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Hu L, Kristensen NB, Krogh U, Theil PK. Net Absorption and Metabolism of β-Hydroxy- β-Methyl Butyrate during Late Gestation in a Pig Model. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020561. [PMID: 32098129 PMCID: PMC7071374 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The leucine metabolite, β-hydroxy-β-methyl butyrate (HMB), is widely used in human nutrition and animal production as a nutritional supplement. Although the HMB usage during late gestation has been demonstrated to have a positive effect on fetal development, knowledge on net absorption and metabolism of HMB and impact of HMB on branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) metabolism is lacking. To address this, we conducted a study using pigs during the perinatal period as a model organism. Eight-second parity sows were fitted with indwelling catheters in the femoral artery and in the portal, hepatic, femoral, and mesenteric veins. Eight hourly sets of blood samples were taken starting 30 min before the morning meal on day –10 and day –3 relative to parturition. Four control (CON) sows were fed a standard lactation diet from day –15 and throughout the experiment, and 4 HMB sows were fed the control diet supplemented with 15 mg Ca(HMB)2/kg body weight mixed in one third of the morning meal from day –10 until parturition. Blood gases, plasma metabolites, milk compositions, and apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients were measured. Arterial plasma concentrations of HMB (p < 0.001), Cys (p < 0.001), and Lys (p < 0.10) were increased in HMB supplemented sows, while arterial plasma triglycerides concentration was decreased (p < 0.05). The net portal recovery of Ala and Asp were increased in HMB sows (p < 0.05). Sows fed HMB had increased hepatic vein flow and net hepatic fluxes of Met, Asn, and Gln (p < 0.05). In contrast, the femoral extraction rates of Ala and Ser were decreased by dietary HMB supplementation (p < 0.05). Dietary HMB treatment and sampling time relative to feeding had an interaction on arterial concentrations, net portal fluxes, and femoral extraction rates of BCAAs. The net portal recovery of HMB was 88%, while 14% of supplemented HMB was excreted through urine and 4% through feces. Moreover, the gastrointestinal tract metabolized 8% while the liver metabolized 12%. Finally, 26% of the daily intake of HMB was secreted via colostrum at the day of farrowing. This study demonstrated that dietary HMB supplementation increased net uptake of amino acids and increased fatty acid oxidation through improving blood flow and insulin sensitivity during the late gestation. Most importantly, oral HMB administration could maintain a stable postprandial absorption and altered metabolism in BCAAs. Net portal flux of HMB at 5.5 to 6.5 h after feeding approached zero, indicating that HMB ideally should be administrated two or three times, daily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Hu
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark (N.B.K.); (U.K.)
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Niels Bastian Kristensen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark (N.B.K.); (U.K.)
- Danish Agriculture & Food Council F.m.b.A. SEGES Agro Food Park 15, DK 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Uffe Krogh
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark (N.B.K.); (U.K.)
- PEGASE, INRAE, Agrocampus Ouest, 35590 Saint-Gilles, France
| | - Peter Kappel Theil
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark (N.B.K.); (U.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-8715-7803
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Teixeira FJ, Matias CN, Monteiro CP, Valamatos MJ, Reis JF, Morton RW, Alves F, Sardinha LB, Phillips SM. Leucine metabolites do not attenuate training-induced inflammation in young resistance trained men. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:2037-2044. [PMID: 31079555 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1617503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Leucine metabolites may reduce training-induced inflammation; however, there is scant evidence for this assertion. We conducted a double-blind randomized controlled pragmatic trial where 40 male participants were allocated into 4 groups: α-hydroxyisocaproic acid group ([α-HICA], n = 10, Fat-free mass [FFM] = 62.0 ± 7.1 kg), β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free acid group ([HMB-FA], n = 11, FFM = 62.7 ± 10.5 kg), calcium β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate group ([HMB-Ca], n = 9, FFM = 65.6 ± 10.1 kg) or placebo group ([PLA]; n = 10, FFM = 64.2 ± 5.7 kg). An 8-week whole-body resistance training routine (3 training sessions per week) was employed to induce gains in skeletal-muscle thickness. Skeletal muscle thickness (MT), one repetition maximum (1RM), interleukin-6 (IL-6), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were assessed at baseline and at the end of weeks 4 and 8. Time-dependent increases were detected from baseline to week 8 for MT (vastus lateralis: p = 0.009; rectus femoris: p = 0.018), 1RM (back squat: α-HICA, 18.5% ± 18.9%; HMB-FA, 23.2% ± 16%; HMB-Ca, 10.5% ± 13.8%; PLA, 19.7% ± 9% and bench press: α-HICA, 13.8% ± 19.1%; HMB-FA, 15.5% ± 9.3%; HMB-Ca, 10% ± 10.4%; PLA, 14.4 ± 11.3%, both p < 0.001), IL-6, hsCRP (both p < 0.001) and TNF-α (p = 0.045). No differences were found between groups at any time point. No leucine metabolite attenuated inflammation during training. Additionally, backwards elimination regressions showed that no circulating inflammatory marker consistently shared variance with the change in any outcome. Using leucine metabolites to modulate inflammation cannot be recommended from the results obtained herein. Furthermore, increases in inflammatory markers, from training, do not correlate with any outcome variable and are likely the result of training adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe J Teixeira
- a Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Faculty of Human Kinetics , Universidade de Lisboa , Cruz Quebrada , Portugal
| | - Catarina N Matias
- a Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Faculty of Human Kinetics , Universidade de Lisboa , Cruz Quebrada , Portugal.,b Laboratory of Exercise and Health, Faculty of Human Kinetics , Universidade de Lisboa , Cruz Quebrada , Portugal.,c Center for the Study of Human Performance, Faculty of Human Kinetics , Universidade de Lisboa , Cruz Quebrada , Portugal
| | - Cristina P Monteiro
- a Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Faculty of Human Kinetics , Universidade de Lisboa , Cruz Quebrada , Portugal.,c Center for the Study of Human Performance, Faculty of Human Kinetics , Universidade de Lisboa , Cruz Quebrada , Portugal
| | - Maria J Valamatos
- c Center for the Study of Human Performance, Faculty of Human Kinetics , Universidade de Lisboa , Cruz Quebrada , Portugal.,d Neuromuscular research Lab, Faculty of Human Kinetics , Universidade de Lisboa , Cruz Quebrada , Portugal
| | - Joana F Reis
- a Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Faculty of Human Kinetics , Universidade de Lisboa , Cruz Quebrada , Portugal.,c Center for the Study of Human Performance, Faculty of Human Kinetics , Universidade de Lisboa , Cruz Quebrada , Portugal.,e Universidade Europeia , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Robert W Morton
- f Department of Kinesiology , McMaster University , Hamilton , ON , Canada
| | - Francisco Alves
- a Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Faculty of Human Kinetics , Universidade de Lisboa , Cruz Quebrada , Portugal.,c Center for the Study of Human Performance, Faculty of Human Kinetics , Universidade de Lisboa , Cruz Quebrada , Portugal
| | - Luís B Sardinha
- b Laboratory of Exercise and Health, Faculty of Human Kinetics , Universidade de Lisboa , Cruz Quebrada , Portugal.,c Center for the Study of Human Performance, Faculty of Human Kinetics , Universidade de Lisboa , Cruz Quebrada , Portugal
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- f Department of Kinesiology , McMaster University , Hamilton , ON , Canada
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Teixeira FJ, Matias CN, Monteiro CP, Valamatos MJ, Reis JF, Batista A, Oliveira AC, Alves F, Sardinha LB, Phillips SM. No effect of HMB or α-HICA supplementation on training-induced changes in body composition. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 19:802-810. [PMID: 30588860 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1552723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (calcium: HMB-Ca and free acid: HMB-FA) and α-hydroxyisocaproic acid (α-HICA) are leucine metabolites that have been proposed to improve body composition and strength when combined with resistance exercise training (RET). In this double-blind randomized controlled pragmatic trial, we evaluated the effects of off-the-shelf supplements: α-HICA, HMB-FA and HMB-Ca, on RET-induced changes in body composition and performance. Forty men were blocked randomized to receive α-HICA (n = 10, fat-free mass [FFM] = 62.0 ± 7.1 kg), HMB-FA (n = 11, FFM = 62.7 ± 10.5 kg), HMB-Ca (n = 9, FFM = 65.6 ± 10.1 kg) or placebo (PLA; n = 10, FFM = 64.2 ± 5.7 kg). The training protocol consisted of a whole-body resistance training routine, thrice weekly for 8 weeks. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and total body water (TBW) by whole-body bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS), both at baseline and at the end of weeks 4 and 8. Time-dependent changes were observed for increase in trunk FFM (p < 0.05). No statistically significant between-group or group-by-time interactions were observed. Supplementation with HMB (FA and Ca) or α-HICA failed to enhance body composition to a greater extent than placebo. We do not recommend these leucine metabolites for improving body composition changes with RET in young adult resistance trained men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe J Teixeira
- a Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Faculty of Human Kinetics , Universidade de Lisboa , Cruz Quebrada , Portugal
| | - Catarina N Matias
- a Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Faculty of Human Kinetics , Universidade de Lisboa , Cruz Quebrada , Portugal.,b Laboratory of Exercise and Health, Faculty of Human Kinetics , Universidade de Lisboa , Cruz Quebrada , Portugal.,d Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance, Faculty of Human Kinetics , Universidade de Lisboa , Cruz Quebrada , Portugal
| | - Cristina P Monteiro
- a Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Faculty of Human Kinetics , Universidade de Lisboa , Cruz Quebrada , Portugal.,d Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance, Faculty of Human Kinetics , Universidade de Lisboa , Cruz Quebrada , Portugal
| | - Maria J Valamatos
- c Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculty of Human Kinetics , Universidade de Lisboa , Cruz Quebrada , Portugal.,d Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance, Faculty of Human Kinetics , Universidade de Lisboa , Cruz Quebrada , Portugal
| | - Joana F Reis
- a Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Faculty of Human Kinetics , Universidade de Lisboa , Cruz Quebrada , Portugal.,d Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance, Faculty of Human Kinetics , Universidade de Lisboa , Cruz Quebrada , Portugal.,e Universidade Europeia , Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Ana Batista
- a Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Faculty of Human Kinetics , Universidade de Lisboa , Cruz Quebrada , Portugal
| | - Ana C Oliveira
- f Nutrition Department , Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz , Almada , Portugal
| | - Francisco Alves
- a Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Faculty of Human Kinetics , Universidade de Lisboa , Cruz Quebrada , Portugal.,d Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance, Faculty of Human Kinetics , Universidade de Lisboa , Cruz Quebrada , Portugal
| | - Luís B Sardinha
- b Laboratory of Exercise and Health, Faculty of Human Kinetics , Universidade de Lisboa , Cruz Quebrada , Portugal.,d Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance, Faculty of Human Kinetics , Universidade de Lisboa , Cruz Quebrada , Portugal
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- g Department of Kinesiology , McMaster University , Hamilton , Canada
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