted in a three- to fourfold increase in the invasive potential. Exogenous expression of HtrA1 in Ark1 and Ark2 cells resulted in three- to fourfold decrease in both invasive and migration potential of these cells. There was an increased rate of metastasis to the lungs associated with HtrA1 downregulation in Hec1B cells compared to control cells with endogenous HtrA1 expression. Enhanced expression of HtrA1 in Ark2 cells resulted in significantly less tumor nodules metastasizing to the lungs compared to parental or protease deficient (SA mutant) Ark2 cells. Immunohistochemical analysis showed 57% (105/184) of primary EC tumors had low HtrA1 expression. The association of low HtrA1 expression with high-grade endometrioid tumors was statistically significant (P = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data indicate loss of HtrA1 may contribute to the aggressiveness and metastatic ability of endometrial tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally A. Mullany
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Wake Forest Medical Center, Salem, NC
| | - Mehdi Moslemi-Kebria
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905
| | - Ramandeep Rattan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905
| | - Ashwani Khurana
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905
| | - Amy Clayton
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905
| | - Takayo Ota
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905
| | - Andrea Mariani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905
| | - Karl C. Podratz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905
| | - Jeremy Chien
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905
| | - Viji Shridhar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905
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Abstract
We previously identified serine protease HtrA1 as a downregulated gene in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), but the functional consequence of loss of HtrA1 in EOC remains largely unclear. Here, we report that loss of HtrA1 attenuates anoikis--a critical physiologic barrier for tumor metastasis. In response to loss of anchorage, HtrA1 expression was upregulated in SKOV3 cells, resulting in autocatalytic activation of HtrA1. Stable knockdown of HtrA1 in SKOV3 and TOV21G cells resulted in resistance to anoikis due to enhanced activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/AKT pathway. In suspended SKOV3 cells, enhanced expression of HtrA1 inhibited EGFR/AKT pathway, leading to increased cell death, whereas protease-inactive mutant HtrA1 failed to result in either the inhibition of EGFR/AKT pathway or increased cell death, suggesting the requirement of HtrA1 protease activity in regulating anoikis. Immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence assays revealed that HtrA1 interacted with EGFR not only on the cell membrane but also in the nucleus. Most importantly, downregulation of HtrA1 significantly enhanced the peritoneal dissemination of SKOV3ip1 cells in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient mice, with increased phospho-EGFR level in corresponding tumor nodules compared with that in xenografts originated from the control cells. Taken together, these data reveal for the first time a novel function of HtrA1 in promoting anoikis by attenuating activation of EGFR/AKT pathway that may contribute to its metastasis suppression capacity, thus providing a possible explanation for the aggressive nature of human ovarian tumors with downregulated HtrA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Takayo Ota
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Changqing Su
- Department of Gene and Viral Therapy, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgical Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 225 Changhai Rd., Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jeremy Chien
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Viji Shridhar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Bergeron-Sawitzke J, Gold B, Olsh A, Schlotterbeck S, Lemon K, Visvanathan K, Allikmets R, Dean M. Multilocus analysis of age-related macular degeneration. Eur J Hum Genet 2009; 17:1190-9. [PMID: 19259132 PMCID: PMC2729805 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2009.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 11/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a late onset vision disorder. Recent studies demonstrate that alterations in complement cascade genes are associated with AMD. Of the three identified complement loci, variants in complement factor H (CFH) have the highest impact as does an independent locus at 10q26. Our matched case-control study using the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) cohort confirms and extends the associations in these loci. Subjects were genotyped for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from CFH, complement component 2 (C2), complement component 3 (C3), complement factor B (CFB), age-related maculopathy susceptibility (ARMS2), HtrA serine peptidase 1 (HTRA1), and apolipoprotein E (APOE). Individual SNPs, and haplotypes showed risk trends consistent with those seen in other population studies for CFH, C3, C2, and CFB. SNP rs10490924 on chromosome 10 in exon 1 of the ARMS2 gene showed a highly significant association with an odds ratio (OR) of 3.2 (95% CI 2.4-4.2) for the risk allele and rs11200638 located in the proximal promoter region of HTRA1 showed a higher significant association with an OR of 3.4 (95% CI 2.5-4.6) with our AMD cases. We found that APOE haplotypes were not significantly associated with disease status. Adjustments for other risk factors did not significantly alter the observed associations. This study validates the complement pathway's involvement in AMD and suggests that allelic variants in complement genes have a direct role in disease. These results also support previous findings that variants in the region of 10q26 exert an independent risk for AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bert Gold
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Adam Olsh
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Sarah Schlotterbeck
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Kendal Lemon
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Kala Visvanathan
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rando Allikmets
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael Dean
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
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15
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Abstract
Serine protease HtrA1 belongs to a family of chymotrypsin-like proteases that were first identified in bacteria and later in mammalian systems. These proteases were identified as components of protein quality control in prokaryotic systems and as regulators of diverse signaling pathways in mammalian systems. In particular, HtrA1 is implicated in trophoblast cell migration and invasion, tumor progression, chemotherapy-induced cytotoxicity, osteoarthritis, age-related macular degeneration, and pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. However, systematic analysis of its potential substrates in biological system is still lacking. Therefore, we performed a mixture-based oriented peptide library screening to identify putative substrates of HtrA1. We identified [AEGR]-[LAGR]-[IAMLR]-[TVIAL] as consensus residues for P1 to P4 sites. We identified several putative substrates of HtrA1 involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases. In this study, we report on the identification of tubulins as potential substrates of HtrA1, and validated tubulins as in vitro and intracellular substrates of HtrA1. These results provide initial insights into substrate identification and functional characterization of HtrA1 in pathogenesis of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Chien
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Xiaoping He
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Viji Shridhar
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
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Murwantoko, Yano M, Ueta Y, Murasaki A, Kanda H, Oka C, Kawaichi M. Binding of proteins to the PDZ domain regulates proteolytic activity of HtrA1 serine protease. Biochem J 2004; 381:895-904. [PMID: 15101818 PMCID: PMC1133901 DOI: 10.1042/bj20040435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2004] [Revised: 04/17/2004] [Accepted: 04/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
HtrA1, a member of the mammalian HtrA (high temperature requirement A) serine protease family, has a highly conserved protease domain followed by a PDZ domain. Accumulating evidence has indicated that PDZ domains regulate protease activity of HtrA proteins. We searched for binding partners of the PDZ domain of mouse HtrA1 by yeast two-hybrid screening, and isolated proteins that were recognized by the HtrA1 PDZ domain through their C-terminal ends with a core consensus Phi-X-Phi-[V/L/F/A]-COOH sequence (where Phi is a hydrophobic/non-polar amino acid). C-propeptides of fibrillar collagens were most frequently isolated. Type III procollagen alpha1 C-propeptide, which was used as a model protein, was digested by HtrA1. HtrA1 cleavage of the collagen C-propeptide was enhanced by reductive denaturation of the C-propeptide and partly inhibited by removal of the C-terminal four amino acids from the C-propeptide, suggesting that the substrate recognition was facilitated by the binding of the free C-terminal ends of substrates to the PDZ domain of HtrA1. The synthetic oligopeptide (GM130Pep) that fitted the consensus recognition sequence bound to HtrA1 with a high affinity (K(d)=6.0 nM). GM130Pep stimulated HtrA1 protease activity 3- to 4-fold, but did not efficiently stimulate the activity of an HtrA1 mutant lacking the PDZ domain, supporting the notion that the PDZ domain enhances protease activity upon ligand binding. The peptide derived from Type III collagen alpha1 C-propeptide specifically stimulated protease activity of HtrA1, but did not stimulate nor significantly bind to HtrA2, suggesting that the collagen C-propeptide is a specific physiological regulator of HtrA1.
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Key Words
- c-propeptide
- collagen
- htra1
- htra2/omi
- pdz domain
- serine protease
- 3-at, 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole
- cast, caz-associated structural protein
- cdyl, chromodomain protein, y chromosome-like
- col1a1, col2a1 and col3a1
- types i, ii and iii procollagen α1 respectively
- coxva, cytochrome c oxidase subunit va
- -c-pro, -c-propeptide
- dtt, dithiothreitol
- f171d, phe171→asp
- gm130, golgi auto-antigen golgin, subfamily a,2
- htra, high temperature requirement a
- lrp9, low-density-lipoprotein-receptor-related protein 9
- ni-nta, ni2+-nitrilotriacetate
- omp, outer-membrane porin
- par6b, partitioning defective 6 homologue β
- spr, surface plasmon resonance
- ssra, small stable rna
- tgf-β, transforming growth factor-β
- thlx, triple helical region
- trx, thioredoxin, tsp, tail-specific protease
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Affiliation(s)
- Murwantoko
- Division of Gene Function in Animals, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 891605 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
| | - Masato Yano
- Division of Gene Function in Animals, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 891605 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Ueta
- Division of Gene Function in Animals, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 891605 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
| | - Ai Murasaki
- Division of Gene Function in Animals, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 891605 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
| | - Hidenobu Kanda
- Division of Gene Function in Animals, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 891605 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
| | - Chio Oka
- Division of Gene Function in Animals, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 891605 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
| | - Masashi Kawaichi
- Division of Gene Function in Animals, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 891605 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0101, Japan
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