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Schnake-Mahl AS, O'Leary G, Mullachery PH, Vaidya V, Connor G, Rollins H, Kolker J, Diez Roux AV, Bilal U. The Impact of Keeping Indoor Dining Closed on COVID-19 Rates Among Large US Cities: A Quasi-Experimental Design. Epidemiology 2022; 33:200-208. [PMID: 34799474 PMCID: PMC8810740 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000001444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indoor dining is one of the potential drivers of COVID-19 transmission. We used the heterogeneity among state government preemption of city indoor dining closures to estimate the impact of keeping indoor dining closed on COVID-19 incidence. METHODS We obtained case rates and city or state reopening dates from March to October 2020 in 11 US cities. We categorized cities as treatment cities that were allowed by the state to reopen but kept indoor dining closed or comparison cities that would have kept indoor dining closed but that were preempted by their state and had to reopen indoor dining. We modeled associations using a difference-in-difference approach and an event study specification. We ran negative binomial regression models, with city-day as the unit of analysis, city population as an offset, and controlling for time-varying nonpharmaceutical interventions, as well as city and time fixed effects in sensitivity analysis and the event study specification. RESULTS Keeping indoor dining closed was associated with a 55% (IRR = 0.45; 95% confidence intervals = 0.21, 0.99) decline in the new COVID-19 case rate over 6 weeks compared with cities that reopened indoor dining, and these results were consistent after testing alternative modeling strategies. CONCLUSIONS Keeping indoor dining closed may be directly or indirectly associated with reductions in COVID-19 spread. Evidence of the relationship between indoor dining and COVID-19 case rates can inform policies to restrict indoor dining as a tailored strategy to reduce COVID-19 incidence. See video abstract at, http://links.lww.com/EDE/B902.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina S Schnake-Mahl
- From the Urban Health Collaborative, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Gabriella O'Leary
- From the Urban Health Collaborative, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Health Management and Policy, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Pricila H Mullachery
- From the Urban Health Collaborative, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Vaishnavi Vaidya
- From the Urban Health Collaborative, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Gabrielle Connor
- Department of Health Management and Policy, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Heather Rollins
- From the Urban Health Collaborative, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jennifer Kolker
- From the Urban Health Collaborative, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Health Management and Policy, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ana V Diez Roux
- From the Urban Health Collaborative, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Usama Bilal
- From the Urban Health Collaborative, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
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Hikida S, Morioka S, Fujii N, Tajima T, Terayama Y, Sugiura Y, Ishikane M, Takasaki J, Hojo M, Ohmagari N. A single-center descriptive study of untraced sources of infection among new cases of coronavirus disease in Tokyo, Japan. Glob Health Med 2021; 3:236-239. [PMID: 34532604 DOI: 10.35772/ghm.2021.01092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We investigated possible sources of newly infected patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) after the fourth wave in order to explore unknown sources. Retrospective chart review on all the confirmed patients with COVID-19 admitted to the National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM) in Tokyo, Japan was conducted from May 22 through June 29, 2021. Among the 22 participants, 14 (64%) had a history of known high-risk infection behaviors. Of those, 12 reported that their activities involved eating and drinking. In addition, there were 24 high-risk situations, of those, 21 (88%) were related to indoor dining, and masks were not worn in 22 situations (92%). New source of infection has not been identified. In situations with a high known risk of infection, many cases were related to eating and drinking, and insufficient use of masks was evident. Raising risk awareness on infection prevention and control of COVID-19 is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Hikida
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Morioka
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,AMR Clinical Reference Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Fujii
- AMR Clinical Reference Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taichi Tajima
- AMR Clinical Reference Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuriko Terayama
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuriko Sugiura
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ishikane
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,AMR Clinical Reference Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jin Takasaki
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Hojo
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Ohmagari
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,AMR Clinical Reference Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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