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Gaire S, Sierras A, Morgan HL, DeVries ZC. Behavioral responses of field-collected German cockroaches to pyrethroids and pyrethroid-formulated insecticides. Pest Manag Sci 2024; 80:433-441. [PMID: 37721042 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyrethroids are synthetic insecticides with low mammalian toxicity and broad-spectrum activity across insects. One major challenge with pyrethroids is their perceived repellency. This perception can influence decisions made by pest control operators, especially when insecticides are used to reduce insect entry into or movement within structures. One major indoor pest that has been repeatedly shown to be repelled by some pyrethroids is the German cockroach, Blattella germanica. However, most experiments evaluating pyrethroid repellency in the German cockroach have used end-point assays, which do not provide information on the movement that led to the final position. Therefore, we evaluated the kinetic behavioral response of field-collected German cockroaches to five pyrethroid-based products and their active ingredients (A.I.) in open behavioral arenas using advanced video tracking software. In addition, in an effort to compare our free-moving experiments with end-point assays, we evaluated sheltering behavior using two-choice harborage arrestment assays where German cockroaches were provided a choice between pyrethroid-treated and untreated shelters. RESULTS All pyrethroid-formulated products and their respective A.I.'s failed to affect field-collected German cockroach movement behavior in free-moving assays, while positive controls (DEET, corn mint oil) resulted in reduced time spent by German cockroaches in treated areas. However, despite their willingness to move over pyrethroids-treated surfaces, field-collected German cockroaches displayed a reduced propensity to arrest on pyrethroids treated tents. CONCLUSION While most pyrethroids/pyrethroid-formulated products affected German cockroach arrestment, pyrethroids and pyrethroid-formulated products failed to change German cockroach movement behavior in free-moving assays. These results indicate the pyrethroids tested act as contact irritants rather than true-spatial repellents on field-collected German cockroaches. This distinction is critical to refining pest management strategies involving pyrethroids. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Gaire
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Angela Sierras
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Henry L Morgan
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Zachary C DeVries
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Rüther L, Kezic S, Riethmüller C. Corneocyte Nanotexture as Biomarker for Individual Susceptibility to Skin Irritants. Ann Work Expo Health 2021; 65:201-205. [PMID: 32914835 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxaa085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritant contact dermatitis is a wide spread occupational skin condition. In addition to generalized protection and teaching schemes, a knowledge about individual risk might add to an improved awareness for hazards. Here, we report on a novel candidate biomarker, which might stage individual susceptibility to irritant skin damage. Subclinical sensitivity was proven in recent studies. As a nano-anatomical measure, it works non-invasively on corneocytes from tape strips. Here, we report on a 7-day course after exposure to sodium lauryl sulphate and compare the novel cell texture index with the classical markers water loss (transepidermal water loss) and natural moisturizing factor. All parameters show a high degree of correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Rüther
- Dermatest GmbH, Engelstrasse, Münster, Germany
| | - Sanja Kezic
- Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Coronel Institute, Meibergdreef, AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Connally NP, Rose DA, Breuner NE, Prose R, Fleshman AC, Thompson K, Wolfe L, Broeckling CD, Eisen L. Impact of Wearing and Washing/Drying of Permethrin-Treated Clothing on Their Contact Irritancy and Toxicity for Nymphal Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) Ticks. J Med Entomol 2019; 56:199-214. [PMID: 30165532 PMCID: PMC6326861 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjy138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Permethrin-treated clothing is available as consumer products to prevent bites by tick and insect pests. We used bioassays to examine the impact of wearing and washing/drying of permethrin-treated shirts, pants, and socks, and wearing of treated shoes, on their contact irritancy and toxicity for nymphal Ixodes scapularis Say (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks, the primary vectors in the eastern United States of the causative agents of Lyme disease, human anaplasmosis, and human babesiosis. Pristine permethrin-treated clothing displayed strong contact irritancy and toxicity toward I. scapularis nymphs, with 0-30% of ticks across clothing types and tick sources displaying normal movement 1 h after forced contact for 30-120 s with treated textile. Following 16 d of wear and 16 rounds of machine washing and drying, we recorded reduced concentrations (by 50-90%) of permethrin, compared with pristine treated clothing, from shirts, pants, and socks. This loss of permethrin was associated with reduced contact irritancy and toxicity for ticks after forced contact with worn and washed/dried treated clothing: 31-67% of ticks displayed normal movement 1 h after contact. Nevertheless, the worn and washed/dried treated clothing was still superior to nontreated textile, for which 90-100% of ticks displayed normal movement. Treated shoes, which were worn but not washed, remained as toxic to the ticks as pristine treated shoes. We caution that these laboratory bioassay results should not be interpreted as being directly indicative of the outcome of using washed/worn permethrin-treated clothing in daily life. Although wear and washing/drying did reduce the irritancy and toxicity of permethrin-treated clothing for I. scapularis nymphs more than we had expected, the remaining effect might still reduce the risk of tick bites in a real-life scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeta P. Connally
- Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Western Connecticut State University, Danbury, CT 06810
| | - Dominic A. Rose
- Division of Vector Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521
| | - Nicole E. Breuner
- Division of Vector Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521
| | - Robert Prose
- Division of Vector Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521
| | - Amy C. Fleshman
- Division of Vector Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521
| | - Karen Thompson
- Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Western Connecticut State University, Danbury, CT 06810
| | - Lisa Wolfe
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Corey D. Broeckling
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Lars Eisen
- Division of Vector Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ibuprofen is a commonly used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug administered to treat injuries, joint pain, and recurrent muscular skeletal pain. The aim of this study was to determine the cutaneous irritancy of a medicated ibuprofen plaster compared with a placebo plaster in healthy volunteers. METHODS Healthy volunteers (N = 31) were treated at the same time with one ibuprofen and one placebo plaster. The ibuprofen and placebo plaster were applied in a randomized fashion to sites on the left or right side of subjects' lower backs. At each scheduled visit, the plasters and applications sites were assessed for degree of adhesion and skin irritancy, respectively. The plasters were applied on study Days 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 10, 12, 15, 17, and 19, with final plaster removal on Day 22. RESULTS The ibuprofen medicated plaster compared with placebo had a lower percentage of Grade 1 (23.3% vs. 46.7%, respectively), Grade 2 (10% vs. 20%), and ≥Grade 3 (3% vs. 16.1%) irritancy scores after 21 days of application. The mean irritation score across the study was 0.40 for the ibuprofen medicated plaster and 1.18 for the placebo plaster. The irritation score on Day 22 of the study was 0.53 for the ibuprofen medicated plaster and 1.50 for placebo. The placebo plaster was associated with a higher number of stopped applications due to Grade 3 or above skin reactions compared with the ibuprofen medicated plaster (5 vs. 1, respectively). CONCLUSION The ibuprofen medicated plaster was well tolerated and was associated with lower irritancy than the placebo plaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Maganji
- a Medical Science , Reckitt Benckiser , Slough , United Kingdom
| | - Mark P Connolly
- b Health Economics , Global Market Access Solutions , St-Prex , Switzerland.,c Department of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmacoepidemiology & Pharmacoeconomics , University of Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Aomesh Bhatt
- a Medical Science , Reckitt Benckiser , Slough , United Kingdom.,d Medical Affairs and Clinical Research , R&D at Reckitt Benckiser , Slough , United Kingdom
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Beers EH, Schmidt-Jeffris RA. Effects of Orchard Pesticides on Galendromus occidentalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae): Repellency and Irritancy. J Econ Entomol 2015; 108:259-265. [PMID: 26470128 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tou047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The effects of repellency or irritancy in Galendromus occidentalis (Nesbitt) were studied for three rates of 16 pesticides commonly used in apple production. Adult female mites were exposed to residues in a series of choice bioassays (treated and untreated half of bean leaf disks). Novaluron, carbaryl, mancozeb+copper hydroxide, and sulfur were the most repellent materials to G. occidentalis, with females consistently avoiding the treated side of the leaf disk. Spirotetramat, flubendiamide, and cyantriniliprole caused an intermediate or inconsistent degree of repellency; azinphosmethyl, lambda-cyhalothrin, acetamiprid, thiacloprid, imidacloprid, spinetoram, spinosad, and chlorantriniliprole caused little to no repellency. Irritancy (running off of the disk, as opposed to resting on the untreated half) was the most pronounced in the acetamiprid and lambda-cyhalothrin treatments. Acute toxicity (within the 6 h test period) was highest in the lambda-cyhalothrin and spinetoram treatments; in the former case, the mortality at all rates tested was substantial enough to interfere with the measurement of behavioral effects. Although irritancy may be considered the more extreme form of repellency, there were several pesticides (carbaryl, cyantraniliprole, mancozeb+copper hydroxide, novaluron) where a moderate to high degree of repellency did not correspond to a high degree of irritancy. Similarly, repellency was not consistently related to acute toxicity; one of the most repellent materials (novaluron) was not acutely toxic. Behavioral effects may help explain instances where lethal or sublethal bioassays do not fully predict the effects of pesticides seen in orchard use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth H Beers
- Tree Fruit Research & Extension Center, Washington State University, 1100 N. Western Avenue, Wenatchee, WA 98801.
| | - Rebecca A Schmidt-Jeffris
- Tree Fruit Research & Extension Center, Washington State University, 1100 N. Western Avenue, Wenatchee, WA 98801
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Lindsay CD, Green C, Bird M, Jones JTA, Riches JR, McKee KK, Sandford MS, Wakefield DA, Timperley CM. Potency of irritation by benzylidenemalononitriles in humans correlates with TRPA1 ion channel activation. R Soc Open Sci 2015; 2:140160. [PMID: 26064575 PMCID: PMC4448789 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.140160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We show that the physiological activity of solid aerosolized benzylidenemalononitriles (BMNs) including 'tear gas' (CS) in historic human volunteer trials correlates with activation of the human transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 ion channel (hTRPA1). This suggests that the irritation caused by the most potent of these compounds results from activation of this channel. We prepared 50 BMNs and measured their hTRPA1 agonist potencies. A mechanism of action consistent with their physiological activity, involving their dissolution in water on contaminated body surfaces, cell membrane penetration and reversible thiolation by a cysteine residue of hTRPA1, supported by data from nuclear magnetic resonance experiments with a model thiol, explains the structure-activity relationships. The correlation provides evidence that hTRPA1 is a receptor for irritants on nociceptive neurons involved in pain perception; thus, its activation in the eye, nose, mouth and skin would explain the symptoms of lachrymation, sneezing, coughing and stinging, respectively. The structure-activity results and the use of the BMNs as pharmacological tools in future by other researchers may contribute to a better understanding of the TRPA1 channel in humans (and other animals) and help facilitate the discovery of treatments for human diseases involving this receptor.
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Noosidum A, Chareonviriyaphap T, Chandrapatya A. Synergistic repellent and irritant effect of combined essential oils on Aedes aegypti (L.) mosquitoes. J Vector Ecol 2014; 39:298-305. [PMID: 25424258 DOI: 10.1111/jvec.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to compare the behavioral responses of Aedes aegypti to a single essential oil and to a mixture of two or three essential oils using an excito-repellency test chamber. Mixtures were prepared from essential oils extracted from Litsea cubeba (LC), Litsea salicifolia (LS), and Melaleuca leucadendron (ML). In general, the mixture of essential oils produced a much stronger escape response by Ae. aegypti, regardless of the test conditions. No significant difference in escape responses was seen when the mixture of oils was compared with a standard commercial product containing DEET. Greater contact irritancy was seen from mixed oils of LC and LS than with other mixed oils. Mixtures of LC and LS at 0.075% showed the highest synergistic action (65.5% escaped) compared to that with unmixed oil alone at the same concentration (LC/20% and LS=32.2%). In addition, mixtures of LC and LS at 0.075% demonstrated the highest non-contact repellency (62.7%) and showed a greater effect than the use of LC (20%) or LS (20.3%) alone. We conclude that mixtures of two essential oils show potential as active ingredients for mosquito repellents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atirach Noosidum
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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Kumar S, Mishra M, Wahab N, Warikoo R. Larvicidal, Repellent, and Irritant Potential of the Seed-Derived Essential oil of Apium graveolens Against Dengue Vector, Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae). Front Public Health 2014; 2:147. [PMID: 25279371 PMCID: PMC4166952 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti L. is one of the primary disease vectors spreading various dreadful diseases throughout the world, specifically over tropics and subtropics. Keeping in view the adverse effects of chemical insecticides-based intervention measures, the eco-friendly and bio-degradable essential oil extracted from the seeds of celery, Apium graveolens were investigated for its efficacy against Ae. aegypti. Larvicidal bioassay carried out with the seed oil against early fourth instars of Ae. aegypti caused an LC50 and LC90 values of 16.10 and 29.08 ppm, respectively, after an exposure to 24 h. The cidal effect of the celery seed oil augmented by 1.2-fold; after an exposure to 48 h; revealing an LC50 value of 13.22 ppm. Interestingly, the seed oil did not cause immediate larval mortality, suggesting a delayed toxicity against the larval stage. Present investigations also revealed remarkable effective repellency of the oil leading to 100% protection till 165 min as compared to control that did not result in any repellency against adult Ae. aegypti. Interestingly, only one bite was recorded in the 165th-min after which only two bites were scored until 180 min of exposure of the adult mosquitoes to the oil. An exciting observation was that the knocked-down effect in adults exposed to 10% oil-impregnated papers. The contact irritancy assays with paper impregnated with 1% celery seed oil caused first flight only after 4 s resulting in an average of 63.66 flights during 15 min of exposure revealing the relative irritability of 26.97. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of the seed oil showed the presence of flavonoids, lactones, and terpenoids as the major constituents suggesting their probable role in the toxicity. Our results confirmed that celery seed essential oil can be used as an efficient larvicide and repellent against Ae. aegypti. The identification of the bioactive components, their mode of action, and studying effects on non-target organisms and the environment would help in devising mosquito-management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Kumar
- Department of Zoology, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi , New Delhi , India
| | - Monika Mishra
- Department of Zoology, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi , New Delhi , India
| | - Naim Wahab
- Department of Zoology, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi , New Delhi , India
| | - Radhika Warikoo
- Department of Zoology, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi , New Delhi , India
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