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You Z, Yu M, Fu R, Nie X, Chen J. Synthesis and Properties of a Novel Levulinic Acid-Based Environmental Auxiliary Plasticizer for Poly(vinyl chloride). Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:361. [PMID: 38337249 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Herein, a bio-based plasticizer ketalized tung oil butyl levulinate (KTBL) was developed using methyl eleostearate, a derivative of tung oil, and butyl levulinate. KTBL can be used as an auxiliary plasticizer to partially replace traditional plasticizer. The plasticizer has a ketone structure, an ester base, and a long linear chain. It was mixed with dioctyl phthalate (DOP), and the effect of the plasticizer KTBL as an auxiliary plasticizer on the plasticization of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) was studied. Their compatibility and plasticizing effect were evaluated using dynamic-mechanical thermal analysis (DMA), mechanical property analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results demonstrate that when the KTBL to DOP ratio is 1:1, the blended sample with KTBL exhibits superior mechanical performance compared to pure DOP, resulting in an increased elongation at break from 377.47% to 410.92%. Moreover, with the increase in KTBL content, the durability is also significantly improved. These findings suggest that KTBL can serve as an effective auxiliary plasticizer for PVC, thereby reducing the reliance on DOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu You
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Min Yu
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Renli Fu
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Xiaoan Nie
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material, Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China
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2
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Newman H, Hoque J, Shih YRV, Marushack G, Ko U, Gonzales G, Varghese S. pH-Sensitive nanocarrier assisted delivery of adenosine to treat osteoporotic bone loss. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:5340-5355. [PMID: 35929516 PMCID: PMC9894097 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00843b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bone tissue undergoes continuous remodeling via osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and osteoblast-mediated bone formation. An imbalance in this process with enhanced osteoclastic activity can lead to excessive bone resorption, resulting in bone thinning. Once activated, osteoclasts bind to the bone surface and acidify the local niche. This acidic environment could serve as a potential trigger for the delivery of therapeutic agents into the osteoporotic bone tissue. To this end, we developed a pH-responsive nanocarrier-based drug delivery system that binds to the bone tissue and delivers an osteoanabolic molecule, adenosine. Adenosine is incorporated into a hyaluronic acid (HA)-based nanocarrier through a pH-sensitive ketal group. The HA-nanocarrier is further functionalized with alendronate moieties to improve binding to the bone tissues. Systemic administration of the nanocarrier containing adenosine attenuated bone loss in ovariectomized mice and showed comparable bone qualities to that of healthy mice. Delivery of osteoanabolic small molecules that can contribute to bone formation and inhibit excessive osteoclast activity by leveraging the tissue-specific milieu could serve as viable therapeutics for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter Newman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jiaul Hoque
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yu-Ru V Shih
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Gabrielle Marushack
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Unghyeon Ko
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Gavin Gonzales
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Shyni Varghese
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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Alameda BM, Murphy JS, Barea-López BL, Knox KD, Sisemore JD, Patton DL. Hydrolyzable Poly(β-Thioether Ester Ketal) Thermosets via Acyclic Ketal Monomers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200028. [PMID: 35146833 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hydrolytically degradable poly(β-thioether ester ketal) thermosets are synthesized via radical-mediated thiol-ene photopolymerization using three novel dialkene acyclic ketal monomers and a mercaptopropionate based tetrafunctional thiol. For all thermoset compositions investigated, degradation behavior is highly tunable based on the structure of the incorporated ketal and pH. Complete degradation of the thermosets is observed upon exposure to acidic and neutral pH, and under high humidity conditions. Polymer networks comprised of crosslink junctions based on acyclic dimethyl ketals degrade the quickest, whereas networks containing acyclic cyclohexyl ketals undergo hydrolytic degradation on a longer timescale. Thermomechanical analysis revealed low glass transition temperatures and moduli typical of thioether-based thermosets. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Alameda
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - J Scott Murphy
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Bernardo L Barea-López
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Karly D Knox
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Jonathan D Sisemore
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Derek L Patton
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5050, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
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De Vrieze J, Van Herck S, Nuhn L, De Geest BG. Design of pH-Degradable Polymer-Lipid Amphiphiles Using a Ketal-Functionalized RAFT Chain Transfer Agent. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e2000034. [PMID: 32154953 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Conjugation of small molecule drug to lipid-polymer amphiphiles is a powerful strategy to alter the pharmacokinetic profile of these molecules by promoting binding to albumin or other serum molecules. Incorporation of a responsive linker between the lipid anchor and the polymer chain can be of interest to avoid indefinite binding of the conjugates to hydrophobic pockets of serum proteins or phospholipid membranes when reaching a target cell or tissue. Here, the synthesis of pH-sensitive lipid-polymer conjugates by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization using a RAFT chain transfer agent that is equipped with a pH-sensitive ketal bond between a cholesterol moiety and the trithiocarbonate RAFT chain transfer group is reported. It is demonstrated that in native form these conjugates exhibit a high affinity to albumin and cell membranes but loose this ability in response to a mild acidic trigger in aqueous medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana De Vrieze
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Simon Van Herck
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Lutz Nuhn
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium.,Max Planck institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Bruno G De Geest
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
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Yadav RN, Banik BK. A Versatile Method for the Protection of Carbonyl Compounds by
Camphor Sulfonic Acid. Curr Organocatal 2018; 5:196-200. [PMID: 31815094 PMCID: PMC6859800 DOI: 10.2174/2213337206666181126120156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: Carbonyl groups are important functional groups and they play a key role in organic chemistry. This group needs to be protected in multistep synthesis against various reagents for a counter-reaction. The effort towards developing an efficient methodology for the protection of car-bonyl functional group is always a demanding reaction. The protection of carbonyl compounds for in-hibiting their chemical reactivity is an important operation in chemistry. In this paper, camphor sulfonic acid-catalysed protection of various carbonyl compounds is developed. This method is simple, envi-ronmentally friendly and yields products in high yields. Method: Commercially available camphor sulfonic acid is used as organo-catalyst for the protection of carbonyl functionality. This catalyst is also employed for the protection of carbonyl functionality as thi-oacetal/mixed ketal in excellent yield. The newly synthesize compounds are characterized using 1HNMR, 13C NMR and IR spectroscopy. Result: A diverse carbonyl functional group is protected in excellent yield under mild reaction condi-tions. Conclusion: We have developed an efficient organocatalysed protection method of carbonyl function-ality applicable to wide range of substrates
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Naresh Yadav
- 1Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas-Pan American, 1201 West University Drive, Edinburg, TX78539, USA; 2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Veer Bhadur Singh Purvanchal University, Jaunpur-222003 (UP) India; 3Community Health System of South Texas, 3135 S. Sugar Road, Edinburg, TX78539, USA
| | - Bimal Krishna Banik
- 1Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas-Pan American, 1201 West University Drive, Edinburg, TX78539, USA; 2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Veer Bhadur Singh Purvanchal University, Jaunpur-222003 (UP) India; 3Community Health System of South Texas, 3135 S. Sugar Road, Edinburg, TX78539, USA
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Zhao C, Fu P, Zhang Y, Liu X, Ren F, Che Y. Sporulosol, a New Ketal from the Fungus Paraconiothyrium sporulosum. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061263. [PMID: 29799466 PMCID: PMC6100215 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporulosol (1), a new ketal, together with four known compounds, has been isolated from the liquid fermentation cultures of a wetland-soil-derived fungus, Paraconiothyrium sporulosum. Its structure was elucidated primarily by NMR experiments, and was further confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Sporulosol was obtained as a racemic mixture and the resolved two enantiomers racemized immediately after chiral separation. Sporulosol appears to be the first ketal derived from a 6H-benzo[c]chromen-6-one and a benzofuranone unit. The compound showed modest cytotoxicity toward the human tumor cell line T24, with an IC50 value of 18.2 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology & Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Peinan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology & Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China.
- College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology & Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Xingzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Fengxia Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology & Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Yongsheng Che
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology & Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China.
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