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Zarban AA, Chaudhry H, Maselli D, Kodji X, de Sousa Valente J, Joachim J, Trevelin SC, van Baardewijk J, Argunhan F, Ivetic A, Nandi M, Brain SD. Enhancing Techniques for Determining Inflammatory Edema Formation and Neutrophil Accumulation in Murine Skin. JID Innov 2023; 3:100154. [PMID: 36561914 PMCID: PMC9763761 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2022.100154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory edema formation and polymorphonuclear leukocyte (neutrophil) accumulation are common components of cutaneous vascular inflammation, and their assessment is a powerful investigative and drug development tool but typically requires independent cohorts of animals to assess each. We have established the use of a mathematical formula to estimate the ellipsoidal-shaped volume of the edematous wheal or bleb after intradermal injections of substances in mice pretreated intravenously with Evans blue dye (which binds to plasma albumin) to act as an edema marker. Whereas previous extraction of Evans blue dye with formamide is suitable for all strains of mice, we report this quicker and more reliable assessment of edema volume in situ. This therefore allows neutrophil accumulation to be assessed from the same mouse using the myeloperoxidase assay. Importantly, we examined the influence of Evans blue dye on the spectrometry readout at the wavelength at which myeloperoxidase activity is measured. The results indicate that it is feasible to quantify edema formation and neutrophil accumulation in the same mouse skin site. Thus, we show techniques that can assess edema formation and neutrophil accumulation at the same site in the same mouse, allowing paired measurements and reducing the total use of mice by 50%.
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Key Words
- CGRP, calcitonin-gene related peptide
- EB, Evans blue
- MPO, myeloperoxidase
- OD, optical density
- SP, substance P
- TMB, 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine
- i.d., intradermally
- i.v., intravenously
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A. Zarban
- Section of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hiba Chaudhry
- Section of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Davide Maselli
- James Black Centre, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Xenia Kodji
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR) - Skin Research Institute of Singapore (SRIS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joao de Sousa Valente
- Section of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Justin Joachim
- James Black Centre, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Cellone Trevelin
- James Black Centre, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Fulye Argunhan
- Section of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aleksandar Ivetic
- James Black Centre, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Manasi Nandi
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susan D. Brain
- Section of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Correspondence: Susan D. Brain, Section of Vascular Biology and Inflammation, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom.
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Ueda H, Neyama H, Sasaki K, Miyama C, Iwamoto R. Lysophosphatidic acid LPA 1 and LPA 3 receptors play roles in the maintenance of late tissue plasminogen activator-induced central poststroke pain in mice. Neurobiol Pain 2019; 5:100020. [PMID: 31194070 PMCID: PMC6550111 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynpai.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We developed a mouse model for central post-stroke pain (CPSP), a centrally-originated neuropathic pain (NeuP). In this mode, mice were first injected with Rose Bengal, followed by photo-irradiation of left middle cerebral artery (MCA) to generate thrombosis. Although the MCA thrombosis was soon dissolved, the reduced blood flow remained for more than 24 h due to subsequent occlusion of microvessels. This photochemically induced thrombosis (PIT) model showed a hypersensitivity to the electrical stimulation of both sides of paw, but did not show any abnormal pain in popular thermal or mechanical nociception tests. When tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) was injected 6 h after the PIT stress, tPA-dependent hypersensitivity to the electrical paw stimulation and stable thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia on both sides for more than 17 or 18 days after the PIT treatment. These hyperalgesic effects were abolished in lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 (LPA1)- and lysophosphatidic acid receptor 3 (LPA3)-deficient mice. When Ki-16425, an LPA1 and LPA3 antagonist was treated twice daily for 6 days consecutively, the thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia at day 17 and 18 were significantly reversed. The liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis revealed that there is a significant increase in several species of LPA molecules in somatosensory S-I and medial dorsal thalamus (MD), but not in striatum or ventroposterior thalamus. All these results suggest that LPA1 and LPA3 signaling play key roles in the development and maintenance of CPSP.
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Key Words
- CPSP, central post-stroke pain
- Central poststroke pain
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- EPW, electrical stimulation-induced paw withdrawal
- HE, Hematoxylin and Eosin
- LC–MS/MS
- LC–MS/MS, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
- LPA1, lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1
- LPA1-KO, LPA1-deficient
- LPA3, lysophosphatidic acid receptor 3
- Lysophosphatidic acid
- MCA, middle cerebral artery
- MD, medial dorsal thalamus
- MRM, multiple reaction monitoring
- NeuP, neuropathic pain
- PFA, paraformaldehyde
- PIT, photochemically induced thrombosis
- PWL, paw withdrawal latency
- Photochemically induced thrombosis
- RB, Rose Bengal
- S-I, sensory cortex
- TTC, 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride
- i.v., intravenously
- pSNL, partial sciatic nerve ligation
- tMCAO, transient middle cerebral artery occlusion
- tPA
- tPA, tissue-type plasminogen activator
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ueda
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation, Nagasaki University, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
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Abstract
We previously reported that MC32 cells resist carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) DNA vaccination by losing their antigen presentation to Ag-specific CTLs in the context of MHC class I antigens in a colon cancer therapeutic model. In this study, we selected 2 tumor cells, MC32-S2-2 and MC32-S4-2, which have the ability to form tumors in CEA DNA vaccine-immunized mice. Wild type MC32 cells grew significantly less in CEA-immunized mice (with Ag-specific CTL lytic activity) than in control mice (with no Ag-specific CTL lytic activity). However, MC32-S2-2 and MC32-S4-2 cells grew at a similar rate in both control and CEA-immunized mice, confirming their resistant status against CEA DNA vaccination. MC32-S2-2 and MC32-S4-2 cells were not susceptible to lysis by CEA-specific CD8+ T cells. Moreover, when MC32-S2-2 and MC32-S4-2 cells were used as stimulating agents of CEA-specific immune cells for IFN-γ production, these cells failed to stimulate the induction of Ag-specific IFN-γ, suggesting a loss of tumor cell recognition by Ag-specific immune cells. However, MC32-S2-2 and MC32-S4-2 cells expressed MHC class I antigens in a manner similar to that of wild type MC32 cells. Finally, Western blot assay confirmed that in MC32-S2-2 and MC32-S4-2 cells, CEA expression remained absent but mouse CEA was expressed. Taken together, these data show that MC32 cells may also be able to achieve resistance to CEA-specific CTLs by antigen loss in this model.
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Key Words
- Antitumor immunity
- CEA
- CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen
- CFSE, carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester
- DNA vaccines
- EP, electroporation
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- HLA, human leukocyte antigen
- IM, intramuscular
- LDH, lactate dehydrogenase
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- UV, ultraviolet
- colon cancer
- i.v., intravenously
- immune evasion
- s.c., subcutaneously
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yeul Lee
- a Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery ; School of Medicine; Kangwon National University ; Chuncheon , Gangwon-do , Korea
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