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Eckernäs E, Macan-Schönleben A, Andresen-Bergström M, Birgersson S, Hoffmann KJ, Ashton M. N, N-dimethyltryptamine forms oxygenated metabolites via CYP2D6 - an in vitro investigation. Xenobiotica 2023; 53:515-522. [PMID: 37916667 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2023.2278488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is a psychedelic compound that has shown potential in the treatment of depression. Aside from the primary role of monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) in DMT metabolism, the metabolic pathways are poorly understood. Increasing this understanding is an essential aspect of ensuring safe and efficacious use of DMT.This work aimed to investigate the cytochrome 450 (CYP) mediated metabolism of DMT by incubating DMT with recombinant human CYP enzymes and human liver microsomes (HLM) followed by analysis using high-resolution mass spectrometry for metabolite identification.DMT was rapidly metabolised by CYP2D6, while stable with all other investigated CYP enzymes. The metabolism of DMT in HLM was reduced after inclusion of harmine and SKF-525A whereas quinidine did not affect the metabolic rate, likely due to MAO-A residues present in HLM. Analysis of the CYP2D6 incubates showed formation of mono-, di- and tri-oxygenated metabolites, likely as a result of hydroxylation on the indole core.More research is needed to investigate the role of this metabolic pathway in vivo and any pharmacological activity of the proposed metabolites. Our findings may impact on safety issues following intake of ayahuasca in slow CYP2D6 metabolizers or with concomitant use of CYP2D6 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Eckernäs
- Unit for Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Department of Pharmacology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Moa Andresen-Bergström
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sofia Birgersson
- Unit for Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Department of Pharmacology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kurt-Jürgen Hoffmann
- Unit for Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Department of Pharmacology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michael Ashton
- Unit for Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Department of Pharmacology, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Basiri B, Xie F, Wu B, Humphreys SC, Lade JM, Thayer MB, Yamaguchi P, Florio M, Rock BM. Introducing an In Vitro Liver Stability Assay Capable of Predicting the In Vivo Pharmacodynamic Efficacy of siRNAs for IVIVC. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 2020; 21:725-736. [PMID: 32771924 PMCID: PMC7415771 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There has been a renewed interest in therapeutic small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) over the past few years. This is particularly the result of successful and efficient delivery of N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)-conjugated siRNAs to the liver. In general, the lead selection process for siRNA drugs is faster and more straightforward than traditional small molecules. Nevertheless, many siRNAs of different sequences and chemical modification patterns must still be evaluated before arriving at a final candidate. One of the major difficulties in streamlining this workflow is the well-known phenomenon that the in vitro data obtained from oligonucleotides transfected into cells are not directly predictive of their in vivo activity. Consequently, all oligonucleotides with some degree of in vitro activity are typically screened in vivo before final lead selection. Here, we demonstrate that the stability of liver-targeting GalNAc-conjugated siRNAs in a mouse liver homogenate shows an acceptable correlation to their in vivo target knockdown efficacy. Therefore, we suggest the incorporation of an in vitro liver homogenate stability assay during the lead optimization process for siRNAs. The addition of this assay to a flow scheme may decrease the need for animal studies, and it could bring cost savings and increase efficiency in siRNA drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Basiri
- Amgen Research, Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Fang Xie
- Amgen Research, Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Bin Wu
- Amgen Research, Hybrid Modality Engineering, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Sara C Humphreys
- Amgen Research, Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Julie M Lade
- Amgen Research, Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Mai B Thayer
- Amgen Research, Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Pam Yamaguchi
- Amgen Research, Cardiometabolic Disorders, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Monica Florio
- Amgen Research, Cardiometabolic Disorders, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Brooke M Rock
- Amgen Research, Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, 1120 Veterans Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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