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Hobson KA, Taylor O, Ramírez MI, Carrera-Treviño R, Pleasants J, Bitzer R, Baum KA, Mora Alvarez BX, Kastens J, McNeil JN. Dynamics of stored lipids in fall migratory monarch butterflies ( Danaus plexippus): Nectaring in northern Mexico allows recovery from droughts at higher latitudes. Conserv Physiol 2023; 11:coad087. [PMID: 38026803 PMCID: PMC10673816 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coad087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The eastern population of the North American monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) overwinters from November through March in the high-altitude (3000 m+) forests of central Mexico during which time they rely largely on stored lipids. These are acquired during larval development and the conversion of sugars from floral nectar by adults. We sampled fall migrant monarchs from southern Canada through the migratory route to two overwintering sites in 2019 (n = 10 locations), 2020 (n = 8 locations) and 2021 (n = 7 locations). Moderate to extreme droughts along the migratory route were expected to result in low lipid levels in overwintering monarchs but our analysis of lipid levels of monarchs collected at overwintering sites indicated that in all years most had high levels of lipids prior to winter. Clearly, a significant proportion of lipids were consistently acquired in Mexico during the last portion of the migration. Drought conditions in Oklahoma, Texas and northern Mexico in 2019 resulted in the lowest levels of lipid mass and wing loading observed in that year but with higher levels at locations southward in Mexico to the overwintering sites. Compared with 2019, lipid levels increased during the 2020 and 2021 fall migrations but were again higher during the Mexican portion of the migration than for Oklahoma and Texas samples, emphasizing a recovery of lipids as monarchs advanced toward the overwintering locations. In all 3 years, body water was highest during the Canada-USA phase of migration but then declined during the nectar foraging phase in Mexico before recovering again at the overwintering sites. The increase in mass and lipids from those in Texas to the overwintering sites in Mexico indicates that nectar availability in Mexico can compensate for poor conditions experienced further north. Our work emphasizes the need to maintain the floral and therefore nectar resources that fuel both the migration and storage of lipids throughout the entire migratory route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Hobson
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Blvd, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Orley Taylor
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Kansas Biological Survey and Center for Ecological Research, University of Kansas, 1450 Jayhawk Blvd, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - M Isabel Ramírez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Geografia Ambiental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Antigua Carretera A Patzcuaro 8701, Ex hacienda San Jose de la Huerta, 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Carrera-Treviño
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, C. Francisco Villa 20, Escobedo, Nuevo León, México
| | - John Pleasants
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, 2200 Osborne Dr, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 5011, USA
| | - Royce Bitzer
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology, and Microbiology, 2213 Pammel Dr., Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Kristen A Baum
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, 501 Life Sciences E, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Blanca X Mora Alvarez
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Jude Kastens
- Kansas Biological Survey & Center for Ecological Research, University of Kansas, 2101 Constant Ave., Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Jeremy N McNeil
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
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Bobrovskikh MA, Gruntenko NE. Mechanisms of Neuroendocrine Stress Response in Drosophila and Its Effect on Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism. Insects 2023; 14:insects14050474. [PMID: 37233102 DOI: 10.3390/insects14050474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Response to short-term stress is a fundamental survival mechanism ensuring protection and adaptation in adverse environments. Key components of the neuroendocrine stress reaction in insects are stress-related hormones, including biogenic amines (dopamine and octopamine), juvenile hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone, adipokinetic hormone and insulin-like peptides. In this review we focus on different aspects of the mechanism of the neuroendocrine stress reaction in insects on the D. melanogaster model, discuss the interaction of components of the insulin/insulin-like growth factors signaling pathway and other stress-related hormones, and suggest a detailed scheme of their possible interaction and effect on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism under short-term heat stress. The effect of short-term heat stress on metabolic behavior and possible regulation of its mechanisms are also discussed here.
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Abstract
Autophagy mediates the degradation of cellular components in lysosomes, assuring removal of altered or dysfunctional proteins and organelles. Autophagy is not only activated in response to cellular damage; in fact, one of its strongest and better-characterized stimuli is starvation. Activation of autophagy when nutrients are scarce allows cells to reutilize their own constituents for energy. Besides protein breakdown, autophagy also contributes to the mobilization of diverse cellular energy stores. This recently discovered interplay between autophagy and lipid and carbohydrate metabolism reveals the existence of a dynamic feedback between autophagy and cellular energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Singh
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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